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ИЗБОРИ И ПРЕСТЪПЛЕНИЯ ВЪВ ВОТА ЗА ШЕСТОТО ВЕЛИКО НАРОДНО СЪБРАНИЕ ПРЕЗ 1946 г.

Author(s): Todor Galounov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

In the fall of 1946 in Bulgaria are held the elections for the Sixth Grand National Assembly. In his vote are fighting government of the Fatherland Front and the opposition grouped around BANU “Nikola Petkov” and Bulgarian Workers’ Social Democratic Party (United). The political campaign is replete with numerous violations – creating unfair conditions for electoral competition, threats, violence, replacement of the vote, murders. Elections hold the sad record for most killed and abused citizens. The paradox is that these were the last elections which allowed some pluralism. Part of the deputies failed to finnish their mandate and opposition leader Nikola Petkov was sentenced and executed. In the next 44 years in Bulgaria there are no longer held even minimum imitations of pluralistic vote.

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НАЧАЛО НА КУРС КЪМ ОТКРИТА СЪВЕТИЗАЦИЯ НА БЪЛГАРИЯ И НАЛАГАНЕ НА СТАЛИНОВИЯ МОДЕЛ НА УПРАВЛЕНИЕ – КАДРОВИ РОКАДИ И ДИНАМИКА НА ПАРТИЙНИЯ ЕЛИТ

Author(s): Mina Marinova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2016

A new phase of open imposition of Stalinism began in Bulgaria from the summer of 1948 and its intensification was demonstrated in 1949. When Valko Chervenkov headed the 68-th Bulgarian government in February 1950, his administration throughout the next four years led a course towards open and unreserved Sovietization and application of the Stalin model in all realms of social, political, economic and cultural life of the country. The radical turning point in the government led to purges, confrontation and displacements at the top of the party and government administration in Bulgaria. They were accompanied by personal rivalry and the weighing of past merits among Bulgarian communist elite representatives and predetermined by Stalin’s attitude in favour of long time political immigrants and of the “youngsters” in governance.

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За задължителното избирателно право

Author(s): Plamen Kirov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

The right to vote is recognized as a fundamental political right of the citizens. Its universal character is a guarantee for democratic governance. In recent years there has been a decline in citizens’ political activity, leading to a non-participation in elections. The ideas to introduce compulsory voting system pose a threat to aconstitutional right being transformed into a legal obligation.

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Pax Europeana. O prikladnoj upotrebi nacionalizma

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Pax Europeana. O prikladnoj upotrebi nacionalizma

Author(s): Gérard Raulet / Language(s): French,Serbian Issue: 0/1994

Alain Finkelkraut affirme dans Comment peut-on etre Croate? que le terme de "guerre civile" applique a la guerre des Republiques de V ex-Yugoslavie "est particulierement scandaleux". Selon lui, "ce n est pas une guerre civile puisqu'elle oppose des nations"

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Varia: „До тук“ и нататък в личната памет или Антологичното лице на Марин Георгиев

Author(s): Gergina Krysteva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2019

The present paper – “‘Up to now’ and forward through the personal memory, or the anthological portrait of Marin Georgiev” (in this version it is a part of a larger study of the 2010-2017 period), puts an emphasis on some personal details linked to two specific autoanthological publications of the contemporary Bulgarian poet Marin Georgiev. These books of poetry, published in 2011, constitute opportunities for both research perspectiveson the actual tendencies of the last decade and constructing the author’s figure – as a person involved in building his own creative biography through the gesture of preparing a personal anthological project.

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Рим – империя на интегрираните елити

Author(s): Zhivko Zhekov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2022

One of the unique features of the Roman state-political model is the ability of Roman elites to integrate those of the conquered into their political, military, and social structures. This practice was unique for ancient societies and states, which, by conquering a territory, turn the conquered into a secondary social and economic factor that has no access to political and military power. The history of Rome is an example of how to build a powerful state through the constant gradual integration of conquered elites into institutions of power. The analysis of the policy pursued by the ruling Roman elite in relation to those conquered by the Romans shows that, over the centuries, they have followed the same political practice with varying intensity and some fluctuation. Roman history shows that, after a period of fierce military expansion and forcible subjugation, the Romans gradually shifted to a policy of integration, which in most cases was expressed in the gradual inclusion of local elites in the traditional Roman patron-client relations, and through them their involvement in Roman administrative and military institutions. After moving to live permanently in Rome, the most ambitious and intelligent representatives of these local elites gained access to Roman magistrates, and some of them even reached the highest Roman magistracies. In many cases, they even became one of the most influential politicians in ancient Rome during their time.

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Elena MARUSHIAKOVA, Vesselin POPOV (eds.), Roma Voices in History. A Sourcebook

Author(s): Manuela Marin / Language(s): English Issue: 61/2022

Review of: Elena Marushiakova, Vesselin Popov (eds.), Roma Voices in History. A Sourcebook, BRILL, Ferdinand Schoningh, 2021,

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Late Bystander Testimonies in East Galicia: Between Memory, Identity, and Loyalties

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Late Bystander Testimonies in East Galicia: Between Memory, Identity, and Loyalties

Author(s): Anna Wylegała / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2023

This article examines the advantages and limits of late non-Jewish witness testimonies in Holocaust research. Grounding my conclusions in more than 150 biographical interviews conducted in small communities of contemporary Western Ukraine (historically Eastern Galicia) in 2017–2019, I dwell on the specificity of such sources and offer guidelines on how to work with them. As I show, late witness testimonies typically consist of multiple layers that can only be understood when analyzed within the wider life story of the interviewee, and when read against a deep knowledge of local history. When following these introduced guidelines, late non-Jewish witness interviews can be an extremely valuable source, especially for rural communities where no Jewish testimonies are available. This source allows us to further examine the complexity of identity and belonging, estrangement and intimacy, in ethnically mixed communities during World War II and immediately after, but also memories of the nonexisting world today

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Are Your Hands Covered in Jewish Blood? Jewish Red Army Soldiers Encountering the Aftermath of the Holocaust in the Soviet Union

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Are Your Hands Covered in Jewish Blood? Jewish Red Army Soldiers Encountering the Aftermath of the Holocaust in the Soviet Union

Author(s): Anna Shternshis / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2023

Soldiers and officers of the Red Army were among the first military personnel to encounter the destruction of the Ukrainian and Belarussian Jewish communities late in World War II. A significant proportion of the hundreds of thousands of Jews who served in the Red Army between 1943 and 1945 learned of the deaths of their own family members while they were in active duty. By examining the historical details and literary conventions of a small number of autobiographies and oral history interviews, the chapter discusses the range of reactions of these combatants to the destruction of their communities, from immediate retaliation to working with Soviet authorities to identify and convict collaborators. In addition, the chapter examines how a narrator’s current country of residence appears to influence the framing of his memoir.

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Pamięć i… troska (S.J. Żurek, „Odpamiętywanie polsko-żydowskie. Szkice – Studia – Interpretacje”, Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego Jana Pawła II, Lublin 2021)

Author(s): Małgorzata Wójcik-Dudek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

A review article entitled “Memory and… Care” is an in-depth discussion of the book by Sławomir Jacek Żurek Odpamiętywanie polsko-żydowskie. Szkice – Studia – Interpretacje [The Polish-Jewish de-remembering: Essays – Studies – Interpretations] published in 2021 by The Learned Society of the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin. The said publicaton by the Lublin-based scholar contains a multi-layered reception of the most recent findings in the field of memory studies, which at the same time purports to utilise them in the process of reading particular literary texts dealing with Polish-Jewish relations. Żurek directs his interpretative endeavour among others at: the poetic dialogue between Franciszka Arnsztajnowa and Józef Czechowicz, the ouevre of Arnold Słucki, the particular vision of Poland sustained in texts by Jewish émigré poets, and at the contemporary literary narratives regarding the Shoah, which oftentimes enter into popocultural dialogue with traditional Jewish topoi. The author’s main claim seems to be that more than 30 years of working through memory within the framework of historical, cultural and literary analyses, has not only hepled to restore correct proportions of the Polish Jews’ contribution to the Polish culture, but most of all to verify the stereotypes pertaining to the Jews’ relationships with non-Jews. The publication has been commended by scholars focused on studies of Polish-Jewish relations and the memory of the Holocaust, while the present review article is a critical discussion of theses put forward by Żurek.

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Atmintis šeimoje: teoriniai aspektai ir buvusio režimo atminties perdavimo tyrimo įžvalgos

Author(s): Liucija Vervečkienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3 (107)/2022

Difficult state-level questions of how to remember previous regimes are particularly linked with the „consumer“ side – specific areas of mnemonic socialization, such as families. A new generation raised during post-soviet transformations makes meaning of the recent past they have no direct or very limited experience of. This once again actualizes the questions of memory transmission within specific groups such as families initially analyzed in the case of memory of the crimes against humanity, mainly Holocaust. This article presents a theoretical overview of the factors to be kept mind in order to understand the remembering process within families: identification with the family memories, mnemonic socialization, loyalty relations, memory media and relation with the collective memory. Theoretical insights are supplemented by the empirical date of Lithuanian case (16 family conversations conducted in 2018–2020). Oldest members of the family still recall the beginning of the previous regime, parents were raised in it whereas the third family generation was educated with a strong state emphasis on the previous regime as occupation and repressions-based period of the past. Those family experiences failing to fall into the category of a victim become uncomfortable. A shadow of collaboration imposed by the collective memory level leads to silencing or justification of those family memories.

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Celal Nuri (İleri)’de Batılılaşmanın Kapsamı ve Yöntemi Sorunu

Author(s): Celalettin Vatandaş,Saniye Vatandaş / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 21/2023

Although there is a consensus on the process of Westernization in Turkey’s history, especially in the post-Tanzimat period, there are nevertheless important differences of opinion about its scope and method. Important opinions were expressed on the subjects of “scope” and “method” particularly in the intensely controversial socio-cultural environment of the second half of the nineteenth century. Discussions on such subject-matters continued intensely until the Republican period, whereas with the transition to the Republican period, there was a significant decrease in the discussions and debates mainly because the political will on the “scope” and “method” was determined and put into practice. Celal Nuri is one of those intellectuals who lived in both the Ottoman and Republican periods and by means of his views, he made important contributions to the process and quality of Turkish Westernization. Celal Nuri displayed a partial Westernization attitude regarding the scope of Westernization.

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Polish Jews in the Soviet Union (1939–1959). History and Memory of Deportation, Exile, and Survival. Hrsg. von Katharina Friedla und Markus Nesselrodt

Author(s): Klaus-Peter Friedrich / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2023

Review of: Polish Jews in the Soviet Union (1939–1959). History and Memory of Deportation, Exile, and Survival. Hrsg. von Katharina Friedla und Markus Nesselrodt. Academic Studies Press. Boston 2021. XXIX, 319 S. ISBN 978-1-64469-749-8. ($ 139,–.)

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Politika identit v čínských enklávách amerických měst: muzejní narace

Author(s): Daniel Topinka,Jakub Havlíček / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2023

This text deals with ethnopolitical identities as presented to visitors to Chinese enclaves by their inhabitants themselves in museums of Chinese enclaves in the United States. We focus on three locations: San Francisco, New York, and Chicago. The text briefly introduces the history of Chinese immigration and the establishment of the Chinese as a minority within the American nation. It focuses on the content of the permanent exhibitions, it describes and analyzes the forms of representing Chinese identities in these museums. At a theoretical level, we draw on the concept of identity politics. We apply a syntagmatic approach, using a method of narrative analysis of the exhibitions, comparing the sequential development of the museum narrative in the order it is intended to be presented to museum visitors. We identify the various elements of the design of the exhibitions and the themes presented. Our research was conducted during field trips of the authors between 2013–2019. The exhibitions come with a so-called canonical narrative that is linearly conceived and introduces the “harmony” of Chinese and American identities. The canonical narrative is coherently and logically conceived, the presented themes support the whole narrative. The canonical narrative illuminates the presence of Chinese immigrants as a journey from exclusion to full emancipation and recognition of their equality, with reference to cultural specifics of Chinese sociocultural identities.

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The Collective Memory and its Transformations: The Great War and the Battle for Independence in Lithuania (1914–1920)

Author(s): Eugenijus Žmuida / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The author aims to discuss three topics using the memory research method. The first part discusses construction of the imagined community and collective memory of 19th century Lithuanian intellectuals in a country where education in the national language, and the printing of books and papers, were banned. The second part of the article presents the impact of the Great War and the struggle for independence on collective memory as revealed in memoirs written in the 1914–1940 period by fighters on the front lines, refugees, intellectuals, and people in the occupied country. The third part discusses the extinction of the Great War and the battle for independence from collective memory as a natural and specially constructed phenomenon, caused by the Soviet regime.

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La concretezza come procedimento. Contributo per una storia di Memorial

Author(s): Simone Guagnelli / Language(s): Italian Issue: 1/2023

The present article offers a brief history of the Russian non-governmental organisation Memorial, a recent winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, from its origins in the 1980s to the present day. It also proposes an attempt to create a bibliography which could be used for a larger monographic volume, a more detailed work capable of going into more detail about the founding instances of the most important cultural movement of resistance in Russian and post-Soviet society. The nearly simultaneous invasion of Ukraine and the banning of Memorial make the publication of such a work urgent. It would not only outline the organisation’s development but also become a manifesto of concrete common action for a new Europe arising at the end of the conflict, which could thrive on the shared themes of historical memory and the defense of civil rights.

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მნემონიური ნარატივის ნაციონალური მოდელები: XX საუკუნე ნინო ხარატიშვილის ერთი რომანის მიხედვით

Author(s): Mariam Miresashvili / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 4/2022

The phenomenon of mnemonic narrative represents one of the poetic principles of novel art. In the process of arranging artistic integrity, the mimesis of memory and recollection can be considered as one of the leading principles of narrative, which, in turn, is related to the presentation of the existing reality, the inner world of the literary subject, the artistic perception of memories and the authorial concept. A characteristic feature of the mnemonic narrative method is the emphasis on the authenticity of the artistic expression, while the goal is to show the process of searching for the truth in the past by a literary hero. This way a sense of distance is created in the consciousness of the literary subject / narrator towards his past experience; also readiness of the protagonist / narrator to reconsider the events of the past from the perspective of the existing reality / current events. In this light, we analyze the epic novel "Eighth Life (Brilka)" by the German-speaking Georgian writer Nino Kharatishvili (2014), which we consider to be a successful attempt to present a panoramic picture of the history of the 20th century Georgia. Mnemonic narrative on the contradictory nature of the Soviet mentality and traumatic memory, projecting on the solution of modern problems by recalling the painful past, breaking of the Soviet Empire and the stereotypes that have defined the ideological consciousness of the Georgian people for decades, breaking the bond between the generations - this is the incomplete list of problems in Nino Kharatishvili's family saga, which describes the vicissitudes of life of seven members of Jashi family. From the perspective of traumatic memory, the protagonist of the novel tries to understand when and under whose influence the unwavering aspiration for freedom was formed in the conditions of a totalitarian regime. Her narratives address the events of collective / cultural trauma, in the context of which she realizes the past of 20th century Georgia, recalls people who formed her moral orientations and played a role in her spiritual formation. The traumatic concepts of Soviet existence are clearly presented in the novel; it is illustrated that throughout the seventy years of the Bolshevik totalitarian regime (1921-1991), Georgian nation never tolerated its fate and maintained the spark of protest, which, along with the collective trauma, was passed down from generation to generation.

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Judith S. Kestenberg i ucieczka w (nie)pamięć o Zagładzie

Author(s): Klara Naszkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2022

This article reconstructs the biography and the complex, intercultural, and international identity of Judith S. Kestenberg (1910–1999) – a Polish Jew born in an Orthodox family in Galicia, Austria-Hungary; a medical student in Vienna; an emigrant to the United States; a pioneer of psychoanalysis and therapeutic work with Holocaust survivors, dealing with the trauma of a daughter of Holocaust victims; and, last but not least, a mother and wife. The text presents the complex circumstances of Kestenberg’s departure from Austria in mid-1937 and her metaphorical escapes from the unbearable reality of the war and the Holocaust, as well as her complicated, ambiguous, and evolving attitude toward the losses and traumas suffered as a result of the war, the Holocaust, and the emigration, as well as toward Jewish and Polish identity. The article presents Kerstenberg’s personal attitude toward the Shoah which resulted from her losing her parents and her obsessive dedication to therapeutic work with the Holocaust survivors. During the first post-war decades in the milieus of Jewish survivors, immigrants, and even mental health professionals (including psychoanalysts) dominant was the conviction that it was better to forget the war, trauma, and loss. In 1968 Kestenberg began to create a new field of knowledge dedicated to survivors who had experienced wartime persecutions at a very young age. She believed that the only way to deal with the difficult past events was to talk about them, acknowledge them, and preserve them in the individual and collective memory. The author reconstructed the history of Kestenberg’s family history and her biography on the basis of archival sources. Official historical sources usually ignore the voices and experiences of minorities, including women, Jews, immigrants, and non-citizens. This is why this article utilizes personal history materials such as memoirs, letters, published and unpublished interviews, and oral history (speeches, and the conversations I have had) as well as Kestenberg’s texts about her research on survivors.

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„Litwinów zlikwidować, Łotyszów wypuścić”. Wileńszczyzna 1944

Author(s): Tomasz Balbus / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The study shows the executions of prisoners of war carried out by the Polish Home Army (AK) brigade of Lieutenant Gracjan Frog, alias “Szczerbiec” near Vilnius, in 1944. The motives, cases, and course of these dramatic events are presented. They took place during the occupation of Poland by the German army. The text was based on the accounts and memories of Polish veterans as well as reports from the Lithuanian and German police.

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ISELJAVANJE TURAKA IZ JUGOSLAVIJE U TURSKU: 70. GODINA OD "DŽENTLMENSKOG SPORAZUMA"

Author(s): Salim Kadri Kerimi / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 9/2023

This (2023) year marks the 70th anniversary of the achievement of the so-called “Gentlemen’s Agreement”, for the emigration of Turks from FPR of Yugoslavia to the Republic of Turkey. According to some indications and documents, this agreement was reached between the President of FPR of Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito and the Minister of Foreign Affairs (MFA) of the Republic of Turkey, Fuad Koprulu, in Brioni, on January 22nd or 23rd, 1953. In order to operationalize this agreement, about three months later an “Agreement between the State Secretariat for Foreign Affairs of the FPR of Yugoslavia and the Embassy of the Republic of Turkey in Belgrade, for the emigration of Turks”, was signed. After reaching the two aforementioned agreements the process of emigration of the Muslim population of Yugoslavia to Turkey gained dramatic proportions. Beside the Turks, especially between 1953 and 1968, a large number of Albanians, Bosniaks and Pomacs immigrated to Turkey. In other words it was the largest exodus that took place in Europe in the period after the Second World War. As it is already known, the emigration of Turks and other Muslim populations of Yugoslavia to Turkey in the 50's and 60's of the 20th century was not new, because the emigration of the aforementioned population began in the second half of the 17th century - after the second defeat of the Ottoman army at the gates of Vienna in 1683, and continued in the period after the Second World War. In a period of more than 300 years, the most massive emigrations of the Muslim population from the territory of former Yugoslavia took place especially after the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877-1878, after the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) and the First World War (1914-1918). The emigrations which took place after the Second World War, that I am writing about, are characteristic in that they took place in a peacetime period, as a result of the insidious abuse/ disrespect by the Yugoslav side of the agreement from 1953, which was signed between representatives of Yugoslavia and Turkey. Among the researchers of this issue, there are different views about the total number of emigrants who emigrated from Yugoslavia to Turkey in the 50s and 60s of the 20th century, and especially about their nationality. Albanian historians and other authors from Albania and Kosovo go so far as to treat almost all emigrants from Kosovo and Macedonia as Albanians. Unlike them, Albanian historians and other authors from Macedonia admit that there were Turks among the emigrants from Macedonia, but that the dominant part of the emigrants were allegedly Albanians. Unlike them, I and several other authors from the Republic of Northern Macedonia (V. Achkovska, B. Ilievski, G. Todorovski, and others) claim that the majority of emigrants from the Republic of Macedonia were Turks.

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