Von Marburg nach Pittsburgh-2: Anschauung in der Struktur der Erfahrung

Author(s): Maja Soboleva / Language(s): German Issue: 35/2016

The paper focuses on the problem of constitution of our cognitive experience. Two approaches to this problem proposed by Ernst Cassirer and John McDowell are central for the analysis. Both authors use Immanuel Kant’s theory of cognition as a foundation for their own conceptions und they develop their independent interpretations of it according to the traditions they belong to. Although McDowell’s interpretation emerged within analytical philosophy, we can see similarity with Cassirer’s theory. Comparative studies of these theories will point out the convergences and divergences between them.

The Posthuman Сondition of Europe

Author(s): Viorella Manolache / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 6/2017

The present study, focused on the concept of posthuman condition, aims to warn, monitor and comment on the path started / traced from the condition of postmodernity / postmodern condition to the posthuman condition. This approach will focus on a case-by-case analysis, after a thorough re-examination, and on a double counting, applied to “scores” that focus on new philosophical-political data. These influence the creative dimensions and the combining of the prefix post-, managing to modify it, adjust it, and orient it towards particular rebirths and uses.Recognizing the existence of the posthuman condition and inventing ways of accommodating the human to posthuman demands, the positioning of current crises explicitly calls for new benchmarks, transferring them from the theoretical level to the field of practical questions. With regard to the changing configurations of Europe and the world, the posthuman condition generates news, concern, up to the minute issues, a recent paradigm not only in the academic-scientific area, but also in the area of institutional and legislative resolutions and initiatives.Aware (via Habermas) of the enthusiasm and the anxiety that such post-positioning involves, Rosi Braidotti offers a set of clarifications which she considers to be essential for clarifying and redefining the role of Europe in the light of the posthuman condition, which is, in fact, a plea for the launching of a posthuman project of Europe.

История на човешката еволюция (част 2)

Author(s): Kiril Petrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2018

The present work is an attempt to broaden the biography of the autonomous individual. Contrary to the conception of the inborn sociality of a person that deprives him of his uniqueness and refuted by various manifestations of mental disorders, the idea of an individual way of life could explain some contradictions and paradoxes in his behavior. Being alone in nature and without physical contact with similar individuals, he had not only to develop and improve his sensitivity and the way of perceiving reality, but also to change the metabolism of his own organism. Losing instincts by changing connections with reality, he manages to turn objects into a source of information, providing him certain and safe means of survival. That information will became his personal environment unattainable for animals. An environment, which purpose is to function as an untouchable, invisible „territory“, i.e. as a consciousness.

Болестта срещу удоволствието: употреби на метафората на болестта в първите две десетилетия на комунистическия режим в България

Author(s): Gergana Popova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2016

The main goal of the paper is to analyze the usage of the metaphor of illness from the communist regime in philosophical and anthropological perspective. The metaphor of illness is showed as an important element of the communist disciplinary practices. The article focuses on its importance for the communist constructions of the ideal human body.

In Search of the Drama of History: Or, National Roads to Modernity

Author(s): Roman Szporluk / Language(s): English Issue: 01/1989

Ernest Gellner and Miroslav Hroch ask about the content of the drama of modern history and the identity and role of its principal actors, and thus go beyond the less interesting question of how Marx's or List's ideas are interpreted in Communism and Nationalism. Accordingly, in my response, profoundly grateful as I am to my critics for writing their essays, I will build on their comments to clarify further that larger question of the role of nationalist actors and ideas in the drama of modern history. [...]

Култура и политики на паметта в Германия - предпоставки и критика

Author(s): Daniela Decheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

The paper analyses the contemporary debate about memory culture and memory policy in Germany which are highly valid for Europe as well. They base on the political consensus that the memory of collective crimes committed in the past, especially of the Holocaust, and the honour to the victims, are a basic prerequisite for the protection of human rights. In the second part of the paper different critical views on the conception and practice of memory culture and memory policy in Germany are discussed.

The Baptism of Relics of Oleg and Yaropolk: Ethical, Theological and Political Aspects

Author(s): Roman Dodonov,Vira Dodonova,Oleksandr Konotopenko / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

A stereoscopic view on a particular historical event, in which contemporary assessments are combined with mental stereotypes of a medieval man, allows a slightly different assessment of the chronicle plot about the posthumous “baptism of bones” of Oleg and Yaropolk, Princes of Kyivan Rus, in 1044. While from theological positions it is perceived as an absurdity and a direct violation of the rules of the church, in the Middle Ages this act did not contradict the mass religious beliefs. From an ethical point of view, the action of Yaroslav the Wise was regarded as concern for the souls of the ancestors who died pagans and therefore did not claim for the salvation. The soteriological optimism that prevailed in the eleventh century in countries of the late Christianization, including Kyivan Rus, gave hope that living people were able to influence the fate of the souls of the dead. From a political point of view, the baptism of the ashes of the ancestors and their reburial in the family tomb of the Princes of Kyiv in the Church of the Tithes was aimed at expanding the circle of heavenly patrons and protectors of the princely dynasty, expanding the period of the Christian history of Kyivan Rus, and, as a result, legitimizing the power of Yaroslav the Wise.

„Tako rzecze Zaratustra” Wacława Berenta: młodopolska maniera czy nowatorski eksperyment?

Author(s): Katarzyna Lukas / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The paper deals with the Polish translation of Friedrich Nietzsche’s Also sprach Zarathustra made by the Polish writer Wacław Berent (1905). The translation is considered in the context of its epoch (“Young Poland”) and of Berent’s own literary work. The analysis aims at distinguishing the most important stylistic features of the translation: poetic devices typical of Young Poland, such as archaisms, neologisms, and reinforcement of the original’s audial qualities. Despite being criticized as “mannerist”, Berent’s translation appears as an innovative example of modernist translation, consistent with the symbolist model of translation.

Политическата памет

Author(s): Paul Ricoeur / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/1998

Пол Рикьор: историците и социолозите. Няколко бележки по интерпретативния обрат в социалните науки

Author(s): Jean-Louis Fabiani / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/1998

UNIVERSAL HISTORY VIEWED THROUGH METAPHORICAL LENSES

Author(s): Nicolae Iuga / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 32/2023

When reaching the limits of rationality regarding explanation, Plato told myths. Instead, Hegel, when he wanted to make himself easier to understand, resorted to metaphorical expressions. The vast and grandiose spectacle of universal History can be more properly expressed by a metaphor than by abstract concepts or uncomprehending, arbitrary and chaotic erudition. Here we briefly present some metaphors related to the object: Heraclitus' River, the metaphor of the death and rebirth of vegetation in ancient myths, the metaphor of the Sea in Hegel or the metaphors of Henri Bergson and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin.

HERMENEUTIC VALUES OF GENIUS IN MODERN PHILOSOPHY. IMMANUEL KANT AND ARTHUR SCHOPENHAUER

Author(s): Bogdan Guguianu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 32/2023

The present study aims at capturing the hermeneutic values that the concept of genius has acquired in the modern period exclusively by referring to the meanings this term had in ancient culture and civilization. The study is structured into three main sections except for the introduction and conclusions. The first will present the meanings that this concept had in the ancient period, evoking also the etymology of the word. The second is devoted to the evaluation of Immanuel Kant’s hermeneutical views of genius while the third provides an evaluation of Arthur Schopenhauer’s views on the topic. In this way, it will be possible to pinpoint the elements of influence and the cultural heritage represented by genius in relation to modern philosophy.

Alexandre’as Kojève’as ir Carlas Schmittas: politiškumas, teologija ir istorijos pabaiga

Author(s): Linas Jokubaitis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2 (110)/2023

The aim of the article is to demonstrate that Carl Schmitt’s and Alexandre Kojève’s ideas about the political and the end of history have to be seen in the light of their theological presuppositions. The article defends the position that Schmitt’s The Concept of the Political is based on attempts to look at the problems of political anthropology from theological perspective, in which the dogma of original sin plays a central role. Kojève’s anthropotheistic system presents an inversion of this perspective, his ideas about the end of politics and history are inseparable from attempts to reduce theology to anthropology. His atheistic system of immanence provides a confirmation of Schmitt’s idea that the disappearance of the political is incompatible with the dogma of original sin. Kojève’s notion of the end of history and his concept of universal homogeneous state are formed by attempts to look at the concept of the political ex negativo. For Schmitt Christian theology provides a guarantee that the world will not be depoliticized, that enmity between humans will not be overome. French philosopher’s political theory is based on the idea that the end of history and the disappearance of the political would mark the actualisation of secularized Christian teaching. Kojève’s revised ideas about the destiny of humanity at the end of history, his position that humanity will return to animality, have to be understood in the context of his discussions with Schmitt.

Корелацията „история–пространство“ в ракурса на антропологическата философия на историята на Асен Игнатов

Author(s): Georgi Belogashev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

This article aims to clarify Asen Ignatov’s grounds for the specific interpretation of time and space as existential factors and conditions for the immediate realization of human history, the forms of its manifestation, and the directions of its development. At the same time, the comparative analysis is related to indicating the essential characteristics of time and space, as well as the parameters of their epistemological scope in the explanation of history and what is happening in it. Based on the conclusions drawn, the article attempts to outline the essence of space and its correlation with history in more detail. Simultaneously, it also aims to examine the reasons for accepting or rejecting the hypothesis of the temporal constancy of Ignatov’s ideas during the various stages of his versatile work.

Feminine Origin in the Cosmogonic Ideas of the Slavic and Eastern Philosophy: a Comparative Analysis

Author(s): Oksana Petinova,Violeta Svitlytska / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2023

The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the role of the feminine principle in the cosmogonic ideas of the Slavic peoples and the philosophy of the Ancient East, in particular, India and China, to the establishment of common and distinctive features of female personification. The authors conclude that the ancient tribal culture, which was based on the logic of nature, the maintenance of the world in unity and the balance of opposites, was much more favorable to women than monotheistic religions, which affirmed the sinful nature of women. Ideas about the origin and development of the universe occupy a central place in the mythological heritage, in the cosmic processes and powerful forces of nature, the unbreakable harmony of male and female principles can be traced, where male energy consists in the idea of fertilization, and female energy – in birth and creation. In every mythological system, there is a character of the Mother Goddess, who acts as a co-creator of the world and living beings, but with the establishment of the patriarchal system, the mythological paradigm undergoes changes, and the female principle is gradually recognized as secondary, or it was completely leveled in the processes of world creation. The archetype of the Great Mother reflects the functioning of human values and runs through the entire history of philosophy and culture.

Manifest jako performativní experiment. Odpověď Peteru Daubnerovi

Author(s): Michael Hauser / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2024

The article by discusses the resurgence of manifestos in contemporary times as a response to global chaos and crises. Hauser responds to Daubner's critique of his manifesto, emphasizing the importance of manifestos in providing direction and proposals for societal progress. He highlights the historical significance of manifestos during periods of avant-garde movements and modernism, and their decline in the postmodern era. Hauser argues that manifestos are crucial for addressing current social and political issues, and he defends his approach of writing a manifesto without extensive annotations to encourage deeper engagement with the text. He also addresses criticisms regarding his perceived leniency towards socialist practices of the 20th century, clarifying his intent to explore moments of real emancipation in history. Hauser concludes by advocating for the revival of socialist ideas and movements to tackle contemporary inequalities and crises.

Profeţie şi profesiunea de a fi capitalist

Author(s): Ivan Ivlampie / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 10/2020

The central premise of Karl Marx's work, Capital, boils down to the idea that the employer's profit comes from his employee's unpaid labor. The value of goods delivered to the market is exclusively determined during the working hours of the workers. The capitalist's profit is an unjust and immoral social fact. The entrepreneur does not make any physical or intellectual effort in the production process of goods or services in his field of activity, but only spends his energy squeezing the profit. As a social parasite, he deserves to be eliminated through the communist revolution from humanity's history. Throughout this study, we argue against this ideological perspective on history.

MOVING THE SOUL THROUGH THE BODY IN JAPANESE PILGRIMAGE

Author(s): Mihaela-Lacramioara Ivan / Language(s): English Issue: 38/2024

Research on pilgrimages in Japan is dominated by approaches from fields such as history, geography and sociology, but there are few studies that squarely address the significance of pilgrimages to the West from a religious studies perspective. Furthermore, there is almost no research on pilgrimage texts specific to the Edo period, such as sacred place records. On the other hand, research in Europe and the US has often focused on the religious significance of pilgrimages, and overwhelmingly, Shikoku pilgrimage with a typical circular structure has been taken up in terms of contrast with linear pilgrimages in Christian and other regions. Recent research in the Christian world has tended to clarify the relationship between travel (pilgrimage) and tourism, but the role of the body in the religious and spiritual tradition of pilgrimage has not been sufficiently examined. Furthermore, in the 1970s and 1980s, there was a growing awareness that visits, pilgrimage journeys and tours were by bus, and the number of people making pilgrimages on foot declined rapidly. Pilgrimage journeys are designed to benefit the present world by visiting Kannon Bosatsu (Boddhisattva) enshrined in various places, but they are also intended as a practice to benefit the afterlife, to move the body and to satisfy the mind. In other words, it may have been thought since ancient times that if one embarked on a pilgrimage journey to express daily gratitude, he or she would finally be saved after death. This paper considers how the role of the body has changed since the days of buses and other forms of transport. In doing so, it will be seen that the role of the body still carries sacred objects and plays an important role in reaching Buddhahood.

CONSIDERATIONS ON THE COMPILATION PROCESS OF SAIKOKU SANJŪSANSHO KANNON REIJŌKI AND SAIKOKU JUNREI UTAGENCHŪ – ON TSUJIMOTO MOTOSADA’S SAIKOKU SANJŪSANSHO KANNON REIJŌKI ZUE

Author(s): Mihaela-Lacramioara Ivan / Language(s): English Issue: 38/2024

In the Edo period an extensive road system is created, and thus average people get engaged in walking the paths of Saikoku pilgrimage. While Saikoku pilgrimage becomes widespread within the whole country, it also gets tainted with strong entertainment features. This infiltration into society and people’s lives leads to a great number of pilgrimage texts. Among them, the texts written by Buddhist priests, to serve them when preaching the way in which Kannon’s salvific powers work on people who entrust their faith in the bodhisattva, are of important interest. Especially, a set of pilgrimage texts written by the Jōdo (Pure Land) priest Kōyo Shunō in 1726, Saikoku Sanjūsansho Kannon Reijōki (hereafter cited as Kannon Reijōki) (Record of the Thirty-three Holy Locales of Saikoku), and Saikoku Junrei Utagenchū (the interpretation of goeika, poem-prayers for each of the 33 temples), that take a double layer structure, guide the pilgrim from the surface layer of this worldly benefits into the deep layer of the after world salvation. Kōyo’s texts were targeted at priests who taught the Buddhist law to laymen, but in 1803 Tsujimoto Motosada edits the original work and rearranges it so as to be available for commoners’ level of understanding. Saikoku Sanjūsansho Kannon Reijōki Zue (hereafter cited as Kannon Reijōki Zue) (The Collected Pictorial Guide of the Thirty-Three Kannon Holy Locales of Saikoku) becomes very popular and is republished in 1833 and 1845. In this article, I will focus on the way Tsujimoto rearranged Kōyo’s texts and I will consider the religious nature of Saikoku pilgrimage in the late Edo period.

“The Philosophers’ Steamships”: The Expulsion of the Russian Intelligentsia by the Bolshevik Regime in 1922

Author(s): Diana Del Mastro / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2024

This article examines one of the darkest chapters of Russian history, known as the ‘Philosophers’ Ships’, which saw the deportation of a large group of the most eminent representatives of the Russian intelligentsia by the Bolshevik authorities between 1922 and 1923. The passengers on these elegant steamers represented the elite of Russian intellectual life: writers, poets, journalists, scientists, and philosophers. They did not belong to any political party or adhere to any specific faith, ideology, or creed. Over a third of them were involved in developing a spiritual philosophy of art and culture in Russia; some taught university courses, while many others were well-known writers. Another third were leaders of local cooperative assemblies, doctors, agronomists, and economists, or members of small sects or associations. The one thing they all shared was that Lenin personally chose them for arrest and deportation, considering them dangerous opponents of the Bolshevik party, but too risky to kill, so much so that he justified their expulsion. The expatriation of dissident intellectuals in 1922 was a foreseeable step in the country’s internal political development. Its primary aim was to establish close ideological control by removing the country’s intellectual elite – those who, through critical and independent thought, could analyze the situation and express ideas critical of the regime. This event marked a critical moment for Russian culture, greatly accelerating the removal of important non-communist thinkers from influential and prestigious positions in society. The dramatic forced exile of the intelligentsia was a milestone on Russia’s path towards totalitarianism, with the extremist turn of Leninism and Bolshevism: from then on, the intellectually and spiritually free members of civil society would no longer be tolerated.