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ZASJEDANJA ZAVNOBiH-a I PRVI USTAV NARODNE REPUBLIKE BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE

Author(s): Denis Bećirović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 12/2013

The historical and legal conditions for the passing of the Constitution of the People’s Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (31st of December 1946) were met by the decisions of the First, Second and Third Session of ZAVNOBiH. Thereby, it is especially significant to emphasize the importance of the First Session of ZAVNOBiH as a historical event on which the representatives of all Bosnian and Herzegovinian peoples laid the foundations of the modern statehood of Bosnia and Herzegovina. During the course of the Liberation war, through ZAVNOBiH, the peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina created their federal unit, which then became, according to the political will of its delegates on the Second Session of AVNOJ, a part of the Democratic Federative Yugoslavia. With the passing of the first constitution of the Peoples Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina its internal organization was defined in accordance with the political and economical circumstances of the time. It was defined as a people’s state of republican character which had sovereign rights. In this way the building of Bosnian and Herzegovinian statehood was finished so we can claim that from the 31st of December 1946 it existed and functioned as a state organization. It had a number of features of a state: borders, internal government structure, constitution, laws, etc. Also Bosnia and Herzegovina had certain traditional characteristics of statehood, such as the flag, coat of arms, anthem and a capital city. Thereby, we must not let out of sight the fact that Bosnia and Herzegovina was, according to the will of its representatives, within the common state of Yugoslavia. The sovereignty and statehood of the Peoples Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was limited by the sovereignty of the federal state. These were sovereign rights which the Peoples Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina transferred to the FPRY, considering that it was an integral part of a unified social and economic political system of the AVNOJ Yugoslavia.

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ZAVNOBiH I DRŽAVNOPRAVNI KAPACITET BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE

Author(s): Mustafa Imamović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 12/2013

The founding of ZAVNOBiH under the conditions of the people’s liberation war represented a historically logical and legally completely legitimate act as an expression of the constitutional continuation and political integrity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This identity was built on the continuity of the representation of Bosnia and Herzegovina as an enduring historical community. After the dissolution of the Socialist Yugoslavia, along with the enormous war tragedy and crimes, Bosnia and Herzegovina survived politically as a historical community, a territorial and constitutional term. The international recognition of Bosnia and Herzegovina as an independent state at the beginning of 1992 within the borders which it had as a central federal unit, i.e. the republic of former Yugoslavia is exactly based on ZAVNOBiH, its grounds and legitimacy. The Arbitration commission of the European Union (the so called Badinter’s commission), which evaluated the conditions for the acknowledgment of the independence of former Yugoslav republics, issued on the 11th January 1992 an opinion based on which the Council of Ministers of EU on a meeting in Bruxelles on the 6th April 1992 recognized Bosnia and Herzegovina as an independent state. Thus Bosnia and Herzegovina gained its independence in 1992 on the tradition of the anti-fascist movement, its struggle and victory, i.e. its state-forming solutions and dissolutions during and after the Second World War.

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„Es ist noch nicht vorbei, wir bleiben deutsch und treu“ - Nationalsozialismus und Postnazismus in der Fernsehkabarettsendung Das Zeitventil

Author(s): Eva Waibel / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2014

The Austrian television cabaret show Das Zeitventil was produced from 1963 to 1968 by the national Austrian Broadcasting Company under the artistic direction of the cabaret artist and musician Gerhard Bronner. The show saw itself as a decidedly political cabaret and expressed in numerous sketches and chansons its critique on current political events and social developments. In different contexts it also dealt with the issues antisemitism, National Socialism and the Holocaust in post-Nazi Austrian society, which was very progressive and unusual during this period of time in Austria. With reference to current socio-political events and media debates taboo subjects of the Second Republic were portrayed with the means of satire and parody: the failed denazification after 1945 and the consequent continuing effects of a widespread antisemitic Nazi ideology in Austria. The comedians parodied politicians who advocated for the amnesty and the concerns of former Nazis, caricatured German national and antisemitic individuals and organisations, themed the failed denazification and debunked antisemitic resentments and trivialisations of the Holocaust. However, the focus of the cabaret was, as selected examples will show, less on a confrontation with Nazi crimes, in particular the mass murder of the European Jews, but rather in demonstrating personnel continuities of former Nazis and their unwavering Nazi sentiments.

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„A Naye Yidishe Heym in Nidershlezye“ - Polnische Shoah-Überlebende in Wrocław (1945–1949). Eine Fallstudie

Author(s): Katharina Friedla / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2014

Heavy fighting around ‚fortress Breslau’ resulted in the German surrender on May 6, 1945 and almost completely destroyed the city. The following three years saw the ‚relocation’ of the city’s entire German population to the West. It was the beginning of the city’s great transfer period, which inevitably caused the losses of homes and identity crises: it included the ‚resettlement‘ of the German inhabitants, the settlement of Poles, the forced resettlement of the Ukrainian population, the expulsion of the returned members of the German-Jewish community as well as the directed settlement of Polish Shoah survivors. Breslau became Wrocław: the city was rid of German traces, utterly Polonized and, together with the entire area of Lower Silesia, celebrated as a „recovered territory“. The Polish settlers who surged into the city immediately after the end of the war, including Polish Jewish survivors, were supposed to find a new home there. This proved to be too great a challenge under the circumstances of the immediate post-war era: Wrocław was immersed in chaos and destruction, the presence of its German inhabitants was still apparent throughout the city (at least until 1948), the reorganization of the Polish state structures as well as the political consolidation of power was only just underway. Moreover, other factors also contributed to the demolition of initial prospects that Jewish life would be established in post-war Poland. This contribution aimed to analyse and illuminate these factors at hand of the example of Wrocław.

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The Path to the Holocaust - Fascism and Antisemitism in Interwar Romania

Author(s): Raul Cârstocea / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

This article outlines the principal directions of my research: It focuses on the interplay of antisemitism and fascism in the ideology of the legionary movement in interwar Romania as well as on the virtual consensus on antisemitism that was established in the 1930s as a result of the support for the movement received from most of the representatives of the ‘new generation’ of Romanian intellectuals. This consensus was pivotal in desensitising the general population towards the plight of Romanian Jews and making it possible for the discriminatory measures to gradually escalate into outright policies of extermination. Thus my research demonstrates the responsibility held by the legionary movement even though they were not directly involved in the Romanian wartime Holocaust perpetrated by the Antonescu regime: The legionary movement nevertheless promoted an antisemitic discourse that was much more extreme than that of all its predecessors and contemporaries, advocating a radical exclusion with genocidal overtones. Moreover, while being as ideological and abstract as its Nazi counterpart, legionary antisemitism posited religion rather than race as the basis for the exclusion of the Jews in line with the ideology of a movement that presented itself as ‘spiritual’ and ‘Christian’. The legionary exclusion based on religion proved as violent and murderous as the one based on race, both before and during the movement‘s time in power. As such, the evidence from the Romanian case study can serve to nuance and even challenge existing interpretations that identify only racist antisemitism as genocidal.

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Geschätzt und gescholten - Benjamin Murmelstein in Wien 1938 –1943

Author(s): Leonard Ehrlich / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2014

Between June 1938 and his deportation to Theresienstadt in January 1943, Dr. Benjamin Murmelstein acted as the right hand man of Dr. Josef Löwenherz, the head of the Jewish Community in Vienna. Both Murmelstein as a person and the manner in which he executed his office were regarded with some controversy during this time. Murmelstein’s bad reputation even remained with him in Theresienstadt; it also affected post-war writings, including those of highly respected researchers. The negative assessment of the two Viennese officials essentially applies to the actions of the Jewish Councils in general. Research into the situation in which Murmelstein and Löwenherz had to execute their offices, into the choices that were available to them even in the darkness of ideologically determined hatred of the Jews and into what they were able to achieve in the interests of the Jews despite the indomitable pressure upon them reveal a different picture of Murmelstein and Löwenherz: their bad reputation is shown to be a distortion.

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NS-Gerichtsverfahren in den USA - Die Arbeit der Dienststelle für Sonderermittlungen des US-Justizministeriums, 1978–2010

Author(s): Peter Black / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2014

During the first two decades following the Second World War, hundreds of thousands of migrants arrived in the United States of America from all parts of Europe, many of them having fled the Soviet occupation. Several hundred had been in service to Nazi Germany or other powers in league with the Third Reich before 1945: as state ministers, administrative officers of the German occupational forces, adjunct policemen or as guards at the concentration camps and extermination camps. In the late 1970s, the US Department of Justice established an Office for Special Investigations. It was their task to investigate alleged Nazi perpetrators, and, if applicable, to prosecute them for violation of the US immigration and naturalization laws. Their efforts resulted in the deportation from the United States of America of more than a hundred of these persons. Peter Black recounted the story of this office from an insider’s point of view. Beginning with an explanation of the problem of competence, he explained why it took so long for these cases to be initiated, and how it was possible that decades passed between the initiation of a deportation case and the actual deportation. He then went on to analyse a range of cases, described the required evidence and finally presented a discussion of selected individual cases.

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Bandera, masowa przemoc i odpowiedzialność. Czy Stepan Bandera był odpowiedzialny za zbrodnie popełnione przez OUN i UPA?

Author(s): Grzegorz Rossolinski-Liebe / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2019

Stepan Bandera’s responsibility for crimes committed by the members of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), partisans of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), and also nationalists dedicated to him, who fought in other formations, has been discussed in academic debates and instrumentalized in political discourses. When some authors claim that Bandera was fully responsible for all kinds of crimes committed by the OUN and UPA, other argue that he cannot be responsible for these crimes because he was not directly involved in their execution or he was not in Ukraine when they were done. The article presents different kinds of crimes and massacres committed on Bandera’s order or by devoted to him actors, and explains to which extend and in which sense Bandera was responsible for them.

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Alceo Valcini: un testimone della storia polacca negli anni a cavallo del secondo conflitto mondiale (1933-1946)

Author(s): Luca Bernardini / Language(s): Italian Issue: 10/2019

Alceo Valcini was the Warsaw-based correspondent for the Italian daily “Corriere della Sera” during the years 1933-1946. Valcini encountered great difficulties with the editor-in-chief of the newspaper, Aldo Borelli, who was not interested in following the political life of Poland except for Poland’s clashes with the Soviet Union. Valcini managed to publish his articles as long as they stressed the influence of Mussolini’s fascism on Polish political life or if they dealt with Soviet political interference in Central Europe. Valcini was to be replaced by another journalist as correspondent from Warsaw because of his own pro-Polish views and scarce enthusiasm for the aggressive stances of Nazi Germany towards Czechoslovakia and Poland, but he nevertheless managed to witness Hitler’s aggression against Poland. His stories were the first accounts of German persecution of the Polish Jews and Warsaw’s civil population, although they had no chance of publication on the pages of the increasingly pro-Nazi “Corriere della Sera”. Valcini took notice of everything that happened in Poland between the outbreak of the war and the end of July 1944. In 1945, Valcini collected his memoirs in a publication entitled The Calvary of Warsaw, in which he gave a graphic account of life in the city under German occupation. Valcini witnessed to the uprising in the Jewish Ghetto and to the activities of the Polish Secret State. His book was translated into Polish in 1970, after having undergone heavy editing, possibly as a result of intervention by the Communist censors. In any event, Valcini turned out to be one of the very few Italian journalists who – in writing about World War II and the Nazi occupation of Poland – did not fall prey to Goebbel’s Propagandaministerium, unlike the much more celebrated reporter Indro Montanelli.

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Jan Karski e Raphael Lemkin: la coscienza del genocidio

Author(s): Marcello Flores / Language(s): Italian Issue: 5/2014

Le vite di Jan Karski e Raphael Lemkin si incrociano e si sovrappongono – senza incontrarsi – nel triennio 1941-1944. Mentre il nome del primo venne progressivamente dimenticato, fino alla rinascita di interesse per la sua figura alla fine del Novecento e in questo secolo, il secondo divenne il centro di una battaglia culturale, politica e giuridica che condusse all’approvazione della Convenzione per la prevenzione e la punizione del crimine di genocidio, ma anch’egli è tornato all’attenzione degli studiosi nello stesso periodo, quando, cioè, gli studi sulla Shoah avevano ormai influenzato potentemente la visione della storia del XX secolo e si erano intrecciati con i nuovi studi sui genocidi in corso da circa un ventennio.

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La memoria resuscitata. Il programma “Karski: una missione incompiuta” (2010-2014)

Author(s): Ewa Wierzyńska / Language(s): Italian Issue: 5/2014

La memoria collettiva è un fenomeno strano, soggetto a disturbi sorprendenti, tra cui Alzheimer politici o amnesie sciovinistiche. Potrei sicuramente proseguire con la metafora, visto che la memoria della Seconda guerra mondiale in Polonia sembra essere colpita da diverse patologie di questo tipo. Peraltro, almeno da questo punto di vista, la Polonia non è certo isolata. Spero pertanto che il tentativo di inserire la vicenda di Jan Karski nella narrazione popolare della guerra possa servire d’esempio anche ad altre nazioni o popoli alle prese con problemi analoghi nel raccontare la propria storia.

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Shoah (Sterminio)

Author(s): Jan Karski / Language(s): Italian Issue: 5/2014

Ametà ottobre di quest’anno [1985, N.d.T.] sono stato invitato ad assistere a una proiezione riservata del film Shoah, assieme ad altre persone: il monsignor George Higgins, professore di teologia cattolica, Richard Davies, ex ambasciatore degli Stati Uniti a Varsavia, sincero amico dei polacchi, e Abraham Bumberg, apprezzato scrittore, anche lui simpatizzante della Polonia. Il film dura oltre nove ore. Non vi sono attori, ma solo interviste con le vittime dell’inferno dell’Olocausto, con i suoi diretti carnefici o con i testimoni oculari. Vengono mostrati anche documenti originali e rapporti tedeschi. Alcune interviste (con i tedeschi) sono state filmate di nascosto. Vengono anche mostrati i lager, le camere a gas, i villaggi e le cittadine che si trovavano nei pressi dei campi, sia come apparivano durante la guerra, sia nel loro stato attuale.

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Martin Lohmann: Alpenblick hinter Stacheldraht. Das polnische Offiziersgefangenenlager VII A in Murnau 1939-1945

Author(s): Heribert Macher-Kroisenbrunner / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2020

Review of: Heribert Macher-Kroisenbrunner - Martin Lohmann: Alpenblick hinter Stacheldraht. Das polnische Offiziersgefangenenlager VII A in Murnau 1939-1945. (Schriften des Historischen Vereins Murnau am Staffelsee e.V., Bd. 31.) Allitera Verlag. München 2017. 400 S., graph. Darst. ISBN 978-3-86906-981-4. (€ 29,90.)

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Peter Hallama: Nationale Helden und jüdische Opfer. Tschechische Repräsentationen des Holocaust. (Schnittstellen, Bd. 1.)

Author(s): Milan Řepa / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2019

Review of: Milan Řepa - Peter Hallama: Nationale Helden und jüdische Opfer. Tschechische Repräsentationen des Holocaust. (Schnittstellen, Bd. 1.) Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Göttingen 2015. 368 S., Ill. ISBN 978-3-525-30073-2. (€ 64,99.)

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Stephan Lehnstaedt: Imperiale Polenpolitik in den Weltkriegen. Eine vergleichende Studie zu den Mittelmächten und zu NS-Deutschland

Author(s): Ralph Schattkowsky / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2018

Review of: Stephan Lehnstaedt: Imperiale Polenpolitik in den Weltkriegen. Eine vergleichende Studie zu den Mittelmächten und zu NS-Deutschland. (Einzelveröffentlichungen des Deutschen Historischen Instituts Warschau, Bd. 36.) fibre. Osnabrück 2017. 527 S., Ill. ISBN 978-3-944870-57-1. (€ 48,–.). Reviewed by Ralph Schattkowsky.

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Ivo Andrić i pacifizam

Author(s): Miran Todorović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 77-78/2020

Pacifizam, iako utjecajan u određenim povijesnim razdobljima, ostaje do danas nedovoljno istražen pojam u znanstvenim istraživanjima. Iako su zadnjih godina zabilježeni određeni pomaci u pozitivnom smjeru, još uvijek izgleda kao da je veliki potencijal ove teme ostao nezapažen praktički u svim područjima humanističkih i društvenih znanosti – od povijesti, sociologije, politologije, sve do kulturoloških studija i znanosti o književnosti. Jednostavna pretraga Hrvatske znanstvene bibliografije CROSBI pokazuje tek 11 radova vezanih uz pojam pacifizma u rasponu od 1990. do 2019. godine. Neprepoznatost njene vrijednosti je jedan mogući razlog neistraženosti te teme, a drugi bi razlog mogao biti njeno svjesno zanemarivanje zbog netočne pretpostavke da u njoj nema dovoljno materijala za istraživanje. Da to nije tako pokazale su studije izašle u 2015. godini koje pokazuju bogat, neki bi rekli i nedovoljno prepoznat, antiratni i mirovni angažman u Hrvatskoj i regiji za vrijeme prije, tijekom i neposredno nakon Domovinskog rata i rata u Bosni i Hercegovini. Također je vrlo poznata činjenica da su se brojni glazbenici, umjetnici i pisci u svojim djelima i nastupima strogo protivili ratu i isticali njegove posljedice. Svejedno, znanstvena istraživanja koja bi potvrdila te prakse su rijetkost i zato vrijedi spomenuti navedene studije iz 2015. godine: riječ je o knjizi Borile smo se za vazduh Bojana Bilića i zborniku radova Opiranje zlu u uredništvu Vesne Janković i Bojana Bilića. Ti su izvori važni iz razloga što ne samo da su prvi koji specifično istražuju pacifističke prakse (u smislu da im je to primarni cilj, a ne usputni podatak) na ovim geografskim prostorima, nego i zato što predstavljaju primjer internacionalne i znanstvene suradnje među mladim znanstvenicima, od kojih većina radi i djeluje u inozemstvu, što može biti jedna od mnogo poražavajućih činjenica današnjega stanja u društvu ako je razlog iseljavanja nemogućnost mladih perspektivnih ljudi da svoje potencijale iskoriste u svojim domicilnim zemljama. Internacionalni pristup se pokazao izrazito plodonosan za područje pacifizma koje i samo po svojim principima ne dozvoljava nikakva ograničenja ni usustavljivanja po ikakvim nacionalnim ili klasnim osnovama.

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Johannes-Dieter Steinert, Deportation und Zwangsarbeit. Polnische und sowjetische Kinder im nationalsozialistischen Deutschland und im besetzten Osteuropa 1939-1945

Author(s): Ursula Reuter / Language(s): German Issue: 3/2017

Review of: Johannes-Dieter S t e i n e r t : Deportation und Zwangsarbeit. Polnische und sowjetische Kinder im nationalsozialistischen Deutschland und im besetzten Osteuropa 1939-1945. Klartext. Essen 2013. 306 S. ISBN 978-3-8375-0896-3. (€ 29,95). Reviewed by Ursula Reuter.

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Bella Gutterman, Fighting for Her People. Zivia Lubetkin, 1914-1978

Author(s): Klaus-Peter Friedrich / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2017

Review of: Bella Gutterman, Fighting for Her People. Zivia Lubetkin, 1914-1978. Yad Vashem. Jerusalem 2014. 533 S., Ill. ISBN 978-965-308-487-2 ($ 43,50.). Reviewed by Klaus-Peter Friedrich.

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Imke Hansen, Katrin Steffen und Joachim Tauber (Hrsg.), Lebenswelt Ghetto. Alltag und soziales Umfeld während der nationalsozialistischen Verfolgung

Author(s): Klaus-Peter Friedrich / Language(s): German Issue: 3/2015

Review of: Lebenswelt Ghetto. Alltag und soziales Umfeld während der nationalsozialistischen Verfolgung. Hrsg. von Imke Hansen , Katrin Steffen und Joachim Tauber . (Veröffentlichungen des Nordost-Instituts, Bd. 18.) Harrassowitz. Wiesbaden 2013. 388 S., Ill., Kt. ISBN 978-3-447-06882-6. (€ 34,–.). Reviewed by Klaus-Peter Friedrich.

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Susanne Heim u.a. (Hrsg.), Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland 1933-1945. Bd. 3: Deutsches Reich und Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren, September 1939 bis September 1941

Author(s): Tatjana Tönsmeyer / Language(s): German Issue: 3/2014

Review of: Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland 1933-1945. Bd. 3: Deutsches Reich und Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren, September 1939 bis September 1941. Bearb. von Andrea L ö w . Hrsg. von Susanne H e i m , Ulrich H e r b e r t , Hans-Dieter K r e i k a m p , Horst M ö l l e r , Gertrud P i c k h a n , Dieter P o h l , Hartmut W e b e r und Andreas W i r s c h i n g . Oldenbourg. München 2012. 796 S., Kt. ISBN 978-3-486-58524-7. (€ 60,–.). Reviewed by Tatjana Tönsmeyer.

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