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Iron Curtain in Reality and Mentality – Border Crossings in Hungarian Films after the Change of the Regime

Author(s): Miklós Sághy / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

During the cold war, Eastern and Western Europe were separated by the so-called Iron Curtain. From the Soviet Empire controlled Eastern Block, the Western countries seemed to be the land of freedom and wealth. Even if the official communist propaganda tried to refute this idea, its materialization is to be witnessed in several Hungarian films made during the 1980s. The democratic transformation that followed the fall of the Iron Curtain seemingly opened the Western world for people from Eastern Europe. Many Hungarian films, made in the 1990s and 2000s, depict the experience of Hungarians in the desired Western countries after the political changes. In my paper I intend to show: 1) the travels from the East to the West after the collapse of the Iron Curtain forced Eastern protagonists to face the incongruences between the imaginary and the real West 2) the disappointment and deception these travels bring about originate in the Eastern, communist upbringing and its consequences: unethical social reflexes and behaviour. Briefly, via the analyses of several examples taken from Hungarian cinema, I would like to instantiate how deeply the former separation of the East and the West - an imaginary Iron Curtain – still existed around 2000s in the mind of Eastern people.

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Рисунката – начало и основи

Author(s): Krikor Kasapyan / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

This article aims to give the reader the most general information about the origins of the drawing and its development throughout the different ages to the Renaissance. It marks in essence the stages and directions of this development. It is multi-directional and varied, primarily influenced by the philosophy and ideology of the time - from prehistoric drawings not subject to any scientific norms, passing through a canon in Egypt, later on in Byzantium and a drawing using the laws of nature, first in Greece and deeper in the Renaissance. The directions of development in the periods concerned have preserved their importance and influence over time, building on them different styles, trends and movements in the drawing. This search and interpretation process continues to this day.

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Пъблик релейсшънс и изкуства

Author(s): Suzanne Harutyunyan – Vasilevska / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2012

The main function of the arts is to reveal the world of its creator and, of course, to influence its audience in this way. The main function of Public Relations is to explain the world to its client and, of course, to influence its audience.

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The Historicist Architecture of the Grand Boulevard in Budapest and Its Urbanistic Significance

Author(s): Enikő Tóth / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2024

The legacy of Hungarian historicist architecture has only attracted the attention of researchers in the past few decades. Although the Renaissance and Baroque Revival were the dominant architectural styles of the Habsburg era, historicism was long seen as an architecture copying the past using cheaper materials. Characterized by the reinterpretation of historical styles with contemporary materials, the use of classical architectural details, and sculptural ornamentation, historicism defines the image of Budapest’s city center, including the Grand Boulevard of the Pest side, which was built in the last three decades of the 19th century. The urban significance of the Grand Boulevard is unquestionable, creating a whole new urban structure worthy of a metropolis. In my study, I intend to examine the urbanistic significance of the historicist architectural heritage of the Grand Boulevard, and how these imposing buildings affect the urban landscape. To find the answers, I will look at the most important public buildings on the Boulevard, including the Nyugati pályaudvar [Nyugati Railway Station], the Vígszínház [Comedy Theatre], and the Népszínház [People’s Theatre] – later Nemzeti Színház [National Theatre] – on Blaha Lujza Square. I would also like to discuss the less prominent historicist apartment palaces, their typical ground plans and architectural characteristics, which equally contribute to the image of the Boulevard and the Hungarian capital.

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Urban Transitions in Kraków in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries: The Inner and Outer Rings

Author(s): Michał Baczkowski / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2024

Significant changes took place in the urban space of Kraków in the 19th and first half of the 20th century, partly related to the liquidation of the old city fortifications (1806–1815). An oval-shaped park (Planty) was established in place of the demolished medieval fortifications and filled moats in 1815–1834. Then, a circular street was marked out around the new park. In the second half of the 19th century, it acquired a monumental character as a result of the construction of many public buildings. In 1912, in place of the liquidated Austrian fortifications from the 1860s, construction began of the second city ring. The new circular street, resembling a metropolitan boulevard, was to serve residential and representative functions. This concept was partly related to the Viennese Ring, and in terms of communication to the Viennese Gürtel.

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Open Spaces, Green Areas: The Szeged Circular Embankment as a Green Ring in the Plans of Endre Pálfy-Budinszky

Author(s): Anna Váraljai / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2024

In 1879, the Hungarian city of Szeged was destroyed by the flooding Tisza River, necessitating its rebuilding from Lajos Lechner’s plans. With it, Szeged developed a central urban structure, with a circular embankment aligned with the boulevards protecting it from floods (Szegedi Körtöltés). In the 1930s, Dr. Endre Pálfy-Budinszky, Szeged’s chief architect, began developing a modern green space system plan, focusing on the Tisza and its green belt, the circular embankment, and the green space along the embankment. To ensure that the embankment would function as a green belt rather than a border, he also considered the city’s other green spaces and planned green strips between the boulevards. He also adopted Gestalt psychology in designing a green space network starting with the circular embankment’s characteristics. This study introduces measures for green spaces in the 1930s, their cultural and intellectual background, and their European context based on historical sources and archival documents.

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Arhitektura i Sufizam - spoj duhovnosti, simbolizma, estetike i praktičnosti

Author(s): Naida Ademović / Language(s): Belarusian Issue: 65-68/2024

Tekkes represent a deep fusion of architecture and Sufism, where each structure bears the imprint of spiritual practice. Architecture serves as a bridge between the physical and spiritual worlds, allowing us to experience a connection with the divine. Sufism emphasizes inner enlightenment and closeness to God through the space of the tekke, which is both aesthetically appealing and deeply spiritually inspiring. Tekkes, with their unique L-shaped room arrangements, provide ideal environments for the spiritual growth of Sufi practitioners. These buildings functionally separate different activities, enabling both privacy and community. Symbolically, the L-shape reflects the Sufi spiritual journey and the hierarchical structure of the community. Over the centuries, tekkes have evolved by incorporating cultural influences while maintaining their connection to the spiritual values of Sufism. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, these structures are an important part of the cultural identity, integrating Ottoman and local elements. The location of tekkes is often in natural settings, emphasizing the connection with nature. Tekkes continue to play an important role in social and spiritual life, serving as places of spiritual gathering, education, and cultural exchange. Their architecture not only reminds us of the past but also inspires us to appreciate cultural heritage and nurture spiritual roots. In conclusion, tekkes in Bosnia and Herzegovina bear witness to a rich cultural heritage, creating spaces that bridge the physical and spiritual through symbolic elements and ecologically sustainable design.

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Převýchova pod dohledem německé říše. Pracovně-výchovný tábor Hradištko na fotografiích

Author(s): Tomáš Zouzal / Language(s): Czech Issue: 04/2024

In 1943, renowned Czech filmmaker and photographer Jiří Jeníček was commissioned to document the labor-education camps in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, capturing the harsh realities faced by over 4,000 Czechs punished for "labor offenses" at Hradištko camp. These camps, managed by the Protectorate's non-uniformed police, were designed to re-educate individuals who violated work discipline, often young men conscripted for forced labor in Germany. The Hradištko camp, one of the oldest, operated from late 1942 to November 1943, before becoming a subcamp of the Flossenbürg concentration camp. Jeníček's photographs, preserved in the National Archives, offer a rare glimpse into the daily lives and struggles of the internees, highlighting the severe conditions, including inadequate food, clothing, and medical care. Despite the propagandistic nature of the images, they remain a unique historical record of the period. Jeníček's work, influenced by his background in photojournalism and film, provides a critical visual account of the internment system under Nazi occupation.

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AN ANALYSIS OF THE EVOLUTION OF LOTUS IMAGES IN TRADITIONAL CHINESE ART AND THEIR BOTANICAL CAUSES

Author(s): Qingqing Li,Zunling Zhu / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

Despite the significant impact of social, cultural, and individual factors on artistic creation, which to a large extent shape the produced works, the undeniable influence of natural phenomena on creative activities must also be acknowledged. This paper reviews various types of lotus imagery, summarizes their evolutionary characteristics, and seeks to identify the shaping factors from a natural science perspective. It reveals that the growth and evolutionary patterns of lotus in nature are largely consistent with the representation and transformation of lotus imagery in art. The preliminary conclusion is that natural phenomena significantly influence the selection and depiction of artistic subjects. Artistic creation and the resulting works are completed and formed within the dynamic tension of mutual influence and constraint between the ‘objective’ and the ‘subjective’.

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თანამედროვე ქართული ხატწერის ძირითადი ტენდენციები

Author(s): Tea Intskirveli / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 1/2024

An analysis of the works of scholars of ancient Georgian art confirms that the best examples in the tradition of Georgian icon painting are those in which a specific theological idea is expressed using the aesthetics and pictorial techniques of the same epoch. This approach aligns with the Decree of the Seventh Ecumenical Council, approving the veneration of icons. Georgian icon painting was replaced with the Russian School in the 19th century. In 1947 and 1980-1988, Patriarchs Kalistrate and Ilia II attempted to revive traditional icon painting. Analysis of the murals they initiated, and studies of archival documents, show that they followed the abovementioned principles. We call this the „traditional trend“. In the 1990s, a new trend emerged in Georgia based on the belief that only icon painting adhering to artistic forms of the Byzantine-Russian Middle Ages could be considered canonical. We termed this trend „reproductive“, due to its focus on replicating ancient originals. Its prevalence is caused by an increased demand for icons in post-Soviet Georgia, alongside an increase in the production of church items. A comprehensive analysis of the theological underpinnings of this process has yet to be undertaken. Contemporary Georgian ecclesiastical art displays the coexistence of traditional and reproductive tendencies, often reflecting a master's adaptability, artistic training, and customer preferences. The most exemplary traditional Georgian icon paintings result from meticulous planning, emphasizing both theological and artistic solutions to create unique and impactful works. This article presents some of such exemplary works.

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დრო და ადამიანები. აკადემიკოსი ზურაბ წერეთელი

Author(s): Nino (Nanuli) Maisuradze / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 1/2024

The article is devoted to individual episodes of the life and work of Zurab Tsereteli, a prominent Georgian artist, sculptor and architect, a member of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences.

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ელინური პოლისის ბრწყინვალება და მისი დაცემის იდეოლოგიური მიზეზები

Author(s): Nugzar Abramishvili,David Akhlouri / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 12/2024

Such factors as the "Hellenic wonders" of the great Hellenic culture, mentioned by the well-known authors of ancient times, include: a) the exceptional talents of the Hellenes; their profound rationalism and intellectualism, intuitive genius, active vitality, and insatiable curiosity; b) leisure, free time; c) the remarkable mobility of the Greeks; d) the spirit of competition, known as the "agonal soul"; and e) the polis, the polis way of life. A unique feature of the Hellenic soul is also highlighted in this article—an extraordinary aestheticism, which permeated all areas of ancient Greek culture: mythology, philosophy, art, science, education, and even politics (the Hellenes viewed the polis aesthetically and took pleasure in its beauty). Additionally, the Pythagorean factor played a role in rationalizing this characteristic of the Hellenic soul. Additionally, we consider the education system, which played a crucial role in shaping Hellenic culture, to be both a manifestation of the "Hellenic wonders" and a factor in its creation. And, of course, the polisan extraordinary cultural phenomenon with its socio-political structures, value system, and way of life. The polis encapsulates the fate of ancient Hellas, explaining both its glory and its eventual downfall. The Hellenic polis ceased to exist in the 4th century BC. The reasons for its fall were largely political. First came the Peloponnesian War and its consequences—moral decline, the rise of tyranny, and the devastation of the economy. Then, the Macedonian campaigns delivered the fatal blow to the Greek city-states. However, at the beginning and end of every historical era, religious and philosophical ideas ultimately determine and play a decisive role. The primary blame for weakening and destabilizing the foundations of the polis is attributed to three intellectual movements: Orphism as a religious-philosophical doctrine, natural philosophy, and the sophistic movement. Orphism challenged the polis by asserting that religion should focus on the salvation of the individual's soul rather than on one's duty to the state. Natural philosophy became dangerous to the polis by concluding that the Homeric gods were mere inventions of human imagination. The sophists further undermined the polis by claiming that laws were not of divine origin, but were created by man and could be easily abolished by human will.

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WRITING ABOUT ART IN SOVIET GEORGIA: THE FUNCTION, PURPOSE, AND CHALLENGES OF REVIEW CRITICISM

Author(s): NINO CHINCHARAULI / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2024

The focus of the present inquiry was to study the mission and problems, as well as crucial functions and work fields, organizational property issues, censorship and cultural policy engagement of art criticism in Soviet Georgia during the timeline of 1930-1980s. It is important to understand the impact of art criticism on the socio-political outlook of soviet Georgian Art and the ways in interacted with the phenomenon of state commissioned art. The methodological framework, aesthetical and social norms of Georgian Art Criticism in Soviet era, were usually produced by the Moscow-based state-controlled art institutions in the form of strategic programs and as a result of centralized policy, was established as the obligatory pattern. The research subject with its Georgian narrative was only a regional part of the former Soviet Union’s art scene – nevertheless, as a culturological matter it contains possibilities of generalization. Meanwhile, Georgian art Criticism in Soviet era represents official soviet discourse as well as noteworthy hybrid relations of the local reality – on the one hand, it was the Soviet product, with Russification tendencies, on the other hand, it possessed distinguished features and authenticity of expression that define its outstanding value. The research outcomes highlight Georgian Art Criticism as a cultural phenomenon of Soviet epoch and represent this problem from various perspectives, including Georgian Art Criticism’s: 1) multifunctionality and multiplicity, 2) leading role in self-identification and self-presentation strategies of Soviet Georgian Art, 3) consequences of instrumentalization 4) despite the institutional framework of Soviet ideology, authentic expression through local identities.

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Pars Pro Toto or Not? Fragmentation and Identity in the Early Modern Votive Culture

Author(s): Milena Ulčar / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 43/2024

Hundreds of votive plaques from the Bay of Kotor serve as tangible records of a wide range of crises that occurred during the 17th and 18th centuries. Individual hardships such as illness, shipwreck, or captivity were often intertwined with broader collective traumas, including epidemics, natural disasters, and wars. This interplay between personal and communal suffering was visually expressed on small silver surfaces through a distinctive iconographic language. A recurring triadic composition features the figure of the believer, the sacred figure, and a depiction of the crisis that had been overcome. The schematic and formulaic nature of these representations allowed for the eloquent transmission of a complex narrative within the constraints of a small format. This paper examines the visual depictions of the believer’s body and the image of the Virgin Mary through the lens of subject-object dualism. In both cases, hybrid visual solutions emerge, where traditional binaries – subject and object, part and whole, animate and inanimate – become indistinguishable. This study highlights the inadequacy of rigid ontological divisions as understood in the modern world, proposing instead a recognition of hybrid identity markers specific to the visualization of crisis in the early modern period.

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PERSPECTIVES OF RESEARCHING MUSICAL PHENOMENA WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF QUALITATIVE METHODOLOGY

Author(s): Anči Leburić,Lidija Vladić Mandarić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Qualitative methodology as a relatively new methodological paradigm seeks to skillfully construct some more complex methodological approaches, within which researchers from various scientific fields are prolific. These include ethnomusicologists, whose methodological aspirations were often inspired by musical phenomena that have been most often explored within ethnographic fields. Already established and standardized research methods (of the qualitative type) are used, such as content analyzes, interviews, then eminent research strategies such as case studies, etc. On the example of a realized and published monographic study on Nikola Buble, a well-known Croatian ethnomusicologist, the authors present an authentic analytical model (within the cultural and anthropological authorial approach) constructed in the function of researching more complex musical phenomena, but mostly in the contexts of ethnomusicological or broader unique monographic material (which contains numerous heterogeneous data from a number of different types of archives, documentations, newspapers, personalized diaries written, audio, visual and similar specific types). It is the qualitative methodology that critically and pluralistically considers research phenomena, and enables ethnomusicologists to more successfully integrate those interdisciplinary moments that are affirmed in various biographical, historical and similar studies, as well as numerous other cultural dimensions by which musical phenomena can be more adequately understand and interpreted, and thanks to which scientific knowledge about musical phenomena can be enriched.

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Opportunities for Renovation of Mid-20th Century Buildings in a Protected Environment: the Example of the Writers' Creative House in Nida

Author(s): Adrija Vilkauskaitė,Aušra Mlinkauskienė / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

Much of the Curonian Spit’s architecture dates back to Soviet times, and many buildings are now in need of renovation. During the renovation process, quite flexible design guidelines apply, focusing on combining aesthetics with traditional local architecture. This raises questions as to what design aspects should be preserved after renovation. Should the distinctive stylistic elements of the original architect be saved (and if so, how?), or should the focus be on integrating cotemporary regional architecture trends? This study focuses on the Writer’s Creative House in Nida, built during the Soviet occupation, and its architect, Liucija Gedgaudiene. It explores the relationship of the building to its surroundings, its significance for the community, and seeks to identify both- the local architectural elements and the personal design traits of Liucija Gedaudiene.

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An Exploration of Climate-Responsive Design Strategies Employed by El-Miniawy Brothers in Southern Algeria

Author(s): Ahmed Kaihoul,Efisio Pitzalis,Leila Sriti / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

In an age marked by globalisation, contemporary design, and diminishing regional distinctiveness, particularly concerning its impact on climate, the integration of passive strategies and climate-responsive design emerges as a critical element in forward-thinking architecture that embraces the unique climatic conditions of various locales. Consequently, this paper offers an in-depth examination of the climate-responsive design implemented by two pioneering architects who specialised primarily in housing projects in Southern Algeria. This investigation is further enriched by on-site measurements conducted on selected case studies. The findings reveal that, on typical scorching days, the actual indoor operational temperatures in 400 housing units situated in El-Oued range from 20.1 °C to 38.9 °C, whereas in 600 housing units in Ouled Djellal, temperatures fluctuate between 31.2 °C and 35.4 °C. It is noteworthy that outdoor air temperatures can soar to as high as 40 °C in El-Oued and 43 °C in Ouled Djellal during peak hours. The architectural achievements of the El-Miniawy brothers in Algeria’s southern region stand as tangible examples of architecture that adeptly adapts to the harsh, arid climate. This study underscores the importance of climate-responsive design and passive strategies and offers valuable insights into the indoor thermal environment. Ultimately, this research is poised to inspire architects and decision-makers in their future housing projects.

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Non-Standard Material Art as an Alternative Development of Recycled Architecture

Author(s): Fermanto Lianto,Yasuhiro Hata,Rudy Trisno,Franky Liauw,Denny Husin / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

The architectural world’s reliance on off-the-shelf building materials has led to the issue of standardised replication in building design. On the one hand, modularity helps the scientific logic of construction, but it often causes constraints on creativity. The research aims to build another perspective in developing recycled architecture through counter-perspectives. The research method uses a literature study to build a concept using the case of the other, a different perspective and a critique of modern planning, by comparing a) Phenomenon vs Noumena; b) Natural vs Artificial; c) Standard vs Non-Standard; d) Composition and NonComposition; e) City and Village; f) Science vs Art; g) Architecture vs Other Architecture; h) Product vs Process; i) Permanent vs Non-Permanent; j) Vertical vs Horizontal. The findings are art as an alternative field of recycled material development in the case of natural-growth architecture. The research output is the perspective and direction of non-standard material development to construct recycled architecture. The novelty of the research is the concept of alternative development as another polar of modern architectural trends so that architects can more freely develop creativity and aesthetic aspects, resulting in a variety of uniqueness.

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Cluster Dimensions of the Space of a New Residential District of Ukrainian ‘Post-Socialist’ City

Author(s): Vadim Vadimov,Liudmyla Shevchenko,Dmytro Vadimov,Artem Shevchenko / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

The article presents research material devoted to new dimensions of the spatial organization of residential areas of Ukrainian “post-socialist” city. He is currently faced with the challenges of military actions aimed at destroying the urban environment of Ukrainian cities. Residential areas of the micro-district type of the “post-socialist” city are mostly built on the basis of the postulates of functionalism. In the theory and practice of urban planning, they did not foresee the vulnerability of objects of necessary and social infrastructure. The criteria of centrality, as focus of concentration of functions of the spatial organization of the city, are currently being transformed into criteria of dispersion. Functional zoning acquires the multiplicative nature of multidimensional functional zoning. Fractal urbanism methodology assumes local freedom and global cohesion of individual urban planning elements. New exponential organizational structures with innovative digital technologies create “breakthrough” models of development. One of which is the urban planning cluster. The new residential area “Levada-2” in the city of Poltava (Ukraine) is presented, which demonstrates the latest approaches in the cluster organization of living space.

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The Evolution of White and Black Magic in Art and Its Impact on Cultural Heritage

Author(s): Karim Baigutov / Language(s): English Issue: 120/2024

The article explores the development of white and black magic in art, tracing its roots from antiquity to the present day and examining its impact on cultural heritage. By examining the origins of magical practices, the emergence of the first magical symbols and their influence on the development of artistic traditions, the article provides a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between magic and art. It also examines how magical rituals and spells have shaped the physical and energetic environment and how these influences have been represented in art throughout history. Key artists who have incorporated elements of magic into their work are analysed, highlighting how their art reflects and reinforces cultural beliefs about magic. The energy conveyed by paintings created through magical practices is explored, focusing on how these works affect viewers and contribute to the cultural significance of art. Finally, the article examines contemporary artworks that incorporate magical elements, analysing their relevance in today’s art world and their role in preserving and transforming cultural heritage. The findings suggest that magic has played a crucial role in shaping artistic expression and cultural identity, and that its influence continues to resonate in modern art. This study highlights the enduring link between magic and art and its importance in understanding the evolution of cultural heritage.

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