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STEFAN GEORGE – A REPRESENTATIVE OF THE GERMAN SYMBOLISM

Author(s): Sofia Lavinia Cercel / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 21/2020

The works of Stefan George reflect the influence of the French Symbolism in Germany, creating a new form in German lyrics. Born on the 12th of July 1868 in the village of Büdesheim, near the town of Bingen on the Rhine, where now a memorial museum is open for the public, George was a controversial poet and translator. Since he was a teenager, he started writing mainly poems and fragments of dramas, also being preoccupied with translating. While living in France, he visited the circle of Mallarmé, attending his famous Tuesday meetings, and personally met Verlaine, declaring that Paris was a place “where one was enthusiastic about poetry”. When he returned to Germany, he started translating from the works of Baudelaire and Mallarmé, which had an important influence on his own creations. With the Blätter für die Kunst literary magazine, issued in 1892, George marked the beginning of the reaction against Naturalism, imposing new aesthetic forms in German literary language. The most important symbolist themes and motifs to be found in his poetry are: the nature, autumn, death, the use of colours (white, yellow, grey), the description of strong fragrances and also of the city, the gardens or the park.

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THE DYNAMIC DIALECTICS OF LESLEY SAUNDERS’ “THE LEAFY EYE” VIA BACHELARD’S AESTHETIC THEORY

Author(s): Clementina Mihailescu,Stela Pleșa / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2020

The paper expands upon Lesley Saunders’ poetry approached via Bachelard’s aesthetic constructs: phenomenology and existentialism of the poetics, the dialectics of the open and the closed, the cosmology of the eye, elements of elementary psychology, centres of inverted metamorphosis, unconscious drives embodied under the form of archetypal images. They are all functional due to the relationship that exists between Memory and Imagination and have been analysed in various poems from the volume “The Leafy Eye.”

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LANGUAGE AS AESTHETIC MATERIAL

Author(s): Lavinia Hulea / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2020

According to theorists, aesthetics, which has been defined as the “science of perception” or of “sensuous cognition” and has been distinguished from knowledge and action, has also been connected with the human senses that allow the perception of all arts. Further, aesthetical theories have emphasized medium as a characteristic feature of all arts, handled by artists in their strife to create expressive objects.

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VASILE VOICULESCU - HORIZONS

Author(s): Mariana Pavel / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 23/2020

This article aims to highlight the strong cultural personality of Vasile Voiculescu, split between art and science, with dual band intellectual, the writer and a doctor, an emblematic figure in Romanian literature. Challenged by some and appreciated by most, the writer continues to offer us, through his work, countless reasons to search more and more deeply in the pages of his creations, which have become true spiritual treasures. The fact that Vasile Voiculescu’s work is praised, especially posthumously, because during his life he aroused many controversies, proves he is a high quality artist. His writings reflect existential experiences that have definitely left their mark on the nature of the many problems he has faced. The accuracy of the writing is equalled by the sensitivity and altruism of the doctor, proving that the MAN Vasile Voiculescu brings together, like no other, qualities of the best. If the writer chooses simplicity, the poet advocates divinity and his work circumscribes faith elements that define fully the art, making it particular and also unique.

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NICOLAE BALOTĂ – THE AVATARS OF THE BEING

Author(s): Paraschiva Livadaru (Miron) / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 23/2020

Balotă is looking at the roots of the Being for the mutations that directly influence social and cultural phenomena. The exegete intention resides under the mark of the duality: it includes fighting pseudo-values and aims to identify ontological mutations that transform the human into a being incapable to identify the sacredness. His pilgrimages thru works of literature probe the human and uncover a unique manner of researching the manifestation of the sacredness in the approach towards the Being.

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BILINGUALISM AND SELF-TRANSLATION IN THE VOLUME « DIEU ME DOIT CETTE PERTE » BY MIRON KIROPOL

Author(s): Aliteea-Bianca Turtureanu / Language(s): French Issue: 24/2021

A prominent figure of the Romanian exile community in Paris, a talented translator, bilingual writer, poet, essayist and painter, Miron Kiropol has self-translated most of his literary works. This research aims to analyze the most important aspects of the self-translation of the poems published in the volume “God Owes Me This Loss” (2004). The “mirrored” fragments of the French and Romanian versions illustrate the lexical, stylistic, semantic and culturally specific characteristics of Miron Kiropol’s self-translation process.

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THE 24 STEPS OF FREE AND POETIC THINKING / A NEW MANIFEST OF ROMANIAN TRANS-MODERNISM

Author(s): Ion Popescu Brădiceni / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 24/2021

This article here constitutes into a new manifest of the Romanian and European trans modernism. It assumes, with individualism specific to the XX-century, the anti-model, the ideatic and theoretic uniqueness. The article assumes the notions of liberty and the poetic, falling on the logic of the included third party and trans-disciplinarity. The ages of man are ontological reordered into a revolutionary and meta-poetic paradigm, when it resorts to auto-lyricism returned to the myths of Orpheus – Narcis - Prometheus. The essay looks at an innovative concept:” the language of poetry”, real and virtual, objective and subjective, transitive and reflexive. Mihai Eminescu, Nichita Stănescu, Qusimodo, Ungaretti, Eliot, Pound, and other militated for it. The 24 steps initiate the novice reader, but also the more able one, in recovering ”the naive feeling” in ”the inverse perspective”, in ”the new compositions-visions”, in the doctrines of Eliot and Noica, in ”the placenta separation”, in ”the Argonautic celebration” in ”the staying in the Making – meditation”, in the seeing of the invisible in the visible, in the synthesis between the lyric and epic, in reclaiming the secret melody (from quantum mechanics), in the re-accreditation of the complicity between music and language, in bettering the distribution of a word in ”the hour of ardent inspiration”, in the alchemy distillation and sacrificial architecture, in the ”curios synthesis” between old and new, in the ” aesthetic effect”, in magic and doctrine of mirroring, in ”at pictura poesis”, in ”the game free from imagination”, in mythology and horizon of expectation, in an anti-ode and art-love and finally, in the “double harmony and plenitude”.

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IDEOLOGIES IN HELIADE’S PROPHETIC POETRY

Author(s): Ana-Maria Vlad / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 24/2021

The present paper aims as a starting point the idea that an aesthetic perception of identifying the crisis of reality is represented by the poetic prophecy encountered at the congruence of the literary field with the religious one. This hypothesis will be applied to three literary texts by Ion Heliade-Rădulescu: Anatolida, Biblicele and Sînta Cetate. Through them, we will identify the image of a reality that has gone through a crisis of space and time. At the same time, we can speak of a religious, national or social crisis, delimiting the generic feature of prophecy and identifying in Heliade-Rădulescu the poet-prophet, a representative of that period.

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RETHINKING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POPULAR LITERATURE AND THE LITERARY CANON

Author(s): Vilma-Irén Mihály / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2021

The following paper tries to highlight some of the major differences between the canon of high-literature and popular fiction, but also ways of transgressing their barriers. Although from a general postmodern perspective this debate may seem irrelevant, it is worth discussing about its institutionalized sides mainly because of the audience, especially that of (high-school) students. Apart from the theory, the analysis is based on the example of crime fiction and fantasy, two genres which are embraced by the contemporary readers, especially the youth. Two of the most prominent examples are the Sherlock Holmes stories and Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings.

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SYMBOLISM AND ORIGINALITY IN EMIL BOTTA`S POETRY

Author(s): Mariana Ionela Mitrofan (Iorgulescu) / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 25/2021

Although poets should avoid consecrated, bookish or folkloric symbols, statistics show that they are very frequent in modern poetry. Named "the poet of masks", who lived as a creative servant between poetry and theatre, Emil Botta, the author of a black, unmistakable poetry, with characters from his own mythology of death, was born to relate what is beyond the frontier between human existence and "real" life. He differently used various symbols in original and authentic ways.

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POSTMODERNISM AS A BROAD MOVEMENT

Author(s): Cristina Oprean Cornea / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2021

The eighth literary phenomenon, accompanied by the atmosphere of the new poetry, is formed in 1977, when the beginning of a nucleus of the living and innovative Romanian literary life. “Cenaclul de luni” (The Cenacle of Monday) had been for seven years the nucleus of the consciousness of generation and the expression of the sensibility of the world, shaped by the poetry written by the members of this literary circle, led by Nicolae Manolescu. The space we refer to recognizes postmodernism as a viable interpretation method, and the action of writers coming out of a long silence is a way of recovering values, traditions, patterns abandoned or denied in previous decades. Postmodern poetry is covered up by the biographical and real element that blends in an absolutely spectacular way with ludic, ironic, humorous, symbolic, and even fantasy.

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Elementy dźwiękosfery górskiej w poezji Juliana Przybosia

Author(s): Łukasz Piaskowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The article is an attempt to explore and describe the audio motifs in mountain poems by Julian Przyboś. The author, using the methodological achievements of the anthropology of sound, attempts to analyze and interpret poems devoted to the mountains. The article presents a number of concepts developed by the sound studies’ methodology, such as audiosphere, phonosphere, sonosphere, soundscape, or galenosphere. The text clearly demonstrates the existence of Przyboś’s ideas about the world of sounds which the poet contained both in his poems and his program texts. Particularly noteworthy is the poet’s conceptualization of silence and silence in the mountain space.

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Філософія поетичної мови Ліни Костенко

Author(s): Svitlana Yermolenko,Galyna Siuta / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2021

The article reveals the meaning of the concept “philosophy of Lina Kostenko’s language,” characterizes the features of individual style as a way of poet’s creative thinking. Lexical-semantic and textual analysis of the defining token “word” is carried out, its semantically attractive connections with the tokens “soul” and “thought” are revealed. Expressive means of transmitting a person’s preverbal emotional state have been recorded. The semantics of the concept of “time,” available in different linguistic and structural units of the text, is traced. Cognitive-linguistic, structural and linguistic analysis of Lina Kostenko’s aphorisms is a testimony to her creative innovation in the formation of aesthetic treasures of the Ukrainian literary word from the second half of the 20th to the beginning of the 21st century — a cultural code of the nation, which organically combines historical sources of language, connections with the Ukrainian classic poetic texts and reflection of modern life of the Ukrainian language.

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Muzyczne nośniki pamięci kulturowej w poezji Jana Lechonia

Author(s): Łukasz Piaskowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

Jan Lechoń was a poet who actively used memory motifs in his works. These threads were very often correlated with musical and sound themes. First, this article is an attempt to show how Lechoń constructed specific models of cultural memory, in which musical reminiscences played an important role. Secondly, the text shows a lot of evidence that the main method of building musical and literary dependencies that Lechoń used was the Musicality II specified by Andrzej Hejmej, consisting in treating music as an element of a larger topic. Music in Lechoń’s poetry is not always treated as a value in itself. The poet often treats music, e.g. the theme of a concert or playing an instrument, as a pretext to show other content, especially those that are important to Polish cultural memory.

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CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE 19TH CENTURY AMERICAN LITERARY THEORY

Author(s): Lucian Radu / Language(s): English Issue: 27/2021

This papers illustrates two major contributions to the 19th Century American Literary theory, more precisely the role of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Edgar Allen Poe to the chief line of American poetics and short prose, studying comparatively the division of the world of mind, language, the concept of imagination, the poet as a maker or a namer, and the effect deliberately conceived, demonstrating the differences between the romantic and Edgar Allen Poe`s literary theories.

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THE MAGIC AND BEAUTY OF THE PRE-RAPHAELITE WORLD

Author(s): Maria Cristina Fulop / Language(s): English Issue: 27/2021

The pretty faces of the Pre Raphaelites that we see today in English galleries, well-crafted albums or televised series brought more to the modern artistic heritage that meets the eye. Once the analysis of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood is undertaken it projects a matrix of cultural references, paramount in the interpretation of Victorian aesthetics. This paper aims to analyze the phenomenon and highlight the particular aesthetic elements that make the Pre-Raphaelites unique in their heritage to the modern world: their answer to the quest for Beauty has produced a form that has been adored and will continue to be adored for centuries to come. Typical representative for the movement is the painter, poet, illustrator, translator Dante Gabriel Rossetti, considered to be the founder and leader of the Pre-Raphaelites due to his artistic and literary aptitudes and influences. His multi-facetted artistic personality orchestrated the foundations of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in its varied forms starting from the initial outcry of rebellion against the pre-established aesthetic dogmas to the larger cultural phenomenon that engulfed the Victorian society towards the end of the century, a valuable resource for future artists, poets and aesthetes of the twentieth century. In his work Rossetti underwent the task of promoting the relationship between aesthetic sense and literary personality typical characteristics of the nineteenth century adding sensory, personal aspects of style to the Victorian poetic literariness already imbued with Romanticism.

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GEORGE MIHAIL ZAMFIRESCU - THE PARADIGM OF A CONTROVERSIAL MODERNITY

Author(s): Cristian Hoaghea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 27/2021

Interwar prose writer and playwright, George Mihail Zamfirescu is part of an eclectic and controversial modernism. A critical and sentimental observer of the world in which he lived, his vision is objective due to the realism generated by the inclusion of the social aspects of the periphery, whose poet is and due to the gloomy vision of a world he knew from inside. Sentimentalism and lyricism, descriptive excess represent souvenirs from a previous century, while authenticity and psychological subjectivism, the penetrating and truthful radiography of teenage love as well as individual or collective human psychology are signs of modernity and artistic maturity. His evolution is opposite. While Domnișoara Nastasia and Maidanul cu dragoste are works unanimously considered as aesthetic values that get the status of masterpieces, the rest of his creations can be registered on oscillating value coordinates. Cântecul destinelor is almost a Balzacian novel, in which we feel Nicolae Filimon’s influence – the analysis gives way to creation, to the uniscient–subjective perspective, the omniscient- subjective perspective.

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VIZIUNEA MINULESCIANĂ DESPRE FANTASTIC

Author(s): Raluca NICOARĂ (BLEDEA) / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 27/2021

Poet, prose writer, playwright and publicist Minulescu had an intense literary activity both in the country and abroad. He is also attracted by the remaining spirituality, by the fantastic and the supernatural of the modern events that he integrates in the future literary creations. Parallel universes trigger a new minulescian fantasy vision, built on key elements put in antithesis: real- unreal, logical-illogical and sacred-profane. Minulescian fantasy prose reflects the aspiration for a better life, the way of thinking and feeling, the desire to overcome the limits imposed by specific human nature, to subdue the forces of nature and to see the triumph of truth. Fantastic prose delights the reader with its rich imagery and stylistic diversity and not with the originality of its epic vision.

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PROMETHEAN MYTHOLOGICAL SYMBOLS, LEFT AND RIGHT OF THE PRUT

Author(s): Anca-Maria Ticu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 28/2022

The reverberations of the Promethean myth can symbolically particularize Ion Creangă’s and Grigore Vieru’s creations, the primordiality of the fire and freedom assumed through sacrifice completing the revolt and the rebellion. The hermeneutics of the signs and the symbolism integrated in the myth can discover scientific, biographical and especially spiritual interferences in the two titans of the Romanian language. The tragic self-devouring is only a modern mutation of the myth, transposed at the Moldavian and Bessarabian ideational level. All the roots of the archetype aim to nourish the Romanian culture and literature with the sap of the Promethean authenticity.

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HERETICAL LITERATURE

Author(s): Ionuța ILIEȘ / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 28/2022

Between 1945 and 1989, Romania have entered the Soviet sphere of influence and it lies under the sign of a socialist dictatorship which is built according to the Stalinist model and imposed on all areas of social life. The state is controlled by the sole party and the power is concerned in the hands of a General security. The control belongs entirely to the Communist Party which has a great influence in people’s life. Also, in the context of the totalitarian regime the freedom of thinking and of creation is limited and the literature has to be subordinated to the party’s interest. So that literature must find its own attitudes and responses. In his book, ”Heretical literature. Censored political texts between 1949 and 1977”, published in Bucharest in 2016, Liviu Maliţa talks about the confrontations of the Rumanian writers with the power represented in this case by the Censure, about the subversive literature which comes to deny the official literature promoted by the Communist party and about the dangers that the writer is exposed if he does not respect the norms imposed by the censor. Another work we have mentioned on this ocasion is Adrian Marino’s, ”Censorship in Romania” which is concerned with the specific points of Romanian’s censorship. This paper attempts to be a short presentation of the Censorship in Rumania in the Communist period and also of the condition of the writer and his creation during this black page of history.

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