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„Republica Maramureș” și strategia politicii de sovietizare a României în viziunea administrației americane

Author(s): Cornel Sigmirean,Gheorghe Cojocaru / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 18/2015

The “Republic of Maramureș” was a distinct state of affairs generated by the Soviets in their politics of subordinating East and Central Europe by installing communist regimes. In the political practice envisaged by Lenin and completed by Stalin, for the extension of communism outside the Soviet Union and its control over a large part of the world all possible actions were allowed, regardless of its immorality and absence of historical or legal foundation.

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‘Tsars and Monsters’: Reflections on Soviet cinema during perestroika

‘Tsars and Monsters’: Reflections on Soviet cinema during perestroika

Author(s): Lars Karl / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

When the new general secretary of the CPSU, Mikhail Gorbachev, came to power in 1985, a political, social and economic change was introduced at all levels of the Soviet system. The new course known as perestroika, filmmakers began to explore previously forbidden themes, and distributors released films that were suppressed by pre-glasnost-era censors. Soviet cinema underwent a revolution, one that mirrors the crucial changes that took place within Soviet society between 1985 and 1991. This article represents an overall survey of the effects of this revolution on the work of Soviet filmmakers and their films – and might help to interpret the final collapse of the USSR from a different perspective.

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INDIJSKA NUKLEARNA PROBA 1974. GODINE – ODJECI U JUGOSLAVIJI

INDIJSKA NUKLEARNA PROBA 1974. GODINE – ODJECI U JUGOSLAVIJI

Author(s): Dragomir Bondžić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2016

After years-long research, Indian scientists carried out a successful nuclear explosion on May 18, 1974 in the Rajastan desert. Although Indian officials immediately stated that it was a „peaceful nuclear explosion“, and that they did not intend to make a nuclear weapon, India had become the 6th nuclear power and the first non-aligned country to come into „the nuclear club“. This lead to a strong criticism on the international stage, especially by Pakistan, as well as by great powers and some non-aligned countries. As a member of the Non-aligned Movement, closely alligned with India, Yugoslavia carefully tracked statements and explanations given by Indian officials, systematically noted and analyzed responses of individual countries, and calmly created its own view toward the Indian nuclear test. Yugoslav diplomacy promptly congratulated India its huge technological success, defending the right of all countries, including India, to develop research in the field of nuclear energy, thereby granting full trust to Indian official statements that they did not intend to use their achievements in military purposes. Further, the Indian nuclear explosion resurected the previous nuclear ambitions of Yugoslav state leadership, primarily of Josip Broz Tito. The Yugoslav nuclear program was relaunched, including the examination of possibilities for exploiting nuclear energy for military purposes. Yugoslav leaders expected great help from India in this matter, so they undertook efforts to intensify cooperation between the two countries in the field of nuclear energy, and to spread that cooperation to other nonaligned countries. However, Indian assistance, being much less than expected, did not contribute to the Yugoslav nuclear program, which, owing to many weaknesses, produced modest results in civilian research, and did not achieve any success in the military field.

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Ost-Probleme, Nr- 10 / 1967
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Ost-Probleme, Nr- 10 / 1967

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): German Issue: 10/1967

CHAPTERS FROM TABLE OF CONTENT: Greater Legal Certainty required (from: "Sovetskoe gosudarstwo i prawo", Moscow, and others) To the Independence of the Judges (from: " Literaturnaya Gazeta", Moscow, and others) The right of Advocacy (Plea) (from: "Literaturnaya Gazeta", Moscow) Nevertheless - Aggravation of Political Pressure (from: "Vedomosti Verkhovna Sowjeta RSFSR", Moscow) Prison Questions (from: Komsomolskaya pravda, Moscow) Lawlessness of the Workers (from: Literaturnaya Gazeta, Moscow)

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«Ost-Probleme», Nr- 12 / 1967
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«Ost-Probleme», Nr- 12 / 1967

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): German Issue: 12/1967

CHAPTERS FROM TABLE OF CONTENT: The Fourth Writers Congress (from: "Pravda", Moscow, and others) Sholokhov against the freedom of the press (from: "Literaturnaya Gazeta", Moscow) Tasks of literature (from: "Komsomolskaya pravda", Moscow, and others) Not the stars, people are important! (from: Literaturnaya Gazeta, Moscow) Criticism and protest (from: "Woprosy literatury", Moscow, and others) Andrei Voznesensky, "Eternal Russia" (from: "Literaturnaya Rossija", Moscow)

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«Ost-Probleme», Nr- 13 / 1967
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«Ost-Probleme», Nr- 13 / 1967

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): German Issue: 13/1967

CHAPTERS FROM TABLE OF CONTENT: The USSR, Imperialism and the Middle East Crisis (from: "Krasnaya Zveda", Moscow, and others) Dangerous calm before the storm Conspiracy against Syria The "masterminds" of the crisis The 6th Fleet, Israel and Little Rock Middle East conflict and Vietnam May and world politics Correspondents report from Gaza Admonition of the Arabs Moscow's goal in the Middle East: political participation of the Arab communists (from: "Pravda", Moscow) The attitude of the communist countries to the war in the Middle East (from: Pravda, Moscow, and others) Declaration of the USSR of 25 May. Declaration of the USSR of June 5th Opinion of Tito Moscow Declaration of 9 June Declaration of Romania Moscow's New Betrayal of the World Revolution (from "Jen-min jih-pao," Beijing, and others) After the end of the armed conflict (from: "Borba", Zagreb, and others) Causes of defeat Plea for Israel

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«Ost-Probleme», Nr- 14 / 1967
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«Ost-Probleme», Nr- 14 / 1967

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): German Issue: 14/1967

CHAPTERS FROM TABLE OF CONTENT: Guevara's call for the Third World Uprising (from: Granma, Havana) || Castro on the Partisan War in Venezuela (from: "prensa latina", Havana) || The XXI. Congress of the Swedish Communist Party (from: "Rinascita", Rome, and others) || Hermansson's draft of the new program (from: "Norrskens Flamman", Lulea / „Translations of International Communist Developments“, Nr. 954, 20. 3. 1967,)´|| Norway's Communists in crisis (from: "Friheten", Oslo) || KP of Denmark on a lost post (from: "SF-bladet", Copenhagen, and others)

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«Ost-Probleme», Nr- 15 / 1967
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«Ost-Probleme», Nr- 15 / 1967

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): German Issue: 15/1967

CHAPTERS FROM TABLE OF CONTENT: Discussion on Economic Policy (from: "Rudé právo", Prague, and others) Old Mistakes in the New System Eugen Löbl's Criticism Decision of the Central Committee of the ČPC Ota Šik's economic program Reaction and Progress (from: "Pravda", Bratislava, and others) Only the Party is entitled to Criticism Demand for Freedom of Discussion (by Miroslav Kusy) Letter of the Writers to the Party (from: „Mládá fronta“, Prague, Juni 30, 1967) Atheism in Transition (from: "nová mysl" , Prague) Re-foundation of Atheist Training The social Commitment of Philosophy

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«Ost-Probleme», Nr- 17 / 1967
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«Ost-Probleme», Nr- 17 / 1967

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): German Issue: 17/1967

CHAPTERS FROM TABLE OF CONTENT: Party and State in Socialism (by Svetozar Stojanović, from: "Praxis", Zagreb, and others) Etatism - a socialist myth The 7th Plenum of the Central Committee of the BdKJ on the Party The latest phase of economic reform (by Aleksandar Grličkov, from: "Komunist", Belgrade, and others) Participation of foreign capital And what about the workers self-management? (by Ljubisa Ristović) Measures against unemployment Promotion of private crafts (by Milan Škrbić) Fight for a "free" Marxism (by Andrija, Kresić, from: "Socijalizam", Belgrade, and others) Against any "monopoly" Explanation of the "practice" editorial Quarrelsome philosophers (by Gajo Petrović) Criticism from the Soviet Union

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«Ost-Probleme», Nr- 18 / 1967
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«Ost-Probleme», Nr- 18 / 1967

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): German Issue: 18/1967

CHAPTERS FROM TABLE OF CONTENT: THE FORMULA OF "EUROPEAN SECURITY" (results of two conferences on European Security: in Bucharest (July 1966) and Karlovy Vary (April 1967) Disintegration of the Western Community (from: "Sovetskaya Rossiya", Moscow, and others) Advocate of Soviet Europe policy (from: "Trybuna Ludu", Warsaw, and others) Exclusive representation as a civil war theory (from: "Sa rubeshom", Moscow) The basic question of the Munich Agreement (from: "Rudé právo", Prague) Alliance agreement with the GDR against Bonn (from: "Népszabadság", Budapest) What does "Realistic" solution of European questions mean? (from: "Scinteia", Bucharest) Against the continued existence of NATO (from: "Novo vreme", Sofia) Carlsbad in the view of Belgrade (from: "Socijalizam", Belgrade)

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Od internacionalistickej pomoci k pragmatickej spolupráci:  priority československého „expertného poradenstva“ v oblasti vedy a vzdelávania 
pre krajiny Afriky v priebehu 60. a 70. rokov

Od internacionalistickej pomoci k pragmatickej spolupráci: priority československého „expertného poradenstva“ v oblasti vedy a vzdelávania pre krajiny Afriky v priebehu 60. a 70. rokov

Author(s): Barbora Buzássyová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2021

The paper analyses the shifting priorities of the Czechoslovak educational development aid to African countries during the 1960s and 1970s within the context of the global system of UNESCO-sponsored development aid programmes. The primary focus is put on the changes in status and contents of services provided by Czechoslovak experts working at scientific and educational institutions in Africa. Drawing on the concept of “semiperipheral postcoloniality” of Hungarian geographer Zoltán Ginelli, the author interprets the growing tendency towards commercialization of Czechoslovak conceptions of expert service and its closer entanglement with international strategies of development aid as one of the means of convergence between the “Western” and “Eastern” models of development and simultaneously as a possible solution to economic stagnation on the domestic front. The study thus contributes to the current debates about the roles of Eastern European states in the global processes of the Cold War as well as their relations to the “Global South.”

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Soğuk Savaş Dönemi ABD’nin Kıbrıs’ta Komünizm Kaygısı

Soğuk Savaş Dönemi ABD’nin Kıbrıs’ta Komünizm Kaygısı

Author(s): Cemile Şahin,İsmail Şahin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 45/2023

This study aims to analyse the Cyprus policies of the United States of America (USA) during the Cold War. During this period, it was a fact that the USA was highly uncomfortable with the communist organization on the island. In this context, the USA was very concerned about the possibility of AKEL (Progressive Party of the Working People), which had a robust political base on the island, coming to power. In addition, it also followed with concern the Soviet Union’s efforts to establish influence on the island through AKEL. The study discusses these concerns and the steps taken by the USA to resolve them. In the article, the conditions of the Cold War period are analysed in the context of Cyprus using the deductive method. Since the main subject of the study is the USA’s foreign policy, the conditions and concerns of the period are discussed by using mainly American archival documents. Based on the findings, the study concludes that the USA’s policy towards Cyprus was shaped within the framework of Cold War theses.

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Doğu Cephesinde Yeni Bir Şey Yok: Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı Sonrası Avrupa’da Savaş Hazırlıkları

Doğu Cephesinde Yeni Bir Şey Yok: Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı Sonrası Avrupa’da Savaş Hazırlıkları

Author(s): Cemil Sağlam / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Special Is/2023

This article seeks to answer the question of how some European countries prepare their societies for possible wars and crises in the wake of increasing security threats. In the modern era, civilians have also become a part of the war, since the wars have started to affect those behind the frontlines. In response to this, states developed various practices to prepare their people for the devastating effects of war. The activities carried out under the name of Total Defence in many countries during the Cold War years were a product of this understanding and preparations. The applications that were shelved in many countries after the collapse of the Soviet Union have been brought back to the agenda after 2014 especially with the Russian-Ukrainian War and with the preparations of European societies against war and crisis. Based on the claim that these preparations do not carry revolutionary innovations, this study concludes that the threat perception, historical memory, and past collective defence experiences of the countries shape the current practices. The last part of the article evaluates a brief history of the social preparedness of Turkish society in war and crises in terms of the concept of total defence.

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Baltic Sea during the Cold War: Polish-Soviet Maritime Cooperation

Baltic Sea during the Cold War: Polish-Soviet Maritime Cooperation

Author(s): Jerzy Będźmirowski,Miłosz Gac,Jakub Kufel / Language(s): English Issue: 48/2024

The end of hostilities on the European continent brought a hot war to a close but started the Cold War. Differences in the approach to many political and military issues of the future world created a divide among the allies. Each of them wanted to play a dominant role in the new reality. The possession of dreadful new weapons, nuclear weapons, singled out two of the most important “players” in the new world – namely, the United States of America and the Soviet Union. They were quickly identified as “superpowers”. The European continent, battered by World War II, was divided into two almost equal parts (arrangements in Tehran between Great Britain and the USSR, confirmed in Yalta), with the border running through the German territory. The dynamics of political changes in Europe led to the formation of the so-called Treaty of Dunkirk. At that time the Baltic Sea was the lens in which political and military events on the Euro-pean continent focused. When the temperature in the East-West relations was rising, conceptual work began on the use of NATO and Warsaw Pact naval forces in the Baltic Sea. That work was subsequently verified during exercises that both sides conducted in this water region. The Baltic Straits were the proverbial “apple of one’s eye” – controlled by NATO naval forces but craved for by the naval forces of the United Baltic Fleet, seeking to take them over. And that was the most important problem of the Cold War: what to do and how to move the naval forces of the United Baltic Fleet to the North Sea. NATO, on the other hand, contemplated what to do and how to prevent that undertaking from happening. The Warsaw Pact’s concepts included the conquest of the Baltic Straits, occupation of the Jutland Pen-insula, and launch of sea and land operations in the west direction. It was also assumed that NATO naval forces could carry out operations from the sea to the coast of the Polish People’s Republic and to that of the German Democratic Republic. Therefore, those variants were analyzed and exer-cised within the United Baltic Fleet and under the so-called combined forces (land and air).This article has been prepared based on Polish and foreign literature as well as archival materials from the Archives of the Institute of National Remembrance in Gdańsk, the Archives of New Records in Warsaw, and the Naval Archives in Gdynia

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NUCLEAR ANXIETY: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE FILMS, DR. STRANGELOVE AND THE HUNT FOR RED OCTOBER

NUCLEAR ANXIETY: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE FILMS, DR. STRANGELOVE AND THE HUNT FOR RED OCTOBER

Author(s): Engin Deniz Erbaş,Sefa Çeliksap / Language(s): English Issue: 44/2023

Due to the Cuban Missile Crisis between the USA and the USSR in 1962, the nuclear war was closer than ever. This situation thought as the most terrifying result of the Cold War era has also been the subject of film productions. Director Stanley Kubrick, satirically and critically, portrayed the US and Soviet politics of the time in his film Dr. Strangelove Conversely, John McTiernan’s film The Hunt for Red October, released in 1990, presents the politics of that era through American conservative values. These films reflect the policies of the era of unipolar world order, while also shed light on the transition period to a multipolar world order. In 2014, the Russian Federation’s military intervention in the Crimean Federal District marked the beginning of a new era. In the following years, the Russian Federation expanded its military operations into Ukraine’s interior regions, and consequently, this leads to concerns about nuclear threat once again. In this time of nuclear concerns has risen again, it is seen critical evaluate these films in the current context. These films, which present the politics of the era from different perspectives, were analyzed comparatively using a critical discourse analysis method.

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Amerykańska pomoc dla Turcji w latach 1947–1952. Perspektywa turecka

Amerykańska pomoc dla Turcji w latach 1947–1952. Perspektywa turecka

Author(s): Karolina Wanda Olszowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

After the end of World War II, Turkey became an important country in Washington’s Middle East policy. In the event of its conflict with the USSR, Ankara would allow US forces to land in the ports of the southern Anatolia and on the islands of the Greek archi- pelago. It also provided a gateway to the Middle East.Therefore, President Harry S. Truman proposed placing Greece and Turkey under a program of economic and military aid aimed at keeping these countries from falling into the USSR’s sphere of influence. The purpose of this article is to look at American aid in its first years, and to answer the questions: Was it sufficient? How did its size compare with other countries that were covered by it?In the literature, one can find the statement that US material aid to Turkey was sub- stantial and was an important part of relations between the two countries. It reflects the opinion of the US authorities, whose opinion was that it was sufficient. However, Ankara hoped that the financial support would be greater and that it would be allocated to the most pressing needs from its point of view. The size of the support for Turkey and Greece relative to the size of these countries was also a problem, unfavorable to Ankara. However, the overriding US and Western interest was to stop the spread of communism, hence the priority was Greece, where a civil war was underway.

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Zvonimir Stopić, Jure Ramšak, Liang Zhanjun, Jože Pirjevec (editors), CHINA, YUGOSLAVIA AND SOCIALIST WORLDMAKING: CONVERGENCES AND DIVERGENCES

Zvonimir Stopić, Jure Ramšak, Liang Zhanjun, Jože Pirjevec (editors), CHINA, YUGOSLAVIA AND SOCIALIST WORLDMAKING: CONVERGENCES AND DIVERGENCES

Author(s): Luka Savčić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2025

Zvonimir Stopić, Jure Ramšak, Liang Zhanjun, Jože Pirjevec (editors), CHINA, YUGOSLAVIA AND SOCIALIST WORLDMAKING: CONVERGENCES AND DIVERGENCES, Koper: Anales ZRS, 2023, 373.

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Solidarity and Humanism: Ideological Conception of Red Cross in Socialist Yugoslavia During the 1960s and 1970s

Solidarity and Humanism: Ideological Conception of Red Cross in Socialist Yugoslavia During the 1960s and 1970s

Author(s): Pavle Antonijević / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 43/2024

The Red Cross has a rich history, having existed in both capitalist and state-socialist systems, and providing a broad research scope. This paper focuses on the work of the Red Cross in Socialist Yugoslavia, aiming to explore how the organization was perceived within that system. It highlights the significance of the concept of self-management in shaping the organization's mission. The paper further explores the key principles of socialist humanism and solidarity which were the basic conceptual framework guiding the activities of the Red Cross. It also examines how the dominant ideological and political narratives of Socialist Yugoslavia influenced the organization. The main conclusion is that the Red Cross in Socialist Yugoslavia expanded its purpose, aiming to go beyond the limitations of being merely a humanitarian and charitable organization as understood in a capitalist context.

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COLD WAR BELGRADE: PARALLEL REALITIES AND ILLUSION OF POLARIZATION

COLD WAR BELGRADE: PARALLEL REALITIES AND ILLUSION OF POLARIZATION

Author(s): Nikola Samardžić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2013

: Disappearance of great European continental empires during the WW I lefi Eastern Europe in a state that soon proved to be only contemporary. National and social revolutions disturbed seemingly tranquil order and opened new questions that gradually turned discontents and impatience into totalitarian ideologies and movements. Eastern Europe inherited weak institutions, remnants of feudalism and rural poverty, nationalisms, clerical influences and deficiency in modern urban development (Aldcrofi 2006, 3−16). Afier the WW I Eastern Europe became probably the biggest victim of rising totalitarism, for it used empty political, social and ideological space that appeared on the ruins of outdated legitimist order. Зe rise of totalitarism was so powerful that its power was divided to both belligerent sides during WW II. Allies victory over the Axis therefore wasn’t historical defeat of totalitarism, neither general success of democracy.

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TOWN TWINNING IN THE COLD WAR WORLD

TOWN TWINNING IN THE COLD WAR WORLD

Author(s): Kirsi Ahonen / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2013

Town twinning refers to a practice of creating bonds between pairs of towns located in different countries in order to enable interactions between municipalities and townspeople in such fields as culture, education and local development. As an extensive and organized activity, town twinning started in the afiermath of the Second World War to provide material aid to those who had suffered Pom the war and to promote Piendship and mutual understanding between former enemies. Owing to this kind of background, town twinning contained intrinsic potential for transnational interaction and for bridging divides. Yet Pom the 1950s, town twinning started to play a role in the cultural Cold War as one of those means which were used in the competition for cultural and political influence by both blocs. In the West, town twinning with western partners was encouraged in order to reinforce its cultural legacy against communism. Along with this kind of a bonding model of twinning, a so called bridging model appeared as relationships were established between East and West bloc towns. Even though East – West twinning activities obviously were characterized by the Cold War spirit of rivalry, they should not merely be considered Pom the viewpoint of such competition. In accordance with its original idea, town twinning also enabled encounters between people living on the opposite sides of the Iron Curtain and, therefore, the dimension of interaction should not be neglected in the research concerning the Cold War twinning activities.

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