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Unifikować czy synchronizować prawo w Europie? Studium przypadku od prawa rzymskiego do prawa europejskiego

Author(s): Bronisław Sitek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

Globalization processes included among other legal area. The abolition of customs borders enforces a gradual approach of different legal cultures. A number of issues has already been covered by common EU rules, like the protection of consumers. The most important thing however, is to unify and synchronize contract law which is the foundation of economic activity. Numerous attempts to build a European civil code have been undertaken within the European Union. So far, these codes remain in the sphere of projects. Currently, the codification of law through the use of similar instruments of interpretation of the law is reflected the most clearly. An example of the applicability of regulations from different legal systems is a legal system in force in South Africa.

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Innowacyjność przedsiębiorstw a poziom innowacyjności w Unii Europejskiej.

Author(s): Sylwia Ćmiel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2012

The main subject of Polish innovation policy implementing innovation for the benefit of the entire economy of the country is entrepreneur. State is responsible for the level of innovation in the country implementing such measures as: allocating funds to research and development departments and using appropriate financial and legal instruments to stimulate innovative business ventures in accordance with the economic policy. Innovative companies try to cooperate in the area of innovation with companies in the same industry in the homeland and abroad, with research centers, companies, companies that intermediates in the transfer and financing innovations;clusters, as well as representatives of regional and local government authorities.

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Nielegalne pozyskiwanie danych przez państwo. Korupcja czy konieczność?

Author(s): Bronisław Sitek,Wincenty Bednarek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2013

The changes caused by globalization lead to a conflict of cultures, which may affect the security of individuals and society. The most obvious change of the globalization is weakness of the position of the State for the benefit of international organizations and individual rights. The State which had been the guarantor of security is increasingly becoming an enforcer of judgments or decisions of external bodies. The State also begins losing against the rising claims of citizens, especially in terms of ensuring safety. In this case the knowledge is needed, so first of all information acquired in a legal way. However, due to the threat posed by terrorists who obtain information mainly in informal way by using illegal methods of operation, the moral dilemma about boundaries of security service’s actions is born. May security justify actions of security service conducted on the border of the law or with its breaking?

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AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES AND THE ISSUE OF LIABILITY FOR DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE MOVEMENT OF SUCH A VEHICLE

Author(s): Ewa Jędrzejewska / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The increased progress in technology and the use of artificial intelligence has resulted in the development of many sectors of the economy. These include the road transport sector, where the implementation of modern technologies has contributed to the increase in the automation of vehicles. Currently, the market already offers automated vehicles equipped with a number of driver assistance systems, which improves road safety and reduces the number of collisions and accidents. Highly automated and fully automated vehicles are expected to be in service by the end of this decade. And although fully automated vehicles are not yet widely available, there is already a need to discuss the development of a model of civil liability for damage caused by an automated or fully automated vehicle. This article presents an overview of current national, EU and international regulations regarding autonomous vehicles, and attempts to answer the question of which model of liability for damage caused by the movement of an autonomous vehicle will guarantee the victims of traffic incidents the greatest legal protection. Beyond the scope of this article are ethical problems related to transferring responsibility for the life and health of the driver, passengers, and other traffic participants to artificial intelligence.

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The Visa Liberalisation and the Republic of Macedonia: Two Sides of the Coin

Author(s): Biljana Vankovska / Language(s): English Issue: 1 (10)/2014

The Schengen ‘wall’ that had kept the Western Balkans and the Republic of Macedonia casted out from the EU mainland was removed in 2009. Symbolically it coincided with St. Nicholas Day i.e. the celebration of the patron of children and travellers. The paper examines the effects of the visa liberalisation and the effects that may follow in case the newly adopted suspension mechanism is fully implemented. The basic assumption is that visa liberalization served as a ‘carrot’ to move forwards the EU integration process while the suspension mechanism is more of a disciplinary measure (the ‘stick’) but also an indication of a securitized migration policy. The paper underlines how visa liberalization has affected the governments’ treatment of the ‘bogus’ asylum seekers (mostly citizens of Roma and Albanian origin). The research question concerns the trade-off that national governments have made in order to preserve the visa liberalization and the impact in terms of human rights and discriminatory policies.

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Contract de credit în valută. I) Clauza privind comisionul de procesare. Respectarea cerințele de claritate și transparență. Riscul valutar și înghețarea cursului CHF. Aplicarea principiului nominamismului.

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2023

I) Însăși Directiva nr.17/2014 are ca premisă aplicarea principiului nominalismului (împrumutatul suportă riscul valutar), dar obligă statele membre să adopte o reglementare specială, derogatorie, de natură să asigure protecția consumatorilor, cu aplicabilitate numai pentru viitor, adică pentru contractele care vor fi încheiate sub imperiul unei asemenea reglementări. Prin urmare, în materia creditelor în valută, problema riscului valutar la care este expus consumatorul nu este susceptibilă de a fi soluționată pe calea unor acțiuni întemeiate pe Legea nr.193/2000, având în vedere faptul că riscul valutar este suportat de consumator nu în temeiul unei pretinse clauze abuzive din contractul de credit, ci este consecința aplicării nominalismului consacrat de lege. Obligația contractuală de a rambursa creditul în moneda în care a fost contractat creditul reprezintă transpunerea în practică a principiului nominalismului monetar care nu poate fi interpretat în favoarea consumatorului. II) Perceperea de către bancă a unei sume de bani consistente lunar (comisionul de adminstrare), duce la un dezechilibru semnificativ între drepturile și obligațiile părților, exprimat prin plata de către un consumator a unui cost al creditului care în fapt este o dobândă mascată și reprezentând evident o clauză abuzivă.

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Legal and organizational aspects of countering threats to the EU's critical infrastructure after the 24th of February 2022

Author(s): Tomasz Skrzyński / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2024

Given the importance of Critical Infrastructure, safeguarding its security occupies a prominent place on the EU's political agenda. The current confrontation between the West and Russia has led to a significant tightening of regulations and increased expenditure, aimed at enhancing the resilience of Critical Infrastructure against threats. Despite legal and organizational efforts, over a medium-term perspective, the current economic situation is significantly hampering efforts to continue high level of funding for various aspects of CI protection in EU member states.Varying levels of determination on the part of national governments to enforce regulations and deliver action on CI protection are another factor that undermines the effectiveness of measures at EU level. These are due, amongst others, to individual governments' assessment of threat posed by Russian and Chinese policies as well as different scales of threat posed by Russia to individual member states' CI. Another challenge is constituted by different levels of the effectiveness of the machinery of government in individual EU member states.

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Trimitere preliminară. Servicii de plată în cadrul pieței interne – Directiva (UE) 2015/2366. Articolul 4 punctele 3 și 5. Serviciul sau operațiunea de plată. Directiva 2009/110/CE. Articolul 2 punctul 2. Emitere de monedă electronică. Deținerea de..

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2024

C.J.U.E., Camera a cincea, hotărârea din 22 februarie 2024, cauza C-661/22

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Má DMA regulatorní a/nebo soutěžní „DNA“?

Author(s): Josef Bejček / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2024

The European Commission’s „digital package“ includes the Digital Markets Act (DMA), which is fully enforced from March 2024. It is a ground-breaking pre-emptive regulation of the behaviour of operators of large digital platforms, based on automatic (per-se) casuistic rules depending on the Commission’s decision on the status of operators as gatekeepers. This ex-ante regulatory method is considered to be more timely and efficient for the functionality and fairness of digital markets compared to the previously applied ex-post control of the behaviour of large platform operators based on the enforcement of the prohibition of abuse of market dominance. The prevailing view is that competition law protection is late and inadequate on platforms already dominated by digital giants. However, the clear and precise rules contained in the DMA are paradoxically and ironically based on a reflection of the earlier European case law on the prohibition of abuse of dominance in competition law terms. While the DMA will bring increased transparency and legal certainty, it will also naturally create scope for circumvention of the exhaustive list of individual per se bans and commands, as opposed to the general standards of conduct under competition law. The article informs about the main principles of the regulation and comments on some of the legal and political tensions associated with it. It discusses the controversial possibility of double sanctioning under the DMA and competition law and critically evaluates the strict prohibition of self-preferencing of gatekeepers under the DMA. It discusses concerns about the chilling effect of universal regulation, which, in addition to eliminating the unfair practices of large digital platform operators, may stifle their innovative dynamism and thus competitive markets. The need for a sensible approach to this delicate regulation and for humble self-reflection is argued. Regulatory pressure from the Commission should be restrained and gradual in the search for the optimal regulatory position.

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Odpowiedzialność beneficjenta środków europejskich i osób działających w jego imieniu za naruszenie dyscypliny finansów publicznych

Author(s): Jarosław Redo / Language(s): Polish Issue: 65/2024

Poruszony w artykule problem jest istotny, ponieważ blisko trzyletnie opóźnienie w rozpoczęciu wdrażania programów w ramach perspektywy finansowej 2021-2027 może przyczynić się do mniej efektywnego rozdysponowania i nieprawidłowości wydatkowania środków europejskich. Publiczny charakter tych środków wymaga zapewnienia odpowiedniej ochrony. Jest ona realizowana na dwóch poziomach – prewencyjnym (na etapie procedury konkursowej) oraz następczym poprzez sankcje o charakterze ekonomicznym, administracyjnym i karnym. Ustawodawca uznał, że samo odzyskanie środków nie jest wystarczające i zdecydował się na daleko idącą represyjność wobec beneficjentów. Instrumentarium represyjności obejmuje odpowiedzialność korporacyjną (wykluczenie z możliwości ubiegania się o środki europejskie) oraz indywidualną (osobistą): karną, karno-skarbową i za naruszenie dyscypliny finansów publicznych.Celem opracowania jest analiza oraz ocena prawidłowości ukształtowania zakresu podmiotowego i przedmiotowego ostatniej z wymienionych, a także próba odpowiedzi na pytania: czy i w jakim stopniu przesłanki nieprawidłowości są tożsame z przesłankami odpowiedzialności za naruszenie dyscypliny finansów publicznych oraz czy ten rodzaj odpowiedzialności zapewnia odpowiednią ochronę środków unijnych?W toku wywodu ustalono częściową tożsamość wskazanych przesłanek oraz przedstawiono postulaty de lege ferenda dotyczące włączenia w zakres odpowiedzialności karnoskarbowej wykorzystania środków niezgodnie z procedurami obowiązującymi przy ich wydatkowaniu, a w zakres odpowiedzialności za naruszenie dyscypliny finansów nienależnego pobrania środków. Ponadto, dane statystyczne wykazały znikomą dolegliwość i nieuchronność kar za naruszenie dyscypliny, co poddaje w wątpliwość zasadność jej funkcjonowania w systemie prawa.

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Информационен и аналитичен потенциал на организацията на договора за колективна сигурност-структура, задачи и тенденции

Author(s): Plamen Tihomirov Petrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

An author's study carried out for the period 2019-2024 analyzes the activity and examines the modern trends in the development of the units for monitoring, analysis, processing of information in the Collective Security Treaty Organization. Changes in the structure of the organization and formation of a scientific-expert council after 2019 related to the strengthening of the information and analytical potential of CSTO have been reported

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Изследване опита на страните от Европейския съюз за намаляване на замърсяването с фини прахови частици

Author(s): Gloria Zasheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2024

High levels of fine particulate matter (PM) pollution in the atmosphere have serious negative impacts on human health. Sources of this pollution are various types of manufacturing plants, domestic sources of pollution, construction and repair activities, etc. The presence of HAP in the atmosphere can lead to serious illnesses and, in certain circumstances, fatalities. It is necessary to implement serious measures and carry out certain activities to prevent pollution and reduce the risk of disease. In the developed countries of the European Union (EU), prevention is the main part of the measures that are implemented to protect people's health and they are the essence of laws, regulations, rules, legislative initiatives and projects. They lay down the reference values for PMF in the air and any exceedance of these parameters is recorded and penalised. The imposition of administrative measures is not a solution to the problem of air pollution, but it is a stage in the development of society for a higher level of personal hygiene and health promotion. In this sense, the topic of this report is topical and requires a study of the best practices of European countries to reduce air pollution with PMF and their adaptation and implementation in the Republic of Bulgaria.

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ECtHR: Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz and Others v. Switzerland (Application No. 53600/20, 9 April 2024): Insufficient Measures to Combat Climate Change Resulting in Violation of Human Rights

Author(s): Sandra Žatková,Petra Paľuchová / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The present paper focuses on the analysis of the landmark decision of the European Court of Human Rights in which the Court has, for the first time, ruled on human rights violation due to climate change. It begins with the description of the convention as a so-called living instrument that aims at the interpretation of the European Convention on Human Rights taking into account the current social circumstances and challenges, such as the growing need for environmental protection and addressing climate change. In the judgment in question, the Court held that Switzerland had violated the applicant's rights due to insufficient legislative measures to protect individuals from the adverse effects of climate change. As a result of the long-awaited but unconventional conclusion, the judgment has become the target of much criticism. The paper thus concentrates on the main seemingly innovative or rather surprising pillars of the judgment, such as the court's determination of locus standi, the scope of a state's positive obligations in the context of climate change and its related margin of appreciation, as well as the unprecedented consideration of scientific evidence. The paper concludes by summarising the possible implications of the court's arguments for similar future cases, which will undoubtedly increase in number.

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Правна природа на актовете на националния орган по защита на личните данни

Author(s): Zhivka Mateeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2024

The national supervisory authority for data protection is the Commission for Personal Data Protection, which, as of 2023, is also the central authority for external whistleblowing and for the protection of persons reporting violations of Bulgarian legislation or acts of the European Union that threaten or harm the public interest. Based on its competencies, it issues administrative acts that hold an important place in Bulgaria’s legal system. This study will examine and analyze the legal acts of the commission, which it issues as a specialized body carrying out supervisory activities to prevent the violation of individuals’ rights and ensure their adequate protection.

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Europeizacja ochrony środowiska poprzez prawo karne

Author(s): Jana Navrátilová / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2024

W artykule skupiam się na europejskich ramach prawnych dotyczących ochrony środowiska, w szczególności poprzez prawo karne. To bardzo aktualna kwestia, ze względu na społeczną potrzebę pogodzenia rozwoju technologicznego z ochroną zasobów naturalnych i środowiska w ogóle. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie i zbadanie obowiązującego prawodawstwa europejskiego w zakresie karnoprawnej ochrony środowiska; stosowane są tu głównie metody opisowe, analityczne i syntetyczne. W pierwszej kolejności przedstawiam historię polityki ekologicznej w prawie międzynarodowym publicznym i prawie europejskim, gdzie początkowo nie stosowano instrumentów prawa karnego. Następnie omawiam aktualne ramy prawne i skupiam uwagę na ich przyszłości. Ostatnia część artykułu dotyczy prawa wtórnego Unii Europejskiej, mianowicie Dyrektywy Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady w sprawie ochrony środowiska poprzez prawo karne z 2008 r. oraz nowej Dyrektywy Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady w sprawie ochrony środowiska poprzez prawo karne z 2024 r. Nie zostają jednakże pominięte inne decyzje, dyrektywy i orzecznictwo dotyczące tego zagadnienia. Reasumując, jest to unikatowy artykuł przedstawiający funkcjonowanie wszystkich zasadniczych instrumentów prawnych w dziedzinie europejskiej ochrony środowiska poprzez prawo karne. Wykazuję znaczenie ochrony środowiska poprzez prawo karne, ale jednocześnie zwracam uwagę na konieczność stosowania jednej z jego podstawowych zasad – ultima ratio.

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ASSESSMENT OF THE PHENOMENON OF FRAUD OF EUROPEAN FUNDS: A CRIMINOLOGICAL AND STATISTICAL APPROACH

Author(s): Adelina-Maria Ciobanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 38/2024

Fraud involving European funds poses a major threat to the European Union budget, affecting both resource efficiency and trust in the institutions that administer these funds. This research analyzes the phenomenon of European funds fraud using both quantitative and qualitative data to assess the dimensions and typologies of fraud. The study is based on statistical analysis using IBM's SPSS Statistics software. The results highlight a significant link between the level of corruption and the efficiency of the absorption of EU funds, emphasizing the need for more rigorous prevention and control measures.

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STATISTICAL ASSESSMENT OF FRAUD AND IRREGULARITY INCIDENTS OF THE AFIR FRAMEWORK DURING THE PERIOD 2014-2020

Author(s): Adelina-Maria Ciobanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 38/2024

This study analyzes the incidents of fraud and irregularities identified in projects funded by the Agency for Rural Investment Financing (AFIR) in the period 2014-2020. The research highlights diverse and complex typologies of fraud and irregularities, providing a statistical assessment of their distribution by forms of organization, implementation counties, financing measures, and the value of the associated damages. The conclusions emphasize the need for rigorous and continuous verification measures to prevent such practices in the future.

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Assessment of Social Protection for Families with Children in the EU Member States

Author(s): Baiba Mistre,Inguna Leibus,Gunita Mazure / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The extent of social protection provided to families with children varies according to each country's unique economic, social, and demographic conditions. The most important factors for assessing social protection were studied and identified by means of the multivariate statistical analysis method, and the level of social protection was identified through cluster analysis in order to evaluate the level of social protection for families with children in the EU Member States. The research resulted in the classification of factors characterizing social protection for families with children into three groups: demographic, social, and economic. Respectively, the EU Member States may be divided into four different clusters. The most generous social protection for families with children is reported by the countries included into Cluster 4 (Scandinavia and Western Europe – welfare states), which spend a larger proportion of expenses on social protection compared to the other countries. Countries with greater demographic problems and low social protection are included into Cluster 2 (Southern Europe). Ireland, which is the only country in Cluster 1, has the best demographic and economic situation. Relatively weaker economic and social development is demonstrated by the EU Member States belonging to Cluster 3 (Central Europe, Eastern Europe and Portugal); however, the demographic situation indicators in these countries are above the EU average indicator and they do not significantly differ from the indicators of the countries belonging to Cluster 4.

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Propozycja unijnych ram prawnych dobrowolnej certyfikacji pochłaniania dwutlenku węgla – przyczynek do dyskusji

Author(s): Małgorzata Bryk-Zwolska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2024

Recognizing the relevance of carbon dioxide removal to achieving global climate goals and the European Union’s objectives, the European Commission, on 30th November 2022, announced proposal for a regulation on an EU certification for carbon removals (CDR). The EU’s effort to create a CDR certification scheme is an important initiative in this regard but faces key challenges that should be resolved during the ongoing legislative processes. The purpose of this paper is to assess the content of the proposed regulation from the perspective of its effectiveness as a climate tool.

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ARGUMENT

Author(s): / Language(s): Moldavian Issue: 1/2022

The journal is structured into sections that reflect current issues in various fields, as follows: International Law, Public Law, Private Law, and Criminal Sciences. The journal continues to promote the innovative element implemented in previous issues — within the respective sections, doctoral students are admitted, the criterion being the completion of doctoral studies and the finalization of the thesis, including the initiation of the defense procedure. This exception confirms the high level of research of the doctoral students. Equally, this rule is applied to experts whose studies are of interest, especially for practitioners. Promoting the idea of supporting young scientific researchers, the journal contains a special section called 'Doctoral Tribune,' where they have the opportunity to publish their research results, with the works being reviewed by experts in the field.

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