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The author dedicates her study to Božidar S. Marković as a sign of respect and admiration, since exceptional are the people who, in spite of great injustice inflicted to them, succeed to preserve themselves from hatred or, at least, great bitterness, and to continue to have their human and professional integrity even in rainy days. As Aristotle said: A just man prefers to remember good things he received from others, than harm suffered; to remember acts of kindness by others rather than those he extended to others. Is "Topica" acroamatic or esoteric writing of Aristotle? Is it logical or practical (rhetorical and poetical) writing? Is the present position of "Topica" in the "Organon" validly established, or should it stay between "Hermeneutics" and "Analytics"? Whether "Topica" was created prior to Aristotle’s discovery of syllogism, namely before the "Analytics"? Whether it was written as a whole, or were some parts subsequently added? What is the relationship between "Topica" and "Sophistical refutations"? In what way to systematize, in terms of setting the problems, the "Organon" and the "Topica" in it?
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The author’s study with the federal courts and federal jurisdiction. The relationship between the federal and state court system is one of the most intellectually interesting and presumptuous of him to say that the American system of judicial federalism provides any answers to the unfortunate situation which Yugoslavia find intself in today. However, he hopes that he had succeeded in stating some of system to be such an interesting topic for teaching and scholarship. The development of the US federal jurisdiction dates from the civil war and US Constitution, which limit the state’s sovereignty to the federal government. The legal remedies for the delegation and control of the state’s judicial system are known as Right of Removal and the US Supreme Court review of the state court decision acts. In view of residual jurisdiction of the state courts, except the exclusive federal jurisdiction, it is clear that the citizens own their sovereign rights and liabilities in their states, besides the questions of federal significance, which they accomplish at the federal levels. However, the federal jurisdiction has Congressional limitations and alternative authority for the Diversity of citizenship, so that ali relevant facts have to be included in the court’s decision.
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Although there is no satisfactory philosophical answer to the question of a thorough (and, thus, generally acceptable) founding, namely justifying of norms, values, decisions or choices - one contemporary attempt to settle the problem is the introduction of an universal auditorium, as a criterion of their reasonableness. The present article is dedicated to making operational the idea of bringing these to senses. First of all, the notion of universal auditorium is elaborated, to be followed by treating the way of its making operational in terms of law in so - called universal international law, and first of all in the United Nations Organisation and in its most significant enactments relating to human rights. This may serve as a criterion of bringing to senses the legal orders of individual states, namely of raising criticism of their positive law solutions. This analysis, however, is not sufficient if one disregards the political - legal environment where such norms have to be implemented and created.
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