БКП и македонският въпрос след Втората световна война. Разпадане на бежанските организации

Author(s): Aleksandar Grebenarov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2013

The paper deals with a morbid topic of the history connected with the betrayal of the Bulgarian Communist Party regarding the Macedonian Bulgarians. After the autumn of 1944, in its capacity of ruling party, it obeys the pressure of Kremlin for rapprochement and establishment of federation with Yugoslavia. The Bulgarian Communist Party adopts without reservations Macedonian state ideology, propagandizing the doctrines for „Macedonian” nation, language and culture. The governing party applies various violent methods for estrangement of the Macedonian Bulgarians by violating their dignity, honour and liberty. This „unique” politics on the Balkans aiming at changing the truth about the nationality of the Bulgarian population in Macedonia, its traditions and ideals, remains unchanged until the beginning of the 60s of the 20th c.

За евреите и антисемитизма в Средна Европа

Author(s): Radoslav Mishev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2013

Alterity and identity: Romanian-Swedish mutual perceptions during The Second World War

Author(s): Andreea Dahlquist / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The geographic distance between Romania and Sweden influenced the creation of mutual imaginary. However, it wasn't until the beginning of the 20th century that inhabitants of the two nations were interested in discovering each other. Therefore, Romanian-Swedish mutual impressions were mostly based on the accounts of tourists who had visited both nations. During the interwar era, direct contact between Romanians and Swedes was infrequent. The news about Romania was disseminated by the Swedish press, which played a significant part in the formation of hostile sentiments. On the other side, the Romanian diplomats who ran the Stockholm-based Legation had nothing but admiration for Swedish society. During the Second World War, the situation improved as more Romanian and Swedish intellectuals traveled to Scandinavia and the Balkans. However, these interactions did not alter how Romanians and Swedes viewed one another.

Italian cultural policies in Romania: From fascism to communism, 1943-1950

Author(s): Stefano Santoro / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2022

This article examines the Italian cultural policies in Romania between 1943 and 1950, from the end of the Italian Fascist regime to the beginning of the harshest phase of the Cold War, considering the different cultural and educational institutions operating on the territory, from the Institute of Italian Culture to the primary schools. Despite all the difficulties represented by the war and the political-institutional upheavals which affected both countries, Italy still attempted to preserve its significant cultural presence in Romania even in the profoundly changed post-war context: the reality of the Cold War, however, put an end to this project.

Guvernarea românească în Transnistria

Author(s): Radu Florian Bruja / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2022

Review ofç Vladimir Solonari, Imperiul-satelit. Guvernarea românească în Transnistria, 1941-1944, traducere din engleză de Andrei Pogăciaș, Humanitas, București, 2021, 398 p.

A Microcosmos of Fascism in the Age of Genocide. German Nazis, Croatian Ustašas, and the Hungarian Arrow Cross in the City of Osijek

Author(s): Lovro Kralj / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

By combining microhistorical and regional approaches with theoretical findings from fascism, Holocaust, and genocide studies, this chapter examines the interaction between the Nazi, Ustaša and Arrow Cross movements in the city of Osijek. By analyzing the ideologies and praxis of the three fascist movements, this paper demonstrates that the future they wanted to build remained vague, contested, and contradictory despite many shared goals and enemies. Instead of bringing the three fascist movements together, antisemitism became a tool of competitive nation-building which contributed to the failure to create a genuinely transnational fascist front in a single city. Determining the pace of genocidal destruction became an instrument in the competitive fascist-elite-building. By relying on the concept of “genocidal consolidation”, this chapter argues that the Holocaust in Osijek became one of the primary means in the attempted consolidation of power by one fascist group at the expense of the other. Attempts to neutralize rival fascist elites in the struggle for political dominance on the regional level brought unintended consequences of significantly delaying the deportations of Jews of Osijek compared to the cities in the Independent State of Croatia.

A.C. Cuza, the Jews, and the Struggle against Satan

Author(s): Ana Bărbulescu / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2022

The present study aims at offering an analysis of A.C. Cuza’s antisemitic discourse and of the solutions he identified for the solving of what he called the “Jewish problem”. Moreover, by analyzing the anti-Jewish rhetoric brought forward by A.C. Cuza and its dynamics in time, my purpose is to prove that the legal measures implemented by A.C. Cuza after he came to power in late 1937 were no result of a political conjunction, but the materialization of a political project he had been struggling for during half a century.

Catastrophe and Utopia. Jewish Intellectuals in Central and Eastern Europe in the 1930s and 1940s. Hrsg. von Ferenc Laczó und Joachim von Puttkamer

Author(s): Tatsiana Astrouskaya / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

Review of: Catastrophe and Utopia. Jewish Intellectuals in Central and Eastern Europe in the 1930s and 1940s. Hrsg. von Ferenc Laczó und Joachim von Puttkamer. (Europas Osten im 20. Jahrhundert, Bd. 7.) De Gruyter. Berlin – Boston 2017. VIII, 355 S. ISBN 978-3-11-055543-1. (€ 49,95.)

Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland 1933–1945. Bd. 15: Ungarn 1944–1945. Hrsg. von Regina Fritz

Author(s): Beáta Márkus / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2022

Review of: Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland 1933–1945. Bd. 15: Ungarn 1944–1945. Hrsg. von Regina Fritz. De Gruyter Oldenbourg. Berlin – Boston 2021. 850 S. ISBN 978-3-11-0365002-8. (€ 59,95.)

Carola Neher — zapomniana ofiara Wielkiego Terroru

Author(s): Aurelia Kotkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2022

Aurelia Kotkiewicz’s article is devoted to the tragic story of Carola Neher’s life. Carola Neher was an extraordinary German actress and a close associate of Bertolt Brecht. In the 1930s, she escaped from the Nazi regime to the Soviet Union, there to become one of the victims of the Great Terror. The fate of Carola Neher was the inspiration for an exhibition put up by the International Memorial Society in 2017 called “Carola Neher’s Theater of Life” and for the theatrical spectacle Memoria, staged by the Меyerhold Center in Moscow and directed by Anastasia Patlai.

Being “Local” in Eastern Slovakia: Belonging in a Multiethnic Periphery

Author(s): Hana Kubátová,Monika Vrzgulová / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2023

Focusing on coexistence in towns and villages of the former Šariš Zemplín County during World War II, our article exposes the shifting meanings assigned to belonging in what was a multiethnic borderland region and an economic periphery. Informed by works on community construction and meaning, we understand “locals” as being formed by diverse and at times conflicting social experiences that are nevertheless rooted in the same physical environment. We draw on late witness testimonies by Jewish survivors and Gentile neighbors to investigate the roles of public and private spaces in how a sense of community was revoked. Since the redrawing of boundaries was made into a public concern in the 1930s, the redefining of “locals” along ethnoreligious lines had a deep situational dimension, with local norms and experiences shaping the ousting of the Jews from what was historically a shared space. We conclude by discussing the theoretical and methodological implications of our research for writing integrated histories of the Holocaust, mindful of relationships between people, objects, but also places.

Late Bystander Testimonies in East Galicia: Between Memory, Identity, and Loyalties

Author(s): Anna Wylegała / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2023

This article examines the advantages and limits of late non-Jewish witness testimonies in Holocaust research. Grounding my conclusions in more than 150 biographical interviews conducted in small communities of contemporary Western Ukraine (historically Eastern Galicia) in 2017–2019, I dwell on the specificity of such sources and offer guidelines on how to work with them. As I show, late witness testimonies typically consist of multiple layers that can only be understood when analyzed within the wider life story of the interviewee, and when read against a deep knowledge of local history. When following these introduced guidelines, late non-Jewish witness interviews can be an extremely valuable source, especially for rural communities where no Jewish testimonies are available. This source allows us to further examine the complexity of identity and belonging, estrangement and intimacy, in ethnically mixed communities during World War II and immediately after, but also memories of the nonexisting world today

Are Your Hands Covered in Jewish Blood? Jewish Red Army Soldiers Encountering the Aftermath of the Holocaust in the Soviet Union

Author(s): Anna Shternshis / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2023

Soldiers and officers of the Red Army were among the first military personnel to encounter the destruction of the Ukrainian and Belarussian Jewish communities late in World War II. A significant proportion of the hundreds of thousands of Jews who served in the Red Army between 1943 and 1945 learned of the deaths of their own family members while they were in active duty. By examining the historical details and literary conventions of a small number of autobiographies and oral history interviews, the chapter discusses the range of reactions of these combatants to the destruction of their communities, from immediate retaliation to working with Soviet authorities to identify and convict collaborators. In addition, the chapter examines how a narrator’s current country of residence appears to influence the framing of his memoir.

Statistické modely ve výzkumu holokaustu

Author(s): Tomáš Jelínek,Tomáš Fedorovič,Štěpán Jurajda,Matěj Bělín / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2022

This interdisciplinary article demonstrates the wide-ranging possibilities of the use of quantitative methods in historical research, specifically in the study of the Holocaust in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. The authors present the first results of their research focused on the Jewish prisoners of the Theresienstadt ghetto, in which they applied multivariate statistical models to analyse the unique database of Theresienstadt prisoners, the basis of which is the Terezín Memorial Book (Terezínská pamětní kniha), created by historian Miroslav Kárný (1919–2001). They first introduce some examples of these innovative approaches, which have only appeared in Western historiography in the last two decades. They then present the prisoner databases maintained by the Terezín Initiative Institute (Institut Terezínské iniciativy), which they believe still hold great research potential for new statistical methods, especially in the context of their digitisation. The methods can help not only to verify certain historical narratives or filter out the influence of factors that distort the results of the historical analysis, but they also bring completely new insights to these narratives. At its core, the article shows how the influence of socialties on the survival of prisoners from the Theresienstadt transports who were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau can be assessed using statistical models, which include multiple parameters such as sex, age, nationality, occupation, length of stay inTheresienstadt, and their time of assignment to a transport. As a suitable sample for testing the hypothesis of the significance of these ties for survival, the authors process a database of prisoners who passed through the Lípa labour camp near Německý Brod before arriving at Theresienstadt. They verify their hypothesis by performing the analysis, quantifying the effect of social ties in relation to other variables. At the same time, they refute another hypothesis, anchored in prisoner memories, regarding discrimination against certain groups of prisoners when they were assigned to transports to the East. The article includes two appendices that demonstrate, with the help of graphs, how the risk of death of Jewish prisoners at Theresienstadt depended on specific factors and also illustrate the use of a logistic proportional hazards model.

Kmen s mnoha planými výhonky

Author(s): Šimona Löwensteinová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2022

The book by historian Jan Rataj and political scientists Miloš Dlouhý and Antonín Háka entitled "Proti systému! Český radikální konzervativismus, fašismus a nacionální socialismus 20. a 21. století" [Against the System! Czech Radical Conservatism, Fascism and National Socialism in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries] comprehensively discusses the multifaceted phenomenon of the extreme political right in Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic from 1918 to the present. In the first part, the authors cover the period of the First and Second Czechoslovak Republics, the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and the wartime Slovak Republic. The period of the renewed Czechoslovak and Czech democracy, since the early1990s, is examined in the second part with an emphasis on the developments in the twenty-first century. Despite some differences in the method of treatment and the temporal discontinuity of the two parts, the book, according to the reviewer, is a successful summary of the issues. It analyses the attitudes these ideological trends and political movements maintain towards the liberal-democratic establishment, and it outlines their (common or different) features and continuities. The reviewer agrees with the assessment that, with the exception of the years from 1938 to 1945, the Czech radical-right scene was fragmented and marginal, but she also draws attention to the danger that in other historical constellations the same anti-systemic forces could have gained much greater influence and that they can still draw on the defects of today’s democracy.

MUSSOLINI ÎN SALA DE CLASĂ: PROPAGANDĂ FASCISTĂ ÎN ȘCOLILE ITALIENE DIN ROMÂNIA INTERBELICĂ (1922–1940)

Author(s): Georgiana Țăranu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 25/2022

Mussolini’s Italy was interested in promoting the image of a great power and in exporting the Fascist ideology abroad, both in areas where there were communities of Italian emigrants, as well as in those that fell within the wider sphere of its strategic, regional interest. Romania fell into both categories: not only it also hosted small communities of Italians, but it was one of the states that figured for a time in the geopolitical vision of dictator Benito Mussolini as a possible ally to be evaded from French influence and turned towards Rome. Thus, the Fascist propaganda, carefully directed by the regime, was present in interwar Romania, especially in the second half of the 1930s, not only in the capital, but also in the territory. It used all the means at its disposal, but especially the cultural ones, given that political and diplomatic relations between the two states had a sinuous course, without any notable progress in the 1930s. In this context, the Italian schools in Romania became one of the essential levers through which Rome’s agents tried to project the image of a strong state and an attractive regime at a local level, infusing all courses and educational activities with elements of Fascist propaganda. By focusing on the careful selection of students and their results, on the way of teaching the Italian language, on the organization of the students’ free time after the fascist model and on extracurricular activities, the Italian schools have established themselves at the time as educational institutions attractive not only to Italians, but also for other inhabitants of the cities in which they operated. They thus became small tools of Fascist propaganda organized by Mussolini’s Italy in Southeast Europe in the second half of the 1930s.

L’univers concentrationnaire en Roumanie: 1945-1964 Rétrospective d’édition, 1990-1995

Author(s): Flori Stănescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 13-14/1997

Depuis 1990, le lecteur roumain a la possibilité de se documenter sur le système concentrationnaire roumain, une réalité occultée et/ou idéologiquement déformée par le régime communiste. L’espace concentrationnaire, sujet tabou dans les régimes communistes, était, à la fois, une réalité appartenant à des milliers des Roumains, dont de nombreux vivent encore, et un fragment de notre réalité commune. Livres de mémoires, journaux, essais, romans, ou bien analyses historiques, les livres de cette réalité constituent une importante source de documentation pour les historiens, les sociologues ou les anthropologues qui se préoccupent au système totalitaire. Les auteurs de ces livres, anciens détenus politiques ou analystes du phénomène, discutent la manière dont la société roumaine d’après 1945 a été violemment privée de ses droits. La politique d’instauration du communisme en Roumanie a culminé par ce qui allait être nommé le Goulag roumain. Notre rétrospective présente un répertoire des volumes, par ordre de la parution et alphabétiquement. Nous prions les maisons d’édition et les auteurs qui publient des ouvrages concernant l’univers concentrationnaire de Roumanie de nous envoyer leurs volumes pour des recensions.

Recenzii

Author(s): Viola Vancea,Dumitru Șandru,Ovidiu Bozgan,Dan Cătănuş,Flori Stănescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/1997

Reviews of: 1. Dumitru Țepeneag, Un român la Paris. Pagini de jurnal (1970-1972), Editura Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, colecția Remember, 1993. 2. Radu Lecca, Eu i-am salvat pe evreii din România, prefață de Dr. Dan Zamfirescu, București, Editura Roza Vânturilor, 1994 (Ediție îngrijită, studiu introductiv și note de Alexandru V. Diță) 3. Thomas Schreiber, Enver Hodja. Le sultan rouge, Editions Jean-Claude Lattes, Paris, 1994. 4. Ion Șișcanu, Uniunea Sovietică-România. 1940. (Tratative în cadrul comisiilor mixte). Editura Arc, Chișinău, 1995. 5. Petre Baicu, Povestiri din închisori și lagăre, Biblioteca Revistei Familia Oradea, 1995. 6. Dumitru Gh. Bordeianu,A Mărturisiri din mlaștina disperam, (cele văzute, trăite și suferite la Pitești și Gherla), Ediția a ll-a, îngrijită de prof. Marcel Petrișor, Notă finală de Horia Sima, volumul I, Pitești, Editura Gama, București, 1995. 7. Dumitru Gh. Bordeianu, Mărturisiri din mlaștina disperării, Volumul II, Gherla, Ediția a ll-a îngrijită de prof. Marcel Petrișor, Editura Gama, București, 1995. 8. Cartea Albă privind lupta ' anticomunistă a fiilor Gorjului, lucrare coordonată și îngrijită și Prefață de Nicolae Stirosu, Cuvânt înainte de Ștefan Geamănu, Arhiva Asociației Foștilor Deținuți Politici - filiala Gorj, Editura Vlaros, Craiova, 1995. 9. Nicolae Goga, Triunghiul morții. Amintiri din Baia Sprie. 1950-1952, Editura Marineasa, Timișoara, 1995.

Recenzii

Author(s): Paul Caravia,Dumitru Șandru,Mircea Stănescu,Claudiu Degeratu,Dan Cătănuş,Alina Tudor,Flori Stănescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/1995

Reviews of: 1. Jean-François Revel, Revirimentul democrației, traducerea de Dan C. Mihăilescu Editura Humanitas, București, 1995. 2. Instaurarea comunismului - între rezistență și represiune. Comunicări prezentate la Simpozionul de la Sighetu Marmației (9-11 iunie 1995) Fundația Academia Civică, 1995. 3. David B. Funderburk, Un ambasador american între Departamentul de Stat și dictatura comunistă din România 1981- 1985, traducerea de Betty Funderburk, Editura Dacon, k Constanța, 1994. 4. Carl Boggs, David Plotke eds, The Politics of Eurocommunism. Socialism in Transition, Second Edition, South End Press, Boston, 1990. 5. Contested Territory. Border Disputes at the Edge of the Former Soviet Empire, Edited by Tuomas Forsberg, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Ipswich, 1995. 6. Leon Volovici, Ideologia naționalistă și “problema evreiască”. Eseu despre formele antisemitismului intelectual în România anilor '30. Prefață la versiunea românească de L. L Volovici, București, Humanitas, 1995. 7. Cicerone lonițoiu, Rezistența armată anticomunistă din munții României. 1946-1958, Ediția a ll-a, revizuită și completată, Prefață de C.lonițoiu, Editura “Gândirea Românească”, București, 1993. 8. Ana-Maria Marin, Prin poarta cea strâmtă, Editura Gordian, Timișoara, 1993. 9. General-colonel Constantin D. Nicolescu, Calvarul neamului românesc după 23 August 1944, Prefață de Dr. Șerban C. Nicolescu, Editura Ramida, București, 1993. 10. Ion Gavrilă- Ogoranu, Brazii se frâng dar nu se îndoiesc. Din rezistența anticomunistă în Munții Făgăraș ,vol. 1, Editura Marineasa, Timișoara, 1993. 11. Mihai Rădulescu, Casa lacrimilor neplânse. Martor al acuzării în procesul “Reeducatorilor”, Cuvânt către cititor de M. Rădulescu, Editura Ramida, București, 1993. 12. Povestea Elisabetei Rizea din Nucșoara. Urmată de Mărturia lui Cornel Drăgoi. Culese și editate de Irina Nicolau și Theodor Nițu, Prefață de Gabriel Liiceanu, Editura Humanitas, București, 1993. 13. Mihai Rădulescu, Rugul aprins Duhovnicii ortodoxiei sub lespezi, în Gherlele comuniste, Cuvânt înainte și notă asupra ediției de M. Rădulescu, Editura Ramida, București, 1993. 14. Annîe Samuelli, Zidul despărțitor, Traducere de Adina Arsenescu, Prefață de A. Samuelli, Editura de Vest, Timișoara, 1993. 15. Aurel State, Drumul Crucii, vol. II, Editura Litera, București, 1993. 16. Mihai Timaru, Amintiri de la Gherla, Cuvânt înainte de Florentin Toma, Editura de Vest, Timișoara, 1993. 17. Richard Wurmbrand, Cu Dumnezeu în subterană, Traducere din limba engleză de Marilena Alexandrescu - Munteanu și Maria Chilian, Prefață la ediția românească de Richard Wurmbrand., Editura “Casa Școalelor”, București, 1993. 18. A. L. Zissu, Sioniști sub anchetă. Declarații, confruntări, interogatorii. 10 mai 1951 - 1 martie 1952, A Introducere, note și indice de nume de Mihai Pelin, Editura Edart - FFP, București, 1993.

Recenzii

Author(s): Tatiana Niculescu,Florin Müller,Radu Ciuceanu,Horia Nestorescu-Bălcești / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/1994

Reviews of: 1. Osip Mandelstam, Tristia, traducere de Puiu Brăileanu și Valeriu Bucuroiu, prefață, note și tabel cronologic de Valeriu Bucuroiu, Editura Libra, București, 1994. 2. Nistor Chioreanu, Morminte vii, ediție îngrijită, prefațată, note și indice de Marius Cristian, Editura Institutului European pentru Cooperare CulturalȘtiințifică, Iași, 1992. 3. Ovidiu Guleș, Cum am cunoscut LegiuneaArhanghelului Mihail, Editura Gordian, Timișoara, 1992. 4. Atentatele de la Jilava... Snagov și Strejnicul, 26-27 noiembrie 1940, ediția a Il-a coordonată de Stelian Nea goe, Editura Scripta București, 1992. 5. Pe marginea prăpastiei (21 - 23 ianuarie 1941), Editura Scripta, București, voi.1-11,1992. 6. Ana-Maria Marin, Prin poarta cea strâmtă, Editura Gordian, Timișoara, 1993. 7. Ion Moța, Testamentul lui Ion Moța, Colecția "Documente istorice sechestrate", Editura Gordian, Timișoara, 1993. 8. Comeliu Zelea-Codreanu, Pentru legionari, Editura Gordian, Timișoara, 1993, vol.I. 9. Ștefan Palaghițâ, Garda de Fier spre reînvierea României, volum alcătuit și îngrijit de Alexandru V.Diță, prefață de Dan Zamfîrescu, Editura Roza Vânturilor, București, 1993. 10. Ion Gavrilâ Ogoranu, Braziise frâng, dar nu se îndoiesc. Din rezistența anticomunistă în Munții Făgăraș, Editura Marineasa, Timișoara, 1993. 11. Michele Rallo, România în perioada revoluțiilor naționale din Europa, 1919-1945), Editura SeMpre, București 1993. 12. Nae Tudorică, Mărturisiri în duhul adevărului. Mișcarea Legionară și Căpitanul, așa cum aufost. Editura Plumb, Bacău, 1993. 13. Francisco Veiga, Istoria Gărzii de Fier 1919-1941, Mistica ultranaționalismului, traducere de Marian Ștefănescu, EdituraHumanitas, București, 1993. 14. Filon Verca, Parașutați în România vândută, Editura Gordian, Timișoara,1993. 15. Din luptele tineretului român, 1919-1939, responsabil Duliu Sfînțescu, Editura Fundației Buna Vestire, 1993. 16. Ion Antonescu, Românii. Originea, trecutul, sacrificiile și drepturile lor, ediție îngrijită de maior Ilie Schipor, Editura Clio, București, 1990. 17. Gheorghe Buzatu, Istorie interzisă Mărturii și documente despre mareșalii României: Alexandru Averescu, Constantin Prezan, Ion Antonescu, Editura Curierul Doljean, Craiova, 1990. 18. Gheorghe Buzatu, MareșalulAntonescu în fața istoriei, ediție în colaborare cu Stela Cheptea, V.Fl.Dobrinescu, I.Saizu, Voll - II, Iași 1990. 19. Antonescu - Hitler. Corespondență și întâlniri inedite (1940-1944), ediție de Vasile Arimia, Ion Ardeleanu, Ștefan Lache, coordonator științific dr.Florin Constantiniu, Editura Cozia, București, 1991. 20. George Magherescu, Adevărul despre MareșalulAntonescu, Editura Păunescu, București, 1991, vol.I-III. 21. General-locotenent (r) Ion Șuța, România la cumpăna istoriei. August '44, Editura Științifică, București, 1991. 22. Gheorghe Barbul, Memorial Antonescu. 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