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Review of Mr. Sc. Hajrush Kurtaj, KLA War Zone Nerodime Operative (ZON). , February 2012, p. 226 Review of: Mr. Sc. Hajrush Kurtaj, Lufta e UÇK-së në Zonën Operative të Nerodimes (ZON). Prishtinë 2012, f. 226.
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Gegen Mittag des 21. November 2004, es war Sonntag, brachte jemand auf die 49. Straße Eastside eine Bandura, und die Wähler, die da vor dem ukrainischen Konsulat in New York standen, stimmten ein Lied an. Eine ältere angelsächsische Lady, von der Sorte, die, hat sie einmal ein bestimmtes Alter erreicht, beinahe ewig lebt, ging über die Straße, blieb stehen und fragte, was da los sei. Wir antworteten: »Ukrainian elections«. Sie warf erst einen Blick auf uns, dann auf die Sänger, überlegte ein paar Sekunden und sagte dann: »No, I don't think so.« Und ging auf den nächsten Polizisten zu, um den zu befragen.
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The goal of this paper is to reveal how and why the circulation of the same historical images takes place; whose values and, simultaneously, memory are conveyed through these images; what is the relationship between the audiovisual representation of the past and collective memory? The article states that manifestations of the visual stereotypes of Lithuania history in post-communist transformation period (1988–2004) are mainly based on certain cinematic tendencies. Historical films that are considered to be an adaptation of the national narrative cinematography have been predominant since 1988. This kind of narration is characterized by validation of history as a national value, formation of national identity and its stabilization rather than diversification and correction of the collective memory or the development of critical thinking. The current documentary material that is based on the understanding of history as a myth of the nation's history is not aimed at creating a new visual and verbal narration about the realities of the past, but rather at recognizing what has been said and made in the previous works.
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The essay summarizes the most difficult element of Hungary’s foreign policy following the collapse of communism: the attitude and steps towards the neighbouring countries and the 2.5 million Hungarians who were separated from Hungary by the Peace Treaty of 1920 (Trianon) and its confirmation at Paris (1947). A detailed exposition of the subject appeared in Hungarian in 2016 by the author (Kísérlet a trianoni trauma orvoslására. Magyarország szomszédsági politikája a rendszerváltozás éveiben. Osiris Kiadó, Bp., 2016). The centre-right coalition’s aim was to be on the best possible terms with all the neighbours, while promoting the political, linguistic and cultural rights of the Hungarian communities, who survived many decades of ill-treatment and denial of basic rights. The wishedfor model was Switzerland with its autonomous Kantons and the position of the Austrian minority in South Tyrol, in Italy and the Swedish in Finland. The most promising way to achieve that was the adoption of binding international conventions adopted by the Council of Europe and the CSCE, and bilateral treaties with all the neighbouring states. Their most important elements were mutually renouncing territorial claims and safeguarding the collective rights of the minorities. With the break-up of Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia József Antall’s government concluded such treaties with the Ukraine, Croatia and Slovenia. Similar efforts with Romania and Slovakia did not bring the hoped-for results.
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One of the most important problems emerging in the first months of the Romanian regime change was the nationalities question, paradoxically declared to have been solved by the previous regime. First, the new power structures made promises to the national minorities on the declarative level. The questions emerging during the political transition and the unsolved problems stemming from Romanian-Hungarian coexistence at the local level have soon given a new direction to the problem of the nationalities. The weak central leadership, already suffering from problems of legitimacy, subordinated this issue to the preservation of power. Conflictual situations arose in the ethnically mixed area, culminating in the event of March 1990 in Târgu Mureş/Marosvásárhely.
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