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Judicial Reform: The Prosecution Office and Investigation Authorities in the Context of EU Membership

Author(s): / Language(s): English

This is the second publication of the Center for the Study of Democracy dedicated to the judicial reform in relation to the place and the role of the prosecution office and the investigation service. It presents the experience of the European Union Member States and the candidate countries as regards the organization and the structure of the prosecution office and the investigating authorities. It contains contributions from representatives of the courts, the prosecution offices and the investigating authorities of Spain, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary and the Czech Republic as well as judges, investigators, representatives of the legislature and the executive and non-governmental organizations in Bulgaria. The publication aims to continue the broad public and expert discussion on the different options to reform the judiciary in Bulgaria, following the successful models implemented in other countries.

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HELSINŠKE SVESKE №17: Kako do evropskih standarda - zatvori u Srbiji 2002-2003.

Author(s): Marija Jelić,Milosav Kiurski,Nataša Novaković,Marijana Obradović / Language(s): Serbian

(Serbian edition) Throughout the totalitarian rule of the regime of Slobodan Milošević and his henchmen, which lasted for over a decade, the country’s prisons remained shut to public scrutiny. Information about the state of human rights of the prisoners and the conditions in which they served their sentences was the exclusive privilege of the state authorities directly involved and of the individuals and institutions concerned with the matter for purposes of scientific research. The question of prisoners’ human rights was completely marginalized by war, crimes, economic hardship and daily violations of citizens’ human rights and freedoms up to 5 October 2000. For many a convict, being locked away to serve a sentence of imprisonment did not mean mere deprivation of liberty for a set period of time, but also the start of a cruel struggle for survival in the gloom of lawlessness, corruption, torture, inhuman conditions and society’s total lack of interest in his or her life behind bars. It was only after widespread prison rioting broke out in November 2000 that the public’s attention was drawn to the conditions in which the prisoners served their sentences. The prisoners put out announcements throwing light on the substandard and inhuman conditions prevailing in Serbia’s penitentiaries and prisons. During the riots, groups and individual prisoners made statements complaining that the prison conditions were far below the levels set by relevant international standards and domestic prison rules. The prisoners alleged serious violations of their physical and psychological integrity, humiliating and degrading treatment, unjust punishment and general arbitrary treatment by prison personnel. They complained of, among other things, torture by beating, lack of minimum personal hygiene facilities, absence of medical treatment and health care, and corruption among prison administrative staff. Some of the allegations and complaints were partly confirmed by competent officials of the Ministry of Justice. As a palliative for the utterly unsatisfactory prison conditions, federal and republican amnesty laws were duly introduced to be finally adopted respectively on 26 February 2001 and 13 February 2001. Nonetheless, although a number of convicts were fully amnestied and a percentage of sentences commuted, the conditions in which prisoners served their sentenced remained unchanged. In addition to the factors mentioned above, the inhuman conditions in Serbia’s prisons endured and multiplied also owing to the country’s isolation of many years, during which time no international organization other than the International Red Cross was granted access to its prisons. Domestic non-governmental organizations were also kept at arm’s length and only rarely allowed to see what went on inside. In view of the circumstances enumerated above, it was clearly necessary to introduce continuous monitoring of prisons by an independent, non-governmental institution in order to obtain a realistic picture of the prison conditions. The new government is aware that admission to the Council of Europe and to other international organizations depends in part on the conditions in which sentenced persons serve their prison sentences, as well as that the public must be informed about those conditions. So, after presenting the concept and objectives of the Prison Monitoring project, the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia was granted permission in May 2001 to visit institutions for the enforcement of criminal sanctions. This meant that for the first time in the history of this state an NGO could apply for and be granted permission to visit places of detention, custody and imprisonment without any restrictions, to interview prisoners with no personnel being present, and to talk to personnel without the presence of administration officers. Between June 2001 and October 2003, the Helsinki Committee paid a total of twenty-one visits to institutions for the enforcement of sanctions entailing the deprivation of liberty. During the period covered by this report (April 2002 to October 2003) the Helsinki Committee visited twelve institutions (one maximum-security prison, two closed prisons, three open prisons, two district prisons, one psychiatric prison, one reformatory, and one juvenile prison). In launching the project, the Helsinki Committee was principally guided by Article 64 of the European Prison Rules which states: ‘Imprisonment is by the deprivation of liberty a punishment in itself. The conditions of imprisonment and the prison regimes shall not, therefore, except as incidental to justifiable segregation or the maintenance of discipline, aggravate the suffering inherent in this.’ The Helsinki Committee hopes that its efforts to complete the project and publish this book will make a small but valuable contribution towards achieving this goal.

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HELSINŠKE SVESKE №17: How to attain european standards - the Situation of Serbian Prisons 2002-2003.

Author(s): Marija Jelić,Nataša Novaković,Marijana Obradović,Milosav Kiurski / Language(s): English

(English edition) Throughout the totalitarian rule of the regime of Slobodan Milošević and his henchmen, which lasted for over a decade, the country’s prisons remained shut to public scrutiny. Information about the state of human rights of the prisoners and the conditions in which they served their sentences was the exclusive privilege of the state authorities directly involved and of the individuals and institutions concerned with the matter for purposes of scientific research. The question of prisoners’ human rights was completely marginalized by war, crimes, economic hardship and daily violations of citizens’ human rights and freedoms up to 5 October 2000. For many a convict, being locked away to serve a sentence of imprisonment did not mean mere deprivation of liberty for a set period of time, but also the start of a cruel struggle for survival in the gloom of lawlessness, corruption, torture, inhuman conditions and society’s total lack of interest in his or her life behind bars. It was only after widespread prison rioting broke out in November 2000 that the public’s attention was drawn to the conditions in which the prisoners served their sentences. The prisoners put out announcements throwing light on the substandard and inhuman conditions prevailing in Serbia’s penitentiaries and prisons. During the riots, groups and individual prisoners made statements complaining that the prison conditions were far below the levels set by relevant international standards and domestic prison rules. The prisoners alleged serious violations of their physical and psychological integrity, humiliating and degrading treatment, unjust punishment and general arbitrary treatment by prison personnel. They complained of, among other things, torture by beating, lack of minimum personal hygiene facilities, absence of medical treatment and health care, and corruption among prison administrative staff. Some of the allegations and complaints were partly confirmed by competent officials of the Ministry of Justice. As a palliative for the utterly unsatisfactory prison conditions, federal and republican amnesty laws were duly introduced to be finally adopted respectively on 26 February 2001 and 13 February 2001. Nonetheless, although a number of convicts were fully amnestied and a percentage of sentences commuted, the conditions in which prisoners served their sentenced remained unchanged. In addition to the factors mentioned above, the inhuman conditions in Serbia’s prisons endured and multiplied also owing to the country’s isolation of many years, during which time no international organization other than the International Red Cross was granted access to its prisons. Domestic non-governmental organizations were also kept at arm’s length and only rarely allowed to see what went on inside. In view of the circumstances enumerated above, it was clearly necessary to introduce continuous monitoring of prisons by an independent, non-governmental institution in order to obtain a realistic picture of the prison conditions. The new government is aware that admission to the Council of Europe and to other international organizations depends in part on the conditions in which sentenced persons serve their prison sentences, as well as that the public must be informed about those conditions. So, after presenting the concept and objectives of the Prison Monitoring project, the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia was granted permission in May 2001 to visit institutions for the enforcement of criminal sanctions. This meant that for the first time in the history of this state an NGO could apply for and be granted permission to visit places of detention, custody and imprisonment without any restrictions, to interview prisoners with no personnel being present, and to talk to personnel without the presence of administration officers. Between June 2001 and October 2003, the Helsinki Committee paid a total of twenty-one visits to institutions for the enforcement of sanctions entailing the deprivation of liberty. During the period covered by this report (April 2002 to October 2003) the Helsinki Committee visited twelve institutions (one maximum-security prison, two closed prisons, three open prisons, two district prisons, one psychiatric prison, one reformatory, and one juvenile prison). In launching the project, the Helsinki Committee was principally guided by Article 64 of the European Prison Rules which states: ‘Imprisonment is by the deprivation of liberty a punishment in itself. The conditions of imprisonment and the prison regimes shall not, therefore, except as incidental to justifiable segregation or the maintenance of discipline, aggravate the suffering inherent in this.’ The Helsinki Committee hopes that its efforts to complete the project and publish this book will make a small but valuable contribution towards achieving this goal.

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Zamjena kazne zatvora novčanom kaznom

Author(s): Miloš Babić / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

In his paper, the author discusses the criminal institution of substitution of sentences of imprisonment with fines, which was, in a somewhat different manner, first introduced to our criminal legislation by the 2000 RS Criminal Code. By relevant 2010 amendments to the criminal legislation, this institution was then accepted also by other criminal laws in BiH, which expanded the possibility to have this substitute so as to include all imposed sentences of up to one year of imprisonment. The paper particularly points out that there exist rather different approaches and readings of the provisions regulating this substitute, which has led to its different application and uneven positions of the sentenced perpetrators of criminal offenses who have received identical sentences of imprisonment. The extent of this different treatment in the application of this institution is best illustrated by the fact that it has been a subject of discussion at the BiH Constitutional Court, whose positions differ significantly from those of other courts (including the position taken by the FBiH Supreme Court) concerning the practical application of the institute. Finally, the author warns of serious criminal consequences that may be caused by the position allowing judgments imposing a sentence of imprisonment to be altered and a new judgment to be delivered instead, imposing but a fine. A question arises here as to which of the punishments is relevant with regard to the statute of limitations, what is the moment the period of statute of limitations starts to run, and also the question which of the punishments is entered into criminal record, which again entails the issue of legal consequences of conviction, and ultimately the issue of the execution of the sentence of imprisonment in case of failure to pay the newly-imposed fine.

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MILITARY COURTS – A PILLAR OF NATIONAL SECURITY IN THE CENTENARY YEAR

Author(s): Alexandru Cristian / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Military courts are crucial for a country. In this year, a year so important for the history of Romania, the national security has some new challenges. The new events claim to enhance the rule of law in all aspects. Military courts are an important pillar of national security because the importance of legal aspects. National security should be ruled by law, and military courts can guarantee this rule of law.

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Prison Reform Monitoring - The report on the situation in the institutions for execution of criminal sanctions

Author(s): Jelena Mirkov,Ljiljana Palibrk,Zoran Ilić,Aleksandra Bezarević / Language(s): English

The Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia (HCS) continued monitoring the prison system reforms in 2015, i.e. the reform of the institutions for the enforcement of criminal sanctions in Serbia. The project entitled "Continued monitoring of the prison system reforms" was supported by the Civil Rights Defenders. Visits to the institutions for the enforcement of criminal sanctions and offices for alternative sanctions were accomplished with the permission and support of the Ministry of Justice and the Directorate for Enforcement of Criminal Sanctions, while the visits to the detainment units were accomplished with the license and support of the presidents of higher courts with jurisdictions over the territory in which they are located. The expert team performing the monitoring of the institutions for the enforcement of criminal sanctions comprised the lawyers from the Helsinki Committee, Ljiljana Palibrk and Jelena Mirkov, full-time professor at the Faculty of Special Education and Rehabilitation Dr Zoran Ilić and a specialist of general practice medicine, Dr Aleksandra Bezarević. During the project that took part in the second half of the 2014, the Helsinki Committee team visited six institutions in the competence of the Directorate for Enforcement of Criminal Sanctions at the Ministry of Justice: five penitentiaries (in Niš, Sremska Mitrovica, Zabela, Požarevac and Valjevo) and Special Prison Hospital in Belgrade. In addition, Offices for Alternative Sanctions in these cities were also visited. The continuation of the project in 2015 encompassed visits to seven district prisons in Subotica, Kragujevac, Belgrade, Zrenjanin, Novi Sad, Smederevo and Pančevo and two visits to penitentiaries in Sombor and Padinska Skela. In 2015, the Helsinki Committee team also visited six offices for alternative sanctions in Subotica, Sombor, Kragujevac, Novi Sad, Smederevo and Pančevo.

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Police Cooperation between Kosovo and Serbia

Author(s): Shpend Kursani / Language(s): English

Both Kosovo and Serbia are situated in a region susceptible to various organized crime activities. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the Balkan region is one of the main heroin trafficking corridors linking Afghanistan to the huge markets of Western Europe.1 “The Balkan route traverses the Islamic Republic of Iran (often via Pakistan), Turkey, Greece and Bulgaria across South-East Europe to the Western European market, with an annual market value of some $20 billion.2” Despite the large market value of the drugs passing through the Balkans, only 24 per cent of the 73.7 metric tons of heroin seized worldwide was intercepted in the region,4 while 39 per cent is seized in the Near- and Middle East and South-West Asia and 10 per cent in Western and Central Europe respectively.

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Towards more effective Police Cooperation between Serbia and Kosovo

Author(s): Bojan Elek / Language(s): English

This policy brief analyses the existing institutional and procedural landscape for exchange of operational information and police cooperation between Serbia and Kosovo, with a view to proposing a model for establishing more effective direct cooperation between the two police forces. Based on the analysis of the Serbian Government’s strategic approach to the transposition and implementation of the best EU standards and prac¬tices in the area of police cooperation and also taking into account agreements already reached and mechanisms put in place, a set of recommendations is proposed to Belgrade and Pristina, as well as to the EU institutions. These are as follows: (1) Effective mechanisms for police cooperation that are already in place (such as ILECUs) should be formalised and further enhanced. (2) An Agreement on Police Cooperation, modelled after similar arrangements in the region and focusing on fighting organised crime and human security issues, needs to be reached. (3) Police Contact Points should be established to facilitate police cooperation. (4) An independent oversight body needs to be established to ensure the implementation of this Agreement. (5) The EU should set the agenda and facilitate dialogue on police cooperation.

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Police Integration in North Kosovo: Progress and Remaining Challenges in Implementation of the Brussels Agreement

Author(s): Maja Bjeloš,Bojan Elek / Language(s): English

This paper presents an alternative analysis of implementation of the Agreement reached in Brussels in April 2013 between the Prime Ministers of Serbia and Kosovo. A key part of the Agreement explicitly stated that local Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs (MUP) units would be disbanded and integrated into the Kosovo Police (KP). The Brussels Agreement also set an obligation to establish a KP Regional Command North, mandated to cover the four northern municipalities with a Serbian majority. // The findings of this analysis show that by the end of March 2014, 285 former MUP employees had started the integration process. This marked a significant step forward in implementing the Agreement. There were uncertainties and challenges regarding the establishment of the KP Regional Command North, in particular whether the Command should include the four Serbian municipalities in the North alone, or South Mitrovica and Vushtrri / Vučitrn as well. In addition, there were disagreements on the appointment of the Head of the Command, a post currently occupied by acting head Nenad Djurić. Apart from these organizational issues, the main area of dispute concerned the vetting process, which faced criticism due to the limited time available for it and difficulties in applying the generic vetting cycle.

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Vodič za procesuiranje krivičnih djela počinjenih iz mržnje u Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Srđan Vujović,Almir Maljević / Language(s): Bosnian

Inkriminacija krivičnih djela počinjenih iz mržnje predstavlja aktivnost karakterističnu za drugu polovinu dvadesetog vijeka, iako takva ponašanja imaju veoma dugu historiju. Ova djela, koja se zbog specifičnog utjecaja na žrtvu i zajednicu često smatraju teškim krivičnim djelima, dio su krivičnog zakonodavstva i u Bosni i Hercegovini. Prema rezultatima studije “Procesuiranje kaznenih djela počinjenih iz mržnje u Bosni i Hercegovini: perspektiva tužitelja”, ali i analize incidenata motiviranih predrasudama u Bosni i Hercegovini, procesuiranje ovih krivičnih djela predstavlja svojevrstan izazov praćen nizom poteškoća i problema. Prije svega, ovi izvori ukazuju na probleme koji otežavaju prepoznavanje krivičnih djela počinjenih iz mržnje: problem nedovoljne educiranosti osoblja u policiji i pravosudnim institucijama, izostanak sudske prakse vezane za ova krivična djela, kao i na poteškoće u svim fazama krivičnog postupka. Upravo ta realna situacija bila je i glavna inspiracija za izradu vodiča za procesuiranje krivičnih djela počinjenih iz mržnje u Bosni i Hercegovini. Prilikom izrade Vodiča pošli smo od pretpostavke da praktičari poznaju zakonske norme, te da Vodič stoga ne treba opterećivati temeljnom obradom važećih zakonskih propisa. Osnovna je namjera da se Vodičem ukaže na specifičnosti krivičnih djela počinjenih iz mržnje, te na potrebu za posebnim pristupom osoblja iz policijskih i pravosudnih organa prilikom istraživanja i procesuiranja spomenutih krivičnih djela. U Vodiču se, iz tih razloga, jasno određuje krivično djelo iz mržnje i ukazuje na načine njegove inkriminacije u Bosni i Hercegovini. Nakon toga prikazani su osnovni indikatori za prepoznavanje ovih krivičnih djela, a ukazano je i na potrebu za oprezom u radu sa tim indikatorima. Predočavanjem posljedica krivičnih djela počinjenih iz mržnje, te karakteristika počinitelja ovih djela, Vodičem se namjerava doprinijeti njihovom efikasnijem otkrivanju, istraživanju i procesuiranju, ali i efikasnom i efektivnom sankcioniranju njihovih počinitelja, odnosno ostvarenju svrhe kažnjavanja. U suprotstavljanju ovom obliku kriminaliteta u Bosni i Hercegovini policija i organi krivičnog gonjenja, kao ključni akteri, suočavaju se sa nizom problema koji proizlaze i iz neadekvatnosti važećih propisa vezanih za krivična djela izazivanja nacionalne, rasne i vjerske mržnje, razdora i netrpeljivosti (poput nedefiniranja pojmova “javnost”, “mržnja”, “razdor”, “netrpeljivost” i sl. ili problema vezanih za određivanje nadležnosti kada je riječ o procesuiranju ovih krivičnih djela), što svakako izaziva probleme u primjeni tih propisa. Ipak, u Vodiču se neće posvećivati posebna pažnja pitanjima vezanim za adekvatnost zakonskih rješenja s obzirom na to da se radi o Vodiču za praktičare, a ne za zakonodavca. Uvažavajući činjenicu da je Vodič primarno namijenjen praktičarima, metodologija izrade Vodiča prilagođena je njegovoj svrsi. Za izradu Vodiča korišteni su materijali koji su, sa istom svrhom, korišteni u državama sa dugogodišnjim iskustvom u suprotstavljanju krivičnim djelima počinjenim iz mržnje. Naravno, kako prenošenje iskustava iz jednog sistema u drugi zahtijeva i određene prilagodbe domaćem kontekstu, te radi nastojanja da se u Vodiču daju osnovne upute za rješavanje problema praktičara u Bosni i Hercegovini, za potrebe projekta formirana je radna grupa, koju su sačinjavali tužioci iz različitih tužilaštava u Bosni i Hercegovini. Članovi radne grupe, kontinuiranim konstruktivnim čitanjem i razmjenom mišljenja o korisnosti i primjenjivosti svake pojedine sekcije Vodiča u praksi procesuiranja krivičnih djela počinjenih iz mržnje u Bosni i Hercegovini, značajno su doprinijeli izradi ovog vodiča. Treba napomenuti da ovaj vodič nije mogao biti kreiran samo na osnovu oskudne prakse bosanskohercegovačkih pravosudnih organa u ovoj oblasti. Tako je prilikom kreiranja Vodiča napravljen osvrt i na iskustva policijskih i pravosudnih organa u zemljama regiona, drugim evropskim zemljama, ali i u zemljama van Evrope, koje imaju dugu i uspješnu praksu suprotstavljanja kriminalitetu počinjenom iz mržnje. Imajući u vidu da “uvoz” strategija iz drugih zemalja rijetko donosi prave rezultate, sve dobre prakse iz drugih sistema u ovom vodiču prilagođene su bosanskohercegovačkim okolnostima. Vodič ima i edukativnu i dimenziju podizanja svijesti, ali i ambiciju da ponudi određene praktične savjete profesionalcima koji se suočavaju sa ovim krivičnim djelima. Kao takav, ovaj vodič treba razumjeti prije svega kao prvi korak ka upoznavanju profesionalne zajednice u Bosni i Hercegovini sa ovom kompleksnom problematikom, a ne kao zaokruženi niz precizno utvrđenih koraka koji nužno vode uspješnom procesuiranju ovih krivičnih djela. Povećano otkrivanje i procesuiranje krivičnih djela počinjenih iz mržnje na području Bosne i Hercegovine svakako će donijeti nove uvide i saznanja, koji će uvjetovati potrebu za novim dokumentima ovog tipa.

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Probacija u sistemu izvršenja krivičnih sankcija Crne Gore

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Montenegrine

Alternative kratkotrajnoj kazni zatvora se ogledaju u povećanoj humanosti i ekonomičnosti izvršenja krivičnih sankcija, sa perspektivom pozitivnog uticaja na rehabilitaciju i resocijalizaciju osuđenih lica. Po svojoj prirodi su kazne i treba ih razlikovati od mjera koje se mogu izreći u postupku odlaganja krivičnog gonjenja od strane državnog tužioca. Mogu se klasifikovati kao: Mjere kojima se modifikuje izvršenje kazne lišenja slobode (kućni zatvor i uslovni otpust); mjere upozorenja kao alternative kazni lišenja slobode (sudska opomena i uslovna osuda) i druge kazne kao alternative kazni lišenja slobode (novčana kazna, rad u javnom interesu, oduzimanje vozačke dozvole).

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Alternativne sankcije - od kazne do reintegracije - međunarodni standardi i zakonodavni okvir u Crnoj Gori

Author(s): / Language(s): Montenegrine

Kazneni sistem ima značajnu ulogu u prevenciji kriminaliteta, zaštiti prava osuđenih lica kroz humanizaciju postupanja prema njima, kao i zaštitu društva, a svoj puni smisao dobija kroz prizmu afirmacije i unaprijeđenja ljudskih prava. Politika jačanja alternativnih sankcija predstavlja iskorak u reformi pravosudnog sistema Crne Gore i u skladu je sa savremenim evropskim trendovima u oblasti kaznene politike i potrebom uspostavljanja zajedničkih principa o kaznenoj politici. Međutim, u pravcu adekvatne primjene reformskih izmjena neophodno je unaprjeđenje kapaciteta pravosudnih institucija, prvenstveno u domenu primjene i tumačenja prava koji se odnosi na alternativne sankcije i mjere. Alternative kratkotrajne kazne zatvora se ogledaju u povećanoj humanosti i ekonomičnosti izvršenja krivičnih sankcija, sa perspektivom pozitivnog uticaja na rehabilitaciju i resocijalizaciju osuđenih lica. To zahtijeva i razumijevanje svih zainteresovanih strana i javnosti, a kako bi efekti primjene bili svrsishodni. To je bila i motivacija timu Centra za građansko obrazovanje (CGO) da osmisli projekat „Alternativne sankcije – od kazne do reintegracije“ čiji je jedan od proizvoda i ova brošura sa ključnim međunarodnim dokumentom koji reguliše ovo pitanje, kao i crnogorskim zakonom u istoj oblasti. Naša je želja da ovim doprinesemo primjeni alternativnih sankcija i mjera, ali i zaštiti ljudskih i manjinskih prava u Crnoj Gori kroz unaprijeđenje kvaliteta poštovanja temeljnih prava lica lišenih slobode u Crnoj Gori.

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Alternativna sankcija – od kazne do reintegracije! - Analiza sistema primjene alternativnih sankcija i mjera u Crnoj Gori

Author(s): Milorad Marković / Language(s): Montenegrine

Reformu krivičnog i krivično-procesnog zakonodavstva intezivno je pratila i reforma sistema izvršenja krivičnih sankcija. Čini se da je taj simultani proces posve prirodan i očekivan. Naslonjena na talas savremenog pristupa kaznenoj politici i izvršenju krivičnih sankcija i mjera, reforma zakonodavstva je u najvećoj mjeri bila upućena modalitet alternativnog rješavanja krivičnih postupaka, ali i na alternativnom pristupu izvršenju krivičnih sankcija i mjera. Nužnost razvoja kroz reformu podrazumijeva stalno preispitivanje učinjenog kao osnovu za punu realizaciju planiranog i uspostavljanje sistema. Izgradnja sistema izvršenja alternativnih krivičnih sankcija, uz reformu izvršenja kazne zatvora kroz tretman osuđenika, ukazala je na potrebu sagledavanja učinjenog u periodu 2015 – 2018. godine. U tom kontekstu, od posebnog značaja je i činjenica da ova analiza zapravo predstavlja nadogradnju analize koju su Centar za građansko obrazovanje (CGO) i Institut za pravne studije (IPLS) uradili za period 2012 – 2014. godinu. Kroz ovakav pristup omogućeno je stvaranje jasnije slike razvoja u jednom dužem vremenskom periodu. Značaj analize ogleda se, pored utvrđenih pravilnosti i ukazanih nedostataka, i u otvaranju dubioza za čije je sagledavanje potrebno provesti dublja i specifičnija istraživanja u budućnosti.

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Mjere i sankcije prema maloljetnim učiniocima krivičnih djela

Author(s): Vasilije Radulović / Language(s): Montenegrine

Kriminalitet maloljetnika je produkt nepovoljnih socijalnih, porodičnih, obrazovnih i drugih uslova u kojima se maloljetnik oblikuje tokom odrastanja i koji negativno djeluju na razvoj njegovog vrijednosnog okvira. Složenost i osjetljivost problema maloljetničke delinkvencije, ali i posljedice za dalji put maloljetnog delikventa, zahtijevaju proaktivno učešće različitih sfera društva, a posebno institucija koje se u okviru svoje nadležnosti bave pravima maloljetnih lica. Zakonodavni okvir kojim se uređuje pitanje maloljetnika u krivičnom postupku u Crnoj Gori daje kvalitetna rješenja, i gotovo je u potpunosti usklađen sa međunarodnim konvencijama i standardima omogućavajući postupanja po mjeri djeteta. Međutim, uočljivo je da postoji diskrepanca između zakona i njegove primjene u praksi, a što i po mišljenju Zaštitnika ljudskih prava i sloboda maloljetničko pravosuđe čini jednom od slabijh karika u pravosudnom sistemu. Cilj ove analize je da skrene pažnju na pitanje maloljetničke delikvencije, počev od osvrta na zakonodani okvir, preko primjene tog okvira u praksi, do problema sa kojima se suočavaju institucije u sprovođenju svojih ovlašćenja u okviru maloljetničkog krivičnog prava (nedovoljno obučenog kadra i nedostatak infrastrukture), sa fokusom na alternativne mjere i krivične sankcije, kao i na postupak izvršenja mjera i sankcija prema maloljetnicima. Uvid u presude otvara i pitanje adekvatnosti primijenjene kaznene politike i u kojoj mjeri se može očekivati postizanje svrhe krivičnih sankcija, odnosno da se pružanjem zaštite i pomoći maloljetnim učiniocima krivičnih djela, vršenjem nadzora, opštim i stručnim osposobljavanjem i razvijanjem lične odgovornosti, obezbijedi pravilan razvoj sa ciljem da ubuduće ne vrše krivična djela. Publikacija „Mjere i sankcije prema maloljetnim učiniocima krivičnih djela” je dio projekta “Položaj maloljetnika u krivičnom postupku - od prevencije do reintegracije!”, koji sprovodi Centar za građansko obrazovanje (CGO) uz podršku Ministarstva pravde.

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Probation in the system of execution of criminal sanctions of Montenegro

Author(s): Milorad Marković / Language(s): English

Alternatives to short-term imprisonment lies in increased humanity and economics of the execution of criminal sanctions, with perspective of positive influence to rehabilitation and re-socialization of convicted persons. They are, by their nature penalties, which should be distinguished from measures that may be imposed in the process of disposal of criminal prosecution by the State Prosecutor. They may be qualified as: Measures modifying execution of the deprivation of liberty sentence (house arrest and conditional release); Measures of warning as the alternative to sentence of the liberty deprivation (suspended sentence and judicial admonition); and other penalties as alternatives to liberty deprivation sentence (a fine, a community service, confiscation of driver’s license). The politics of criminal combating defines the manner on which the state wants to impact on the criminal reduce, in terms of the general prevention and greatly on the special prevention when the perpetrators of criminal acts are in question. The biggest role in rehabilitation and resocialization of perpetrators of criminal acts has criminal sanction that has been imposed to him/her and sanctions rehabilitation programs during its enforcement and after that. Special focus should be put on the short-term sentence of liberty deprivation due to frequency of their pronouncement, their nature as a basis for rehabilitation of the perpetrator of a criminal act as well as the state expenditures in the process of their execution. There is a constant dilemma in the theory and in the practice about the effectiveness of short-term penalties having in mind that they imposes for a period of time which is no longer than six months as well as the negative effects that short-term penalties produce. This primarily refers to the characteristics of persons who are sentenced to short-term prison sentences, these are usually persons who are coming in conflict with the law for the first time and who committed minor criminal offenses. On the other hand, taking into account the previous fact, institutes for execution of criminal sanctions, in our country and in surroundings, with the conditions and internal organization, influence on persons who come to the execution of shortterm prison sentences, and instead of being rehabilitated they get closer to the criminal groups. Therefore, in theory, prisons are often called the "crime schools". Aware of these shortcomings, as well as many others, with the beginning of this century, more and more attention is paid to alternatives of short-term penalties of liberty deprivation. Some of them are already present, they form a part of modern legislations and are often used in the past but did not gave satisfactory results because they were not monitored by rehabilitation programs and they more had a form of forgiveness rather than criminal sanctions . This refers to the admonition and suspended sentence. On the other hand, a fine is unpopular because of its specificity and often has been imposed as a secondary criminal sanction. Finally, the financial aspect through which the state budget bears the high expenditures for execution of short-term imprisonment and providing spatial and other capacities additionally depend the question of "cost-effectiveness" and the effectiveness of short-term imprisonment.

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Causes of Non-Imputability in Romanian Criminal Law

Author(s): Gabriel-Alin Ciocoiu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This study focuses on the causes of non-imputability provided in the Romanian Criminal Code from 2009, as it entered into force in 2014. It presents eight causes of non-imputability: physical constraint, moral constraint, non-accountable excessiveness, underage perpetrator, mental incompetence, intoxication, error, fortuitous case. In the Romanian criminal legislation, the causes of non-imputability are a new element, replacing the notion of causes that remove the criminal character of the act used in the Criminal Code from 1968. When it is established that an act provided for by the criminal law was committed under the conditions of one of the causes of non-imputability, that deed will not constitute a crime from the perspective of removing the imputable character that leads to the impossibility of applying a punishment or an educational measure. The effect of the causes of non-imputability does not extend to the participants, except in the fortuitous case.

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Integrity Assessment in Security Sector in Serbia

Author(s): Predrag Petrović,Saša Đorđević,Katarina Đokić,Vladimir Erceg / Language(s): English

Over the past 14 years of police reform an opportunity has been missed to build a strong institutional framework for the work of the Ministry of the Interior. The consequence thereof is the unbalanced development of areas pivotal to police integrity. Thus, policing transparency has improved, and an Integrity Plan and Development Strategy have been adopted. However, police integrity is mostly influenced by politicisation and inappropriate management of human resources. The police force in Serbia is losing its operational independence and accountability due to the interests of political parties. The organisational unit responsible for the management of human resources is merely a technical body. In addition, effective planning of budget spending is not possible because in excess of 80% of the MoI budget is earmarked for wages. Finally, neither does the harmonised system of internal police control work that should simultaneously ensure that police act in accordance with the rules and to increase the police integrity. External policing oversight remains lax.

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Tranziciona pravda u postjugoslovenskim zemljama Izveštaj za 2010-2011. godinu

Author(s): / Language(s): Serbian

Investigations prepared and initiated by the Office of the War Crimes Prosecutor of the Republic of Serbia (OWCP) last a long time, and in a significant number of cases, do not result in indictments. The OWCP undertook preliminary actions in the case of mass crimes committed in the Dubrava Penitentiary in 2008; however, by the end of 2011, it still had not started an investigation. With regard to the criminal complaint filed by the HLC against the Commander of the Tenth Anti-Sabotage Detachment of the Republic of Srpska Army, Milorad Pelemiš, dating from August 2010, the OWCP publicly announced the initiation of criminal proceedings, but this still had not happened by the end of 2011. // During the year 2011, the OWCP indicted only nine persons, and only one of these indictments (charging three persons) is filed in a new case, while the indictments against six of the other persons emerged from earlier proceedings held before the Higher Court in Belgrade War Crimes Department. In cases of war crimes committed in Kosovo, the OWCP often files indictments on the basis of partial investigations, as happened in the Suva Reka/Suhareke and Ćuška/Qushk Cases...

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IZVEŠTAJ O SUĐENJIMA ZA RATNE ZLOČINE U SRBIJI TOKOM 2022. GODINE

Author(s): Marina Kljaić,Ivana Žanić / Language(s): Serbian

This is the 11th report of the Fond za humanitarno pravo (FHP) on war crimes trials in Serbia. During 2022, the FHP monitored all trials for war crimes conducted on the territory of Serbia, i.e. a total of 25 cases before the war crimes departments of the High and Appellate Courts in Belgrade. In the report, brief overviews of the procedure and basic findings of the FHP related to the case, which are of importance to the public, are given for all cases. A large number of war crimes proceedings covered in this report last for several years, so for a complete insight into the course of the proceedings and findings concerning those cases, the previous annual reports of the FHP on trials are also relevant...

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Material reparations in proceedings for damages - The practice of courts in Serbia 2021 – 2022

Author(s): Mihailo Pavlović,Ivana Žanić / Language(s): English

For a long time, the Humanitarian Law Center (HLC) has been publishing reports on the exercise of the right to compensation for victims of war crimes, through civil proceedings conducted before the courts in Serbia. The last such report covered the period from 2017 to 2020 and was presented to the public in 2021.1 This report covers the period from 2021 to the end of 2022. The obligation of the Republic of Serbia to provide redress to victims of human rights abuses, including in the form of adequate material reparations, remains unchanged. The harm inflicted on individuals and their family members implies the duty of the wrongdoer, the Republic of Serbia in this case, either to remove its harmful effects or to provide the victims with adequate redress. 30 years since the outbreak of the armed conflicts in the territory of the former Yugoslavia, the Republic of Serbia has not yet fully met this obligation. The political will to face and accept responsibility for past crimes and provide redress to all victims is still absent. As a result, the victims and their family members are forced to pursue their compensation claims through lengthy, costly and often uncertain civil litigation before the courts in Serbia.

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