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The Effects of Religious Rituals and Religious Coping Methods on the Grief Process and Posttraumatic Growth: A Qualitative Study

Author(s): Ayşe Gökmen,Said SAMİ / Language(s): English Issue: 49/2024

The aim of this study is to examine the attitudes of people who lost their relatives due to the earthquake towards the mourning process and the role of religious rituals in combating the stressful situation caused by this loss. In the study in which the qualitative research method was adopted, a case study design was also adopted. In the study where the criterion sampling technique was used, a total of 12 participants who experienced loss due to the earthquake were included in the study. The participants stated that this loss was much more severe than a normal loss due to factors such as not being able to meet for the last time, not being able to reach the lost relative and the lack of religious rituals. Accordingly, it was observed that individuals who used positive religious coping styles experienced an increase in spirituality meaning of life and showed signs of post-traumatic growth, such as positive social relationships. On the other hand, most of the individuals who adopted negative religious coping styles experienced more feelings of helplessness and meaninglessness, had more difficulty in accepting the death, withdrew from social relationships, and showed more intense symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

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Albo eklezjalna depresja, albo noc ciemna

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Albo eklezjalna depresja, albo noc ciemna

Author(s): Zbigniew Nosowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 696/2024

Interview with Jacek Prusak SJ, by Zbigniew Nosowski.

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Dwieście marek Olgi Blanki Lilien

Author(s): Michał Zioło OSCO / Language(s): Polish Issue: 696/2024

Mała Olga Blanka, lwowianka, córka doktora Norberta Liliena, cenionego pediatry. Skąd jej do naszych błot, piasków i lasów? Wydawało się, że mierzyła wysoko i miała ambitniejsze plany niż dyżurowanie w obskurnych powiatowych przychodniach.

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Haset ve Gıpta Duygusunun Dindarlık ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş ile İlişkisi Üzerine Nicel Bir Araştırma

Author(s): Esra İrk,İbrahim Gürses / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 61/2024

Malicious and benign envy, explored from different perspectives in various disciplines, can have either constructive or destructive impacts on an individual's life, depending on their intensity. Malicious envy leading to tensions and conflicts in several domains, whereas benign envy allows for strong and deep motivations. In this context, both malicious and benign envy function as integral parts of the dynamics of transformation or disintegration. The aim of this study is to find out if there is a meaningful relationship between religiosity, psychological well-being, and malicious and benign envy, and to determine the direction and degree of the relationship if it exists. In accordance with this purpose, BeMaS-T Benign and Malicious Envy Scale, Religiosity Scale, and the Psychological Well-Being Scale are applied to a study group comprising 335 females and 179 males, aged between 18 and 65, living in Bursa. Data are collected using Google Forms and analyzed using the SPSS 25.0 program. The results have revealed that there is a meaningful negative correlation between religiosity and psychological well-being with malicious envy. However, no meaningful correlation between religiosity and psychological well-being with benign envy has been confirmed.

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Ernest Harms’ın Dini Gelişim Teorisinin Tanrı Tasavvuru Kuramları Bağlamında İncelenmesi

Author(s): Fatma Baynal / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 61/2024

The object of this study is to examine Ernest Harms' theory of religious development in the context of theories of the concept of God. Accordingly, this study aims to examine the importance of the conception of God in religious development within the framework of Harms' study. The study used the method of document analysis, one of the scientific research methods. In the study, Harms' life, studies, and views on religion were explained and assessments were made. According to the research results, Harms' theory, which is one of the theories of religious development, is one of the original studies treated with the drawing method within the context of the concept of God. However, Harms has not dealt with this theory at an advanced level, although he has written works in many fields. It can be said that the theory, like other theories of religious development, has limited grounding in Piaget's theory of religious development. It has been noted that the studies on the concept of God, including Harms' study, have been conducted in groups belonging to certain religions or sects; and that there are not enough theoretical studies in Turkey. In this respect, considering the religious and cultural variability of the conception of God, the development of new theories can contribute to the field.

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Z Kuşağında Bilinçli Farkındalık, Yaşamın Anlamı ve Mânevî Kaynaklar

Author(s): Emine Bayrak,Sema Eryücel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 61/2024

The concept of generation is defined as a peer group formed by society within the same time period. Studies on generational differences identify Generation Z as those born in the year 1995 and afterwards. Mindfulness refers to paying attention to what is happening here and now without judgment and accepting the experience as it is. The meaning of life is defined as the meaning of an individual's existence and the search for meaning. Spirituality is a spiritual quest process in which an individual discovers new ways to understand and connect with the sacred throughout life. The study aims to examine the relationship between the meaning of life, mindfulness, and spiritual resources, which are associated with many positive psychological variables in Generation Z, known as the technology generation. The participants of the study were 500 students randomly selected from those studying at Akdeniz University. In the study, the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale, developed by Brown and Ryan and adapted to Turkish by Özyeşil, Arslan, Kesici, and Deniz, was used to measure the level of mindful awareness. For the variable of meaning of life, the Meaning in Life Scale developed by Steger and colleagues and adapted to Turkish by Yarar was preferred. Finally, for the variable of spiritual resources, the Spiritual Resources Scale developed by Westbrook and colleagues and adapted to Turkish by Ekşi and colleagues was utilized. The statistical analysis of the data was performed with SPSS 26. According to research findings, a significant positive relationship has been found between mindfulness, meaning of life, and spiritual resources.

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An Exploration for the Post-Pandemic Period of the Religious Lives of Individuals in Turkey Who Had Severe COVID-19 and Death Anxiety

Author(s): Durali Karacan,Fatih Baş / Language(s): English Issue: 61/2024

Religion has emerged as a strong coping mechanism that has been employed by many people around the world during the chaotic atmosphere of the pandemic, and numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the relationship between religion and COVID-19. However, there is need for more studies examining how COVID-19 and death anxiety impacted individuals’ religious lives in the post-COVID-19 period. This phenomenological investigation examines the post-Covid-19 effects on the religious lives of individuals in Turkey who experienced severe Covid-19 and fear of death. The analyses of the research revealed that experiencing severe COVID-19 and death anxiety seem to contribute to strengthen religious commitments among the participants. According to research analyses, due to the severe COVID-19 and death anxiety, the participants reported that they (a) had a better understanding of human helplessness and the power of God, have tended to deepen their religious commitments; (b) gained a more robust understanding of the transient and mortal nature of the world; and (c) experienced a fear of dying as a sinner and considered the rest of their lives as a second chance given by God. All three of these factors appear to contribute to the involvement of religion in participants' lives in the post-COVID-19 period.

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Wartość cierpienia w wielkopostnych wizjach Sługi Bożej Wandy Malczewskiej

Author(s): Marek Tatar / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

A study of Wanda Malczewska's writings makes it particularly possible to distinguish these that are accounts of her visions that she experienced during the Fridays of Lent in 1872. We note that they are very elaborate with many of her personal elements that go beyond the biblical texts. However, it is undoubtedly to be said that the very vivid images of the visions reveal the quite realistic character of Christ's sufferings and also of the mystic participating in His entire Passion journey. Her identification with all the events deserves to be emphasised. She appears in them as a participant but also as a witness. She participates in this redemptive suffering of Christ, which is physical, psychological and spiritual suffering. A picture of dialogue in and through suffering emerges from the vision. The variety of categories of suffering also reveals its characteristics: redemptive, expiatory, compensatory, liberating. We can therefore conclude that the correct reading of suffering and its meaning for man and the world derives from its foundations and motives. This makes it not a suffering in which man focuses his attention on himself but leads to supernatural fruits. It is therefore not a question of glorifying it, but of stating that this attribute inherent in human life on the grounds of faith, hope and love becomes the possibility of an enlightening union with God. We are thus dealing with the experience of what we call felix culpa.

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Ręka Boga

Author(s): Patrycja Mikulska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

Esej analizuje kategorię przypadku oraz możliwość różnorodnego interpretowania zdarzeń doświadczanych przez człowieka jako przypadkowe. Próby odczytania sensu takich zdarzeń mogą prowadzić między innymi do filozoficznego przekonania o ich celowości lub do religijnej wiary w opatrzność Bożą. Rozważania zainspirowane zostały przez powieść Grahama Greene’a Koniec romansu. Wykorzystano również przedstawione przez Arystotelesa w Fizyce ujęcie przypadku w kategoriach przyczynowości.

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Divine Command Theory – Potentiality and Limits

Author(s): Tibor Máhrik,Roman Králik / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Thesis. Divine Command Theory (hereafter DCT) is a metaethical theory belonging to the category of moral realism of the non-cognitive type, whose popularity is growing. In this thesis, we show some of the reasons that have triggered the need to address the normativity of ethical concepts, because of which DCT receives its justification.Concept. Our argument begins with an analysis of a critical moment in contemporary ethical discourse, the question of normativity, relating Hume's law to the contemporary problem of solipsism, philosophical pluralism, and epistemic reductionism in moral philosophy. We show the strengths of the moral reasoning offered by Divine Command Theory and point out its weaknesses, which have to do with the fact that God is not a perfect system of moral axioms, but a being who acts morally and perfectly.Results and conclusion. Divine Command Theory is an important metaethical approach that offers a solid space for the establishment of different ethical frameworks with normativity weights, but on the other hand harbours question marks that should not be overlooked. These are questions of justice and love in terms of God's model of reasoning, since both aspects are paradoxical from a theological point of view and, moreover, run the risk of a self-referential fallacy on the part of the interpreter of God's commandments. The problematic aspects of this theory that we point out do not in any way undermine its validity, but rather anticipate an even deeper level of reflection on ethical realism.

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Duszpasterz wobec wspomaganego samobójstwa

Author(s): Jan Orzeszyna / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2(34)/2023

Not so long ago, just less than half a century ago, a Catholic funeral was denied to those who committed suicide. Today, however, in countries where euthanasia and especially so-called assisted suicide is legalised or tolerated, a whole new pastoral problem arises. Namely, it happens that people who choose assisted suicide ask at the same time for a priest to be present at their death. Some even ask for the Sacrament of the Anointing of the Sick to be administered to them before they take the lethal substance.The aim of this article is to highlight the issue of the pastoralist's attitude towards assisted suicide. First, the socio-cultural conditions favouring euthanasia will be introduced. Then, a distinction will be made between euthanasia and assisted suicide. Next, the position of the Catholic Church on the administration of the sacraments to persons who have decided to voluntarily shorten their lives will be presented. The conclusions of the analysis lead to a clarification of how accompanying persons contemplating assisted suicide by a chaplain is to be understood.

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Koncepcja przedmiotu aktu moralnego jako główny temat sporu o intrinsece malum

Author(s): Robert Plich / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1 (35)/2024

The article presents the issue of so-called intrinsically evil acts forbidden by absolute moral prohibitions, which are the subject of the moral teaching of the Catholic Church, recalled and reafﬁrmed by John Paul II in his encyclical letter Veritatis Splendor. This teaching was contested and revised by some theologians after Vatican II. The paper presents the essence of this revision, which in time came to be known as proportionalism, and the inﬂuence on its genesis of an erroneous understanding of the object of a moral act called physicalism, which originated in the casuistic tradition. Next, the essential elements of the critique of proportionism were presented, especially the failure of its proponents to recognize the role and importance of the act of choice for the proper understanding of human action and the moral qualiﬁ cation of the entire act and its agent. In this context, one of the main points of contention between proportionalists and the Catholic theological, moral tradition is discussed, which is the concept of the object of the moral act. The paper also points out some of the consequences that this dispute may have on moral life and moral theory. The stated goals of the paper were achieved on the basis of the teaching of the Magisterium and the analysis of human action by St. Thomas Aquinas, using relevant biblical texts and arguments formulated in the contemporary theological debate triggered by the teaching of the encyclical Veritatis Splendor.

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Znaczenie objawień prywatnych dla moralności chrześcijańskiej

Author(s): Łukasz Plata / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1 (35)/2024

The author reﬂected on the so-called private revelations in this article. In view of the numerous abuses in the interpretation of their content, the author’s goal was to show the proper place of private revelations in relation to divine (public) revelation, as well as to indicate their true signiﬁ cance for Christian morality. Analyzing the beliefs of modern Christians, the author presented the topicality of the issue of private revelations. Then, referring to the texts of the Magisterium of the Church and the studies of modern researchers, he synthetically presented the speciﬁ cs of Christian morality and the basic criteria for distinguishing authentic revelations from apparent and false ones. After this, the author describes several aspects of the relationship between private revelations and Christians’ moral life, indicating their signiﬁ cant inﬂuence on moral behaviour.

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The Influence of Origen on Augustine: The Question of the Infinity of God

Author(s): Damian Mrugalski / Language(s): English Issue: 91/2024

There is a belief among scholars of Augustine’s philosophy that he derived the notion of the positively understood infinity of God from Plotinus. Another opinio communis holds that Origenes inherited a negative understanding of infinity from the ancient philosophers and therefore considered God’s power to be finite. This paper aims to demonstrate that both opinions are erroneous. Although Augustine was familiar with Plotinus’ thought, his reflections on the infinity of God have more in common with the theses put forward by Origen than with Neoplatonism. In both authors, the issue arises when commenting on the same biblical passages, and both authors wrestle with the same aporia caused by accepting the doctrine of God’s infinite power and knowledge. If, according to Aristotle’s logic, infinity cannot be encompassed by anything, can the divine intellect encompass infinite ideas? Both authors’ answer to this question is positive. The article posits that Augustine may have taken over the doctrine of the infinity of God directly from Origen, since he had access to many of his works translated into Latin or through Novatian and Hilary of Poitiers, both influenced by Origen’s thought.

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Typologia chrzcielna Grzegorza z Nyssy (In diem luminum, GNO 9, 230-235) na tle starochrześcijańskiej egzegezy

Author(s): Leon Nieścior / Language(s): Polish Issue: 91/2024

Perhaps in 383, Gregory of Nyssa wrote a eulogy for the Day of Lights, which fell on 6 January and replaced the previously celebrated Epiphany. The introduction of Christmas in Cappadocia on 25 December prompted the bishop to link the January feast with the baptismal theme. In the middle part of the speech, Gregory successively cites and interprets ten different events from the Old Testament that illustrate the mystery of baptism. The combination and interpretation of these testimonies in the key of baptismal typology prompts the article’s author to look at the sources of inspiration for Gregory's exegesis and the extent of its influence.

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Did Eustathius the Philosopher Become Eustathius of Sebastea? A Contribution to Federico Fatti’s Hypothesis

Author(s): Marta Przyszychowska / Language(s): English Issue: 91/2024

In 2009, Federico Fatti published a hypothesis that Eustathius the Philosopher, described by Eunapius, converted to Christianity and became bishop of Sebastea and master to Basil the Great. In my article I present Fatti’s hypothesis and solve three important problems that he left unclear: the place of birth of two Eustathiuses, the problem of Letter 35 by Julian and the mystery of the year 358, when Eustathius of Sebastea was already bishop and Eustathius the Philosopher is believed to have been sent by the emperor to Persia despite his Hellenic faith. When those issues that could challenge Fatti’s thesis have been clarified, his claim, I think, gains plausibility close to certainty. The identification of two Eustathiuses helps explain certain mysteries in the life of Eustathius the Philosopher and some peculiar features of the ascetic movement initiated by Eustathius of Sebastea. It is also a milestone in understanding the teaching of the Cappadocian Fathers as it provides us with a direct link between them and Neoplatonism and more specifically its Syrian branch initiated by Iamblichus.

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Nonreligion jako kategoria relacjonalna

Author(s): Jacek Skrzypek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2024

The article analyses the terms “nonreligion” and “religion-related field” — its aim being to better translate their pragmatic meanings into Polish. Moreover, the author argues that the term “religion-related field”, understood as a general category for the entire area of nonreligion studies, entails the adoption of unnecessary presuppositions. Postulating such a field should always be grounded on empirical material. In order to formulate a general description of the perspective developed in nonreligions studies, the author proposes that Loïc J. D. Wacquant’s interpretation of Pierre Bourdieu’s sociology be adopted. Within this framework, the category of nonreligion can be understood as a set of practices delineated by researchers based on familial resemblance within the social space being examined.

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The crisis of truth, and Its impact on human actions

Author(s): Tomasz Kraj / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Not only does Moral Theology tell us what we should do, but it also provides the reasons why we should do some things and avoid others. Over the centuries Christians paid attention to God’s creatures because they realised that He speaks to us through them and reveals His will as well (Rom 1). This issue also became the object of metaphysical inquiry. The concept of the truth of all things explained how man gets knowledge about God’s will through his creatures, which he subsequently should take into account in his moral conduct. The Enlightment proclaimed human freedom from religious beliefs and restrictions. Its philosophy, known as modern philosophy, tried to „conquer” metaphysics and the notion of the truth of all things. This paper presents these efforts and their consequences.

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Bóg stworzył mnie trans- płciowym po to tylko, żeby mnie potępić?

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Bóg stworzył mnie trans- płciowym po to tylko, żeby mnie potępić?

Author(s): Tośka Szewczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 697/2024

Żebym mógł zostać ochrzczony jako dorosły, muszę żałować tego, że dokonałem tranzycji. A przecież ja przez jakieś dwadzieścia ostatnich lat patrzę na tranzycję jak na jedyny sposób uratowania życia.

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ASPECTS OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN RELIGIOSITY AND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR

Author(s): Darko Marković M.,Mina Zirojević Fatić,Zvonimir M. Ivanović / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Although since evolutionists in the sociology of religion, the prevailing opinion is that the development of science will eventually lead to the weakening of religion and religious beliefs, empirical research shows that in recent times there has been an increase in the religiosity of the population precisely in the most scientifically and industrially developed countries. If it is taken into account that the modern era also records an increase in crime, then the often expressed opinion, both in science and among citizens, that religiosity has a preventive and preventive effect in relation to crime, seems contradictory. On the other hand, a less widespread understanding rejects any influence of religion on criminal behavior. By analyzing the results of research conducted using mathematical and statistical methods, on which both positions are based, it is possible to prove that both claims in their absolutist form are unfounded, one-sided and limiting. The power of spiritual influence on the formation of collective and individual identity makes religion an important factor in the process of adopting moral values appropriate to time and space, and consequently an unavoidable factor when considering criminal behavior. However, the analysis of the interaction between religiosity and criminality in the context of historical, social, economic and other relevant conditions, shows that religiosity, in addition to its preventive and awareness-raising effect on criminal behavior, also carries the potential of a kind of criminogenic factor.

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