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Book reviews in the history of knowledge

Author(s): Alexey Pleshkov,Jan Surman / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2021

Academic reviewing, one of the communal academic practices, is a vital genre, in which epistemic virtues have been cultivated. In our article, we discuss reviews as a form of institutionalized critique, which historians could use to trace the changing epistemic virtues within humanities. We propose to use them analogously to Lorraine Daston’s and Peter Galison’s treatment of atlases in their seminal work Objectivity as a marker of changing epistemic virtues in natural sciences and medicine.Based on Aristotle’s virtue theory and its neo-Aristotelian interpretation in the second half of the 20th century, as well as on its most recent applications in the field of history and philosophy of science, we propose a general conceptual framework for analyzing reviews in their historical dimension. Besides, we contend that the analysis of reviews should be carried out taking into account their historical context of social, political, cultural and media-environment. Otherwise, one may risks presupposing the existence of an autonomous, disconnected community of scholars.

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Constructing the persona of the Naturwissenschaftler – German book reviews on galvanism

Author(s): Alexander Stoeger / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2021

Scientific book reviews were an important genre in late-18thcentury German journals. The mostly anonymous reviewers regarded themselves as voices of the scientific community, judging the quality of new publications for its benefit.However, as this paper shows, some reviewers aspired to more than judging the books’ content. The reviewers of Christian Heinrich Pfaff ’s, Alexander von Humboldt’s, and Johann Wilhelm Ritter’s monographs on galvanism, published between 1796 and 1805, used the language of epistemic virtues and vices to present their readership with their ideal scientific persona meant to support the development of the empirical sciences.

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„Wędrowny” obraz pana Twardowskiego w ukraińskiej literaturze romantycznej

Author(s): Irіna Terekhova / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The article presents an artistic interpretation of the Polish folk image of Sir Twardowski in Ukrainian romantic literature. The creative modification of the legend of the sorcerer, the plot of which became “migratory” in the literary world, is considered on the basis of Peter GulakArtemovskyi’s ballad Tvardovskyi and novels by Stepan Karpenko Pan Tvardovskyi, Panteleimon Kulish’s The Fire Serpent (a story from folk tales), Ivan Barshchevskii’s Slyakhtych Zavalnya, or Belarus in fantastic stories (chapter Tvardovskyi and the Apprentice) in the literary process of the 19th century. In the context of the mentioned topic, for the first time in Ukrainian literary studies, an attempt was made to analyze the forgotten prose work of Karpenko – Pan Tvardovskyi.

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Solovki ou un espace détourné : Le Météorologue d’Olivier Rolin et Le Journal d’un loup de Mariusz Wilk

Author(s): Jadwiga Bodzińska-Bobkowska / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2023

The Solovki Islands are a specific and mysterious territory where the history, geography and metaphysics intersect. The topography of this land, as well as natural phenomena such as “white nights”, can illustrate these complicated crossings. The objective of this paper is to study the reflection of this space in the literary works by Olivier Rolin and Mariusz Wilk who situate their texts – Stalin’s Meteorologist and The Journals of a White Sea Wolf – in the Russian Far North. Adopting a geocritical perspective, I try to identify spatial structures in these works in order to understand the meanings that they carry: chaos, diversions et labyrinths.

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Exploring Hidden Narrative Elements through a Close Reading of Vasily Grossman’s Short Story “The Life of Il’ya Stepanovich” (1935)

Author(s): Paola Ferrandi / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2023

The subject matter of this paper concerns the early phase of Vasily Grossman’s literary career in the mid-1930s. Prior to this period, the author proved his ability to evaluate the mechanisms of censorship and developed his understanding of what was publishable and what could be sanctioned through the publication process of his first novel (Bit-Yunan, Fel’dman 2019). The research material selected for this paper is the lesser-known short story Zhizn’ Il’i Stepanovicha [The life of Il’ya Stepanovich], published in 1935, and the aim is to provide a close reading and an interpretation key to this text. In order to expose the hidden ambiguity of the short story, the chosen research perspective includes a focus on the function of the protagonist as an entity that does not legitimise the socialist myth; a narratological approach on the use of proper names, on “perspective” and the role of the narrator with regard to the axiological structure of the text.

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Czarna legenda” Niccolò Machiavellego w polskiej poezji XVII wieku (na wybranych przykładach)

Author(s): Anna Maciejewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2023

The subject matter of my research is the black legend of Niccolò Machiavelli in Polish baroque poetry. This legend spread in the 17th-century Commonwealth on such a large scale that the name of this secretary of the Florentine republicbegan to be used to describe even kings or pretenders to the throne who were political opponents. For this reason, I described in this scientific article the literary works of poets such as Wacław Potocki, Wespazjan Kochowski and Stanisław Orzelski. The second of these authors acted in a similar way in The Stone of Testimony of the Innocence of the Great Senator in the Polish Crown, comparing the actions of the royal court to an infernal council, in which such characters as Machiavelli, Richelieu and Mazarini take part. In my scientific article, I will emphasize that this Polish Baroque poet also showed the secretary of the Florentine republic in his other literary works as a perverse and demonic person. I will also note that Wacław Potocki in his work negatively refers to those people who defame John III Sobieski in lampoons and accuse him of using “Machiavellian arts”. I will not ignore Stanisław Orzelski’s Macaronica carmina Marfordii Mądzikovii poetae approbatihere.

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Le texte théâtral et l’autotraduction dans le contexte minoritaire de l’Ouest du Canada

Author(s): Małgorzata Czubińska / Language(s): French Issue: 20/2023

In the last 30 years there has been an increased interest among researchers in the problem of self-translation, particularly in the context of novel translation. The aim of the following paper is to present the challenges of selftranslation in a context of dramatic texts. The corpus of analysis for this article will be three plays written by bilingual artists who are rooted in Western Canadian provinces – Saskatchewan and Manitoba. The analysis of the fragments of the originals compared with the self-translated versions of the plays: “La Trahison/The Betrayal” by Laurier Gareau (2004) “La Maculée/sTain” by Madeleine Blais-Dahlem (2012) and Marc Prescott’s “Fort Mac” (2009) will allow us to determine the characteristics of self-translation of each of these “privileged translators”.

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Entre portrait symbolique et vision sociale de la femme. La sirène dans des poèmes choisis de la fin du XIXe siècle

Author(s): Eliza Sasin / Language(s): French Issue: 20/2023

This article aims to show the relationship between the woman in the social context of nineteenth-century France and the female portrait presented in symbolist poetry. Allegiances between the philosophical influence of Schopenhauer and Baudelaire, the woman of the theatre as well as the femme fatale and the mermaid, her mythological prototype, are proven. The presented portrait is based on woman’s primal relationship with nature and with artificiality depending on the development in society; the main elements are the dependence of the woman on the man and their mutual manipulation.

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Poloniser le français ? Les stratégies translinguistiques des écrivains transnationaux polono-français de l’époque romantique

Author(s): Przemysław Szczur / Language(s): French Issue: 20/2023

The author of the article proposes an analysis of the phenomenon of “polonisation” of the French language carried out by a group of Polish francophone novelists, who, during the Romantic Era, wrote historical novels devoted to the past of Poland. He proposes to see this phenomenon as an example of translingualism. After having defined this term, the author highlights the links between narration and translation, analyses the motivation of translingualism, examines its conditioning by the narrative context as well as the forms it takes in the texts, the problems it poses and the solutions proposed by novelists to these difficulties of linguistic transfer.

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Le roman actuel et ses extrapolations : Les Funambules de Mohammed Aïssaoui et Beyrouth-sur-Seine de Sabyl Ghoussoub

Author(s): Magdalena Zdrada-Cok / Language(s): French Issue: 20/2023

This article proposes a comparative analysis of two novels: Les Funambules (Gallimard 2020) by Mohammed Aïssaoui and Beyrouth-sur-Seine (Stock, 2022) by Sabyl Ghoussoub. The subject of research is the relationship between novelistic techniques and forms of journalistic discourse. By examining the relationship between the literary text and the socio-cultural context, this study is interested in the presence of various forms of discourse in a literary text, such as the interview, the testimony, the report, the document and the photo.

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Babizna? Babcie jako bohaterki rodzimej prozy kobiet po 2010 roku

Author(s): Anna Pekaniec / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

The text was conceived as a review, combined with an analysis and interpretation, of texts written by Polish women authors after 2010, especially novels and short story collections in which the grandmother is an important character. Women authors from the 1970s and 1980s, who in creating various herstories, make the eldest women in the family the disposers of narratives, responsible for building specific bridges between the past and the present, as well as the guardians of memory and guides through the labyrinth of interpersonal relations. The numerous representations of grandmothers in post-2010 literature is directly related to the ‘family turn’ in domestic prose announced over a decade ago, as well as to the transformations within women’s literature, in which the mother-daughter relationship is being replaced by a granddaughter (rarely grandson) — grandmother relationship. Granddaughters become narrators, through them the grandmothers’ stories taking verbal shape. The established bond enables the creation of alternative versions of herstories in which grandmothers, as delegates of the past, teach granddaughters in the present how to cope with the future. “The grandmotherly turn”, however, marks above all the emergence of the figure of the Polish grandmother, enabling granddaughters to speak about themselves (and them also) in their own voice.

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Im Schmelztiegel der Kulturen. Zum Band Transkulturelle Durchdringungen in der Gegenwartsliteratur Mitteleuropas

Author(s): Karolina Sidowska / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2022

The main theme of the essay is the phenomenon of intercultural relations as revealed in contemporary literature from Central Europe. The point of reference is a monograph containing several articles on the subject. The overarching category for all texts is transculturalism (in the sense of W. Welsch), a term which, like Central Europe, is subjected to critical reflection by the author. In addition, issues of migration and border-crossing, both geographically and existentially, discrimination and the experience of alienation, problems of defining one’s own identity, are the focus of attention. In a particular way, these issues relate to border areas inhabited by representatives of different nationalities, many of which can be found in Central Europe (e.g., Cieszyn Silesia), but also to specific historical moments in which cultural clashes were violent and led to trauma (World War II, the Holocaust). Among the literature cited are works by Ramona Ambs, Olga Grjasnowa, Marina Frenk, Andrzej Stasiuk, Paweł Huelle, Gustaw Morcinek, Edith Schmettan-Demel et al. A separate point of interest is literature as a medium for intercultural understanding. Not only translations and the international reception of literary works, as well as intertextual inspirations and references (e.g., the reception of Thomas Bernhard’s work in contemporary Polish prose), but also certain developmental similarities and thematic convergences in different national literatures are relevant in this context.

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O wyobrażeniach kulturowych i percepcyjnych w monografiach Stefanii Skwarczyńskiej. Czego możemy dowiedzieć się od romantyków?

Author(s): Mariusz Gołąb / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2022

The article deals with the problem of the literary image presented in the research by Stefania Skwarczyńska. The conception of the ‘image chains’ [polish: ‘łańcuchy obrazowe’] is analysed in Skwarczyńska’s theoretical works and monographs about J. Słowacki and A. Mickiewicz. The author argues that the Polish theorist’s conception of a literary image is shaped by the impact of two complementary media lines. The first is the meaning of the static and petrified in language formula of culture tradition. The other, is the problem of visual perception. Romanticism is interpreted as a general example of this process in Skwarczyńska’s monographies. The reference of the “isomorphism” notion by R. Arnheim is used to explain how Skwarczyńska’s works present this process of shaping literary image. The artistic categories of a colour and shape and the emotional aspects of poetic language are presented as the predominant problems for Skwarczyńska’s theory. These elementary aspects of poetic language can be interpreted as the phenomena that represents the activity of observation. The author reveals how these selected categories let Skwarczyńska construct the preliminary aspects of the visual problems of contemporary culture. Such theoretical perspectives, as observed in the works of the Polish theorist, results in Romanticism appearing as an example of a new way of seeing which results in aesthetic and perceptual changes in contemporary culture. Thus, Romanticism is shown as the example that leads Skwarczyńska to elaborate on the concept of “applied literature” as well. It shows how her theoretic take is linked to the description of culture changes or non-linguistic perception and the cultural phenomena of the likes of photography and film.

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Second Person in Different Genres and Cultural Practices

Author(s): Joanna Jeziorska-Haładyj,Magdalena Rembowska-Płuciennik / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

The editorial introduction shows the richness of traditional literary genres (fictional and non-fictional), new cultural practices (digital literature, games, and playable media) in which second-person address may be encountered. The presence of a direct address to “you” (individual or collective) is also a distinct marker of contemporary marketing, advertising, and social media communication. There is a number of transitional forms in-between print and digital literature and games, in which the presence of the second-person pronoun is one of the main features of poetics. These include narrative role-playing games (RPGs), game books, interactive text games, and paragraph games/books. Complementing the existing gap in Polish interdisciplinary research, the editors discuss both the historical forms of second-person narrative and its potential to cross the boundaries between various media. Additionally, the article reconstructs the fuzzy status of you-narrative in 20th-century narrative theory, since the semantic ambiguities of the multifaceted “you” address resulted in multiple theoretical attempts at defying and analyzing the second-person storytelling. We summarize the main threads of the heated debate on the semantics, poetics, and pragmatics of second-person narrative that took place at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. The editorial discusses the reasons why narrative theory gradually recognized the typological equivalence of second-person storytelling to the third- and first-person narrative mode. Another recurring problem in research on second person is its impact on reader’s immersion and identification processes. Moreover, we indicate the new cultural context (the digital revolution) as an important factor in the current dissemination and popularization of second-person narratives.

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NEOBAVEZNA LEKTIRA

Author(s): Wisława Szymborska / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 13/2006

Nije samo umetnost – već je i svakodnevni život nadrealista trebalo da bude nadrealistički. Najobičniji ulazak u dućan radi kupovine konzerve sardina nije mogao da prođe obično, u najmanju ruku trebalo je izaći na rukama. Dok su nadrealisti bili mladi džumbus koji su pravili bio je spontan, prosticao je iz prekomernog humora i životne energije. Kasnije, početkom tridesetih godina, njihov život je počeo da se smračuje – u njihov pokret ušli su politika, nužnost pravljenja ideoloških izbora, dolazilo je do sporova i raskola, a sa tim je lagano gasnula sklonost ka uzbudljivim hepeninzima.

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PESNIKOV GROZAN SAN: ISTINA O SAVRŠENSTVU

Author(s): Eryk Ostrowski / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 13/2006

Samo saznanje nije bezopasno. Nakon njega život nema više nikakvog daljeg smisla. O tome govori slavni stih Vislave Šimborske „Utopija“, u kome je sve spoznato i određeno. Šimborska tada čak nije ni pokušala da smesti život u to savršenstvo, jer za njega u njemu nema mesta, s obzirom na to da sve što znamo nije savršeno.

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Literary Structure of the 17th Century Hebrew Lyrico-Epic Poetry

Author(s): Jiřina Šedinová / Language(s): English Issue: 2/1989

The paper is closely connected with that published in Judaica Bohemiae, vol. XX/1984, No. 1. The analysis of the literary structure of Hebrew lyrico-epic poetry of the 17th century is based on religious poetry (selihoth) by Efraim Luntschitz, Yom Tov Lipman Heller, Shimshon Bacharach, Moshe Birgel, and others. The authoress studies the composition of the selihoth, their verse and strophical structure, language, syntax and also refers to the context of contemporary Hebrew literature.

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Hebrew Literary Sources to the Czech History of the First Half of the 17th Century. End of the Thirty Years’ War in the Testimonies of Contemporaries

Author(s): Jiřina Šedinová / Language(s): English Issue: 1/1987

The paper analyses the Hebrew chronicle “Milhama be-shalom“ describing the Swedish siege of Prague at the very end of the Thirty Years’ War, in July—October 1648. First the main sources concerning the event are mentioned, then attention is paid to the author of the chronicle, Yehuda Leb ben Yoshua of Prague, and the ways of his treating the subject are discussed. The end of the paper evaluates the chronicle as a source of historical information. There is also an Appendix of extracts from the chronicle translated into English.

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Literarisches Schaffen erwachsener Häftlinge im Konzentrationslager Theresienstadt, I. (Tschechische literarische Tätigkeit)

Author(s): Jarmila Škochová / Language(s): German Issue: 2/1984

The article belongs to the series devoted to the literary activities in Terezin. This time it is poems written by adults imprisoned in the Terezin concentration campghetto that are paid attention to. The first author mentioned is Oldřich Böhm. Four poems of his are published here, followed by eight poems Zdeněk Böhm. As for Pavel Friedmann, there are five poems, among them the famous “Butterfly“. Pavel Kantor, Jindřich Kraus, Ota Kraus and Maix Rosenzweig are also mentioned and two poems by each of them are added. Finally there is one poem by Jiří Stein. The poems are published in their original Czech version and translated into German.

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NEPODNOŠLJIVOST SUSEDOVANJA

Author(s): Mirjana Stošić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2020

This paper deals with the immunological practices of Kafka’s anonymous inhabitant in an unfinished late narrative “The Burrow” (“Der Bau”, 1923-1924) who builds a labyrinth within the burrow in order to safeguard it from imminent or proleptic future intruders. The mole-like builder of the labyrinth-like structure is securing its house from parasites “known” only by the noise they make. This noise – against which the obsessive stuffing of holes and drilling of passages take place (including the infinite displacement of the center and margin) – corresponds to the radical faceless alterity, given that the “face” of noise is precisely the muddied face of the burrower. Entrances in Kafkaesque literary worlds are in fact the limit of the passage as such, the impossibility of being only inside or only outside. The aggressive covering of porous and loose walls, and closing all potential passages is endangering the burrow structure as such. The burrow becomes the centralized system, always suppressing the heterogeneity of gateways, entrances and exits, the difference that will erode the silenced fixity of centered identity. Ultimately, the burrow becomes infinitely fractalized. The question of alterity, within the tradition of guarding the wholeness of the subject (its body, its proper place, its identity and its name), is often reduced to the question of corporeal, political, cultural parasites of the communal body. The other, as a parasitical emblem, destabilizes the notion of the limit (between the host and the guest), and is the sign of a host being always already a frightened guest of its own homely place.

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