"COFOLA INTERNATIONAL 2016. Resolution of International Disputes Public Law in the Context of Immigration Crisis

Author(s): / Language(s): English

The conference “COFOLA = Conference for Young Lawyers” is annualy organized by the Masaryk University, Faculty of Law from 2007. The main aim of this conference is to give floor to the doctoral students and young scientists at their early stage of career and enable them to present the results of their scientific activities. Since 2013 COFOLA has been enriched by special part called “COFOLA INTERNATIONAL”. COFOLA INTERNATIONAL focuses primarily on issues of international law and the regulation of cross-border relations and is also oriented to doctoral students and young scientists from foreign countries.

"Stlačování marží" (margin squeeze) jako protisoutěžní jednání ve smyslu článku 82 ES

Author(s): Josef Šilhán / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2007

Z empirického hlediska lze mít za dlouhodobě prokázané, že dominantní postavení na trhu s sebou (spo­lu se schopností chovat se relativně nezávisle na spotře­bitelích a ostatních soutěžitelích) naneštěstí nese také neodbytné pokušení výraznou tržní sílu zneužít. Jed­ním ze specifických způsobů, jak k tomu může dojít, je i protisoutěžní "stlačování marží" (známější možná pod kosmopolitním označením margin squeeze). Právě za podlehnutí dominantnímu pokušení tímto způsobem (kterého se dopustila španělská společnost Telefonica) byla nedávno Evropskou Komisí uložena i jedna z nejvyšších pokut za zneužití dominantního postavení vůbec. Následující řádky se na charakteristiku tohoto ne až tak obvyklého zneužívajícího jednání zaměřují bližším pohledem.

(Ne)odgovornost pomorskog prijevoznika za štete na teretu uslijed nautičke pogreške

Author(s): Ivana Oršulić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 162/2008

The paper deals with the nautical fault as a specific corrective of the sea carrier liability for damages on goods caused by the activities of the master, the crew and others of whom the sea carrier makes use in his activities. Beside the historical circumstances which caused the genesis and evolution of the nautical fault defence, the legal regulation is analyzed through the existing international conventions and with a special overview of difficulties in delimitation of carrier's liability. Contrasting opinions that appeared during the process of reassessment of the justifiability of nautical fault existence are presented, especially the ones that emerged during the work on the new international convention. Importance of a prompt conciliation of experts in this matter is emphasized, coveted not only because of the achievement of legal security, but also because of the harmonization of the carriage of goods by sea with other sectors of transport as well as the future undisturbed development of nautical navigation and trade.

(NE)UGOVORNICE ARBITRAŽNOG SPORAZUMA KAO STRANKE ARBITRAŽNOG POSTUPKA: TEORIJA GRUPE KOMPANIJA

Author(s): Jelena Vukadinović Marković,Vitomir Popović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2022

Disputes arising from international business dealings can be resolved before an arbitration court provided the consent of all signing parties of the arbitration agreement. The arbitration proceedings are based on said agreement, which can be in the form of a compromise or an arbitration clause, and, hence, the sides in the proceedings are most commonly the signatories of the agreement. In practice, however, arbitration may involve parties that did not explicitly accept the arbitration agreement – such as in multiparty arbitration proceedings involving a group of companies. Multiparty arbitration where one side comprises multiple subjects bound as a group of companies bring into question numerous seemingly straightforward aspects of the arbitration process. First and foremost is the question of whether non-signatories can participate in arbitration – which is the main topic of this paper. The answer was sought through a comparative analysis of the normative rules governing the validity of arbitration agreements, as well as through a critical exploration of disputes resolved before arbitral or court councils. The application of induction to the findings of this research yielded the conclusion that a signature is not a prerequisite for participation in arbitration i.e. the scope of an arbitration agreement can be subjectively broadened. An analysis of recent arbitration practice and the majority of relevant theory has shown that, in the case of a group of companies, solutions accommodate the practical need to recognize actual relations in legal transactions resulting from the special nature of a group of companies – namely their “economic unity”. The paper has been divided into four parts. The first focuses on the arbitration agreement as the basis of jurisdiction for arbitration tribunals. The second investigates the subjective scope of arbitration agreements. The third is devoted to arbitration or court proceedings where one side consists of a group of companies, while the fourth and final segment deals with many theoretical dilemmas stemming from such proceedings.

(Niektoré) Zmluvnoprávne aspekty práva proti nekalej súťaži

Author(s): Kristián Csach / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2015

The author tried to elaborate on the issue whether an invalid contract term could be also considered unfair commercial practice or a violation of rules on unfair competition which could be enforced not only by the contractual party, but also by competitors. In accordance with the recent Austrian and German case-law the author pleaded for the applicability of general clause of unfair commercial practices on breach of consumer contracts regulation (unfair term). Thereby a void contractual term (unfair term) may fulfill the criteria set for an unfair commercial practice. However, not every conflict with mandatory contract law regulation fulfills the criteria of unfair commercial practices or unfair competition in general as the applicability of the general clause – whether within unfair competition or unfair commercial practices – is to be tested in concreto.In order to equal a violation of the regulation on contract law to a violation of the regulation on unfair commercial practices or unfair competitions, the nullity of a contractual stipulation should fulfill at least following criteria. The contract law rule which was violated had to address the commercial behavior of the party, its violation had to have an economic impact on the competitor and shall not be directed solely towards the contractual parties and their protection. Moreover, the general clause of unfair commercial practices requires a breach of professional diligence. Not every violation of contract law regulation shall be sufficiently relevant to establish a violation of professional diligence (i.e. if the unfairness of a contractual stipulation has yet not been settled by case-law nor legal science). The same should apply to the general clause of unfair competition.

(R)evolution of the insolvency law in a globalized economy

Author(s): Ionel Didea,Diana Maria Ilie / Language(s): English Issue: 18/2019

This study aims at highlighting the image of insolvency law as it was outlined, ascendingly developed and reached the remodelling stage in an international economic context, in a globalization era where the approach of interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity is no longer only mere philosophical theory, but is manifested instead through the interference and inter-connexion between fields of law and dimensions of political, economic and social factors, the need to identify a coagulating factor through the so-called harmonization of the norms of law, of the jurisdiction and of the international, EU and regional practices, as well as a reporting of the best practices in the field becoming key factors in the qualitative management of insolvency risks, an institution which is individualized, at the same time, in a new field of law, an autonomous law that has gone beyond the borders of commercial law and has also expanded over individuals and territorial and administrative units, law present in interference with the monist system implemented by the new Civil Code but also driven, in its evolution, by principles promoted at EuropeanUnion level, and also at international level.

(Why) Did EU Net Neutrality Rules Overshoot the Mark? Internet, Disruptive Innovation and EU Competition Law & Policy

Author(s): Oles Andriychuk / Language(s): English Issue: 18/2018

This essay raises a number of theses in support for a more liberalised approach to EU Net Neutrality rules. It offers a graded system of levels of regulatory intervention, arguing that soft Net Neutrality rules are capable of meeting all positive objectives of regulation without causing the problems generated by hard Net Neutrality rules, such as those currently in place in the EU. Hard Net Neutrality rules prevent Internet Service Providers (ISPs) from making disruptive innovations. Meanwhile, they enable some Content and Application Providers (CAPs) to monopolise many markets via (disruptive) innovations, resulting in newly established dominant positions which have, in many instances, been abused. The hypothesis of the essay is that loosening the rules on Net Neutrality would create competition between ISPs and CAPs as well as (which is even more important) between different CAPs for limited premium speed traffic. Such newly established competition could remedy some antitrust conundrums faced by EU competition enforcers and sectorial regulators vis-à-vis disruptive innovators in the area of electronic communications

(НЕ)ПАТЕНТИРАЊЕ ПРОИЗВОДА КЛОНИРАЊА

Author(s): Gordana Damjanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 81/2018

The patent system rests on a delicate relationship between privileges and responsibilities. As a regulatory institution, it also takes into consideration the protection of the public interest through environmental protection, biodiversity, health, technological progress, education and security. Patent protection of inventions is aimed at promoting innovation and competition, while ensuring the protection of socio-economic interests. The financial aspects of biotechnological research and the deficiency of alternative protection for investments impose the need for their patent protection.The issue that draws special attention in recent years is whether patent protection should be granted to products resulting from the therapeutic cloning process. Cloning is one of the greatest challenges for humanity, particularly considering that the modern world is at an important turning point for further development. Regardless of whether it is performed for therapeutic or for reproductive purposes, the consequences of cloning are inconceivable for the time being. All countries are now unanimously pleading for the banning of reproductive cloning. It would be ethically inadmissible for a man to become a product of a human hand, as so many other products. As compared to reproductive cloning, legal regulation of therapeutic cloning goes in the opposite direction. Some countries have recognized the enormous capabilities provided by the nucleus transmission technique and have regulated the conditions for conducting therapeutic cloning in their legislation. Finally, as the development of therapeutic cloning cannot be stopped, it is necessary (regardless of all obstacles) to set standards for legal regulation of this area as soon as possible; notably, it should not be forgotten that similar obstacles existed at the time when the legal termination of pregnancy or medically assisted reproduction was discussed. All of these issues have recently been the subject matter of numerous and large-scale debates on ethical, religious and other aspects, but many countries eventually resolved them by legalizing the terminatation of pregnancy and assisted reproduction.

+Имуществени отношения при сключване на договор за продажба от разстояние

Права и задължения на страните

Author(s): Vanya Zhelyazkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The development of modern technologies and the growth of Internet consumption create more opportunities for business and consumers. In today’s digital environment, the increasing importance of distance and off-premises contracts is evident. The transactions between the parties happen without either of them having to meet in person. This article covers issues related to the subject matter, the parties, the property rights and obligations in concluding distance contracts within the European Union and Bulgaria. The article discusses the main legal requirements (content of the contract, scope, mandatory details) and restrictions (administrative penalties, objectives) in the preparation of this type of contract. The different types of contracts for sale and provision of services at distance and their specifics are also presented. The legal framework is presented with an emphasis on consumer protection.

2007 Antitrust and Regulatory Developments in Legislation in Poland

Author(s): Marek Stefaniuk / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2008

2007 EC Competition Law and Sector-specific Regulatory Case Law Developments with a Nexus to Poland

Author(s): Krzysztof Kuik / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2008

2008 and 2009 EU Competition Law and Sector-specific Regulatory Case Law Developments with a Nexus to Poland

Author(s): Dagmara Koska,Krzysztof Kuik / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2010

The 2008 issue of YARS contained an overview of EU law developments in the period of time from 2004 to 2007. This overview covers the years 2008-2009. It confirms that State aid cases remained numerous (6 in total) and that the Commission’s enforcement activities in the area of State aid control continued at a similar pace as before. With respect to other areas of competition law and policy, the overall picture shows a relatively high level of scrutiny in mergers (5) and antitrust cases or inquiries (2). Moreover, EU Courts adopted several decisions in Polish cases, notably in the regulatory field (electronic communications) and State aid control (partial annulment in Huta Częstochowa (Operator) as well as the rejection of a request for interim measures in Technologie Buczek). The regulatory court cases show the Commission’s consistency in pursuing Member States in their failure to implement or to correctly implement the EU Electronic Communications package. In the state aid related Huta Częstochowa (Operator) judgement, the General Court (GC, formerly the Court of First Instance, CFI) partially annulled the scrutinised Commission decision since the Commission failed to identify the actual benefit related to the receipt of the aid in question. The jury is still out in the case concerning Technologie Buczek because the interim measures judgement says little about the potential outcome of the pending main appeals.

2008 Antitrust Law Developments in Poland

Author(s): Marek Stefaniuk / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2009

Antitrust law, similarly to other disciplines of administrative law, concerns three interrelated aspects of legal regulation: substantive law, procedural law and legal provisions regulating the status of relevant bodies of public administration. In 2008, the Polish antitrust field was subject to legal amendments relating to the status of public administration bodies responsible for competition and consumer protection governed by the Act of 16 February 2007 on Competition and Consumer Protection 1 and other specific legal acts. The status changes affecting the competition and consumer protection field should be considered in the broader context of the: Resolution and Approach of the Cabinet No 13 of 22 January 2008 on the Completion of the Public Administration Reform and related Workflow Procedures implemented in 2008. The improvement of co-ordination between political and central governmental bodies of public administration was identified by the Cabinet as one of the targets of this reform. In order to achieve it, some public administration bodies were consolidated. That was the case with the Trade Inspection („Inspection”), acting in its capacity as an competent control body for the protection of consumer rights and interests as well as the economic interests of the State, and the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (Urząd Ochrony Konkurencji i Konsumenta: UOKiK), acting in its capacity as a Polish competition and consumer protection body. As a result, the central body of governmental administration, the Chief Inspector of the Trade Inspection, and its central office, the Chief Inspectorate of the Trade Inspection Office were abolished. A short description on the key legal developments relating to this consolidation process is presented below

2009 Amendments to the Polish Energy Law

Author(s): Filip Elżanowski / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2010

2010 and 2011 EU Competition Law and Sector-specific Regulatory Jurisprudence and Case Law Developments with a Nexus to Poland

Author(s): Krzysztof Kuik,Anna Mościbroda / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2012

This third overview of EU competition and sector-specific regulatory jurisprudential and case law developments with a nexus to Poland covers the years 2010 and 2011. This period of time is worth noting for several reasons. First, EU courts delivered a significant number of judgments in ‘Polish’ cases including an increased number of preliminary rulings. Second, 2010-2011 developments were dominated by judgments and decisions concerning telecoms. Finally, the Commission adopted only a handful of Polish State aid decisions following a formal investigation procedure under Article 108(2) TFEU. The main developments in telecoms relate to the Court of Justice’s preliminary reference judgment in Tele 2 Polska focusing on the interpretation of Regulation 1/2003 and the PTC v UKE ruling that dealt with number portability charges. Relevant is also the antitrust prohibition decision issued by the Commission against Telekomunikacja Polska S.A. for its refusal to grant access to its wholesale broadband services. In other fields, the Court of Justice delivered three State aid judgments (including two appeals against pre-2010 judgments of the General Court) and two judgments in infringement proceedings (regarding pre EU Accession marketing authorisations for medicines and the reutilisation of data from the public sector). The General Court ruled on appeal in the butadiene rubber cartel case (e.g. in Trade-Stomil v Commission). Finally, the Commission dealt with a merger case with a truly Polish specificity (Kraft Foods/ Cadbury), approved subject to divestiture of the E. Wedel brand.

2010 Legislative Developments in Telecommunications

Author(s): Kamil Kosmala / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2011

2014 Amendment of the Polish Competition and Consumers Protection Act 2007

Author(s): Tadeusz Skoczny / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2015

The article presents a critical analysis of changes introduced into the Polish Competition Act of 2007 by the Amendment Act of 2014. The declared purpose of the Amendment was mainly to increase the effectiveness of the enforcement of the antitrust prohibitions, including the introduction of conduct remedies in antitrust cases, the settlement procedure and fines for individuals, changes in the Polish Leniency Programme and inspection powers, as well as simplifying and shortening merger control proceedings. Considered in the paper is the thesis that some of these changes were not introduced properly; in particular, that the new provisions fail to sufficiently safeguard the rights of undertakings, and that the amendment is an inadequate step towards the convergence of the Polish competition law system with the enforcement rules of the EU and its other Member States. Further changes to the Polish Competition Act of 2007 are therefore needed. The paper does not cover changes introduced by the Amendment Act of 2014 to Poland’s consumer protection provisions.

2015 Amendments to the Aviation Law Act

Author(s): Anna Konert,Piotr Kasprzyk / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2016

2016 Amendment of the Czech Significant Market Power Act Of 2009

Author(s): Petr Frischmann,Václav Šmejkal / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2016

The Significant Market Power Act (SMPA) adopted in 2009 regulates the assessment of, and the prevention of, the abuse of market power in the sale of agricultural and food products. The Act generated many controversies from the outset, survived legislative proposals for its abolition, to be finally amended in 2016. However, this kind of legislation failed to solve most of the problems and even managed to create additional controversies. The new amendment formally simplified the actual wording of the SMPA by transposing its numerous earlier appendixes, which contained an exemplary list of prohibited forms of SMP abuse, to the actual text of the Act. It also improved transparency and clarity with respect to its earlier vague and ambiguous terminology. At the same time, the amendment seriously modified the scope and principal philosophy of the SMPA by removing the previously required “substantial detriment to economic competition” as the pre-condition of the applicability of the Act. However, since the enforcement of the SMPA falls into the scope of the activities of the Czech Office for Protection of Economic Competition (in Czech Úřad pro ochranu hospodářské soutěže, UOHS), the concerns and doubts of the business community continue to grow whether this form of regulation is appropriate after the modification of the concept.

2nd International Competition Law Forum. Report Warsaw, 27 September 2012

Author(s): Elżbieta Krajewska / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2013