"…Grobovi so zravnani in zaraščeni." (Seznam grobov sovražnikovih vojakov padlih iz časa 2. svetovne vojne na območju občine Ilirska Bistrica)

Author(s): Mitja Ferenc / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2004

Julija letos me je poklical višji kriminalistični inšpektor Pavel Jamnik, ki na Generalni policijski upravi (GPU) vodi akcijo "Sprava". Slišal je za dogovarjanja o izkopu okoli 1500 nemških vojakov v Ilirski Bistrici in spraševal, če sem morebiti seznanjen s to informacijo. Ko sva poizvedovala na Sektorju za vojna grobišča na Ministrstvu za delo, družino in socialne zadeve (Ministrstvo za delo), sva med drugim izvedela, da naj bi na Upravni enoti Ilirska Bistrica hranili dokument, na katerem naj bi bil poimenski seznam okoli 1500 padlih nemških vojakov. Za izkop več deset nemških vojakov iz grobišča zasebnika v okolici Ilirske Bistrice naj bi se dogovarjalo podjetje Veking iz Celja. To je sicer podjetje, ki na temelju sporazumov med Slovenijo in Nemčijo ter Slovenijo in Italijo izvaja prekope nemških in italijanskih vojakov na ozemlju Slovenije. Izkop v Ilirski Bistrici bi po dogovorih že moral biti opravljen, a so ga preložili na 22. julij. [...]

"La revolution nationale" du maréchal Pétain dans les documents diplomatiques bulgares (le 17 juin 1940 - le 11 novembre 1942)

Author(s): Hristo Milkov / Language(s): French Issue: 4/1995

"Manjše zlo" vnovič odmerjati ali (re)interpretacija zgodovine (Nekaj razmislekov ob knjigi Borisa Mlakarja Slovensko domobranstvo)

Author(s): Janko Pleterski / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2004

Še kot magister je kolega dr. Boris Mlakar - ob izjavi Predsedstva RS o narodni in državljanski umiritvi - napisal 20. marca 1990 za uredništvo "Borca" anketo o spravi. V njej je nekatera vprašanja zastavil tako, da je že sam in vnaprej postavil tezo, da je revolucija kriva za pojav oborožene in politično-policijske kolaboracije dela slovenske politike v času sovražne zasedbe, in v tem okviru še tezo o državljanski vojni kot določujočem dejstvu za oceno vsega tega dogajanja. S tega vidika je postavil v središče presoje "revolucijo" in ugotovitev, da "je torej tedaj bila revolucija v teku". K temu je pristavil svoje prepričanje, da je ravno to povzročilo, da so se tisti, ki so se te prihajajoče revolucije "bali", odločili za "protirevolucionarni upor", in to tako, da so se naslonili na okupatorja in sprejeli od njega orožje, kljub temu da so vedeli, da bodo označeni kot narodni izdajalci. [...]

"Naš odnos do Italijanov naj bo miren in dostojen, toda nič več". Nekateri vidiki razpetosti med nacionalnim in internacionalnim med slovenskimi komunisti na Primorskem

Author(s): Bojan Godeša / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2000

The paper deals with the activities of the Slovene communists in Primorska during the Second World War, where the Communist Party of Slovenia often faced the dilemma of how to reconcile the national interests of its struggle with international ones. The most burning issues for the Slovene communists concerned their relations with the Italian population, the status of Trieste and their cooperation with the Communist Party of Italy in Primorska.

"Temné jeho oči doslova fascinují"

Cesta českých kulturních pracovníků do Německa a Holandska v září 1940

Author(s): Jiří Křesťan / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3-4/2020

Between 1939 and 1943, trips to Nazi Germany and to territories occupied by Germany (France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Poland, a large part of the Soviet Union) ranked among important tools influencing the public opinion in the so-called Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. The study deals with a trip of a group of Czech intellectuals – artists, representatives of culture and journalists – to Germany and the Netherlands in September 1940. Under German guidance, the 35-strong delegation was composed to give a representative and diverse impression. Apart from newspapermen collaborating with Germans, such as Karel Lažnovský (1906–1941) or Vladimír Krychtálek (1903–1947), men active in different segments of culture were invited as well, including personalities as outstanding as the directors of the dramatic company and the opera ensemble of the National Theatre in Prague, Jan Bor (1886–1943) and Václav Talich (1883–1961), respectively, operatic singers Jan Konstantin (1894–1965) and Pavel Ludikar (1882–1970), violin virtuoso Váša Příhoda (1900–1960), publisher Bedřich Fučík (1900–1984), or architect Jan Sokol (1904–1987). The study focuses primarily on five writers who took part in the trip. Jaroslav Durych (1886–1962) and Václav Renč (1911–1973) ranked among Catholic-oriented authors, while Josef Knap (1900–1973) and Jan Čarek (1898–1966) represented so-called ruralists (writers of the country), and Josef Hora (1891–1945) was a leading poet, initially writing social poetry and later reflexive lyric poetry. Between the wars, all of them had been critical toward the reality of the First Republic in one way or another, the first four from conservative positions and Hora on the left (until 1929, he had been a member of the Communist Party). The trip’s programme had been put together very ingeniously. In addition to proofs of the Third Reich’s brutal strength (a visit of the bombed-out city of Rotterdam, a sightseeing tour of the Krupp arms factory in Essen), the travelers were served a menu of diverse cultural experiences (visits of theatrical performances, exhibitions and museums, outstanding architectural creations etc.). In Berlin, they were received by Joseph Goebbels (1897–1945), Reichsminister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, who emphasized, while addressing them, that the survival of the Czech nation and its culture depended on its submission to the German Reich. Upon their return home, all participants were forced to give public statements about the trip and their impressions, which had to conform to Nazi propaganda. Having described the above facts, the author analyzes defence strategies which the above mentioned authors were using while writing made-to-order articles or showing their supposed loyalty in order to avoid being dragged into the Nazi propaganda machine. They were bypassing some topics, resorting to allegories and ambiguities, and making use of concealed irony. In the end of the study, the author follows the fates of those who took part in the trip to Germany and the Netherlands, pondering, in a more general manner, fuzzy boundaries and dilemmas of guilt and collaboration in a totalitarian regime. Attached to the article are short biographies of all thirty-five participants in the trip.

"Without One Tree, a Forest Will Stay a Forest" by Dagmara Drzazga As a Religious and Historical Documentary

Author(s): Katarzyna Citko / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2014

Katarzyna Citkos article is an analysis of Dagmara Drzazga’s film Bez jednego drzewa las lasem zostanie (Without One Tree, a Forest Will Stay a Forest, 2012), an example of a religious and historical documentary. The article describes the film’s depiction of the tragic fate of Jan Macha, a priest who during the Nazi occupation of Poland organized help for victims of German oppression as a co-founder of the Scout organization Konwalia (Lilly). For his work, he was arrested and executed in a prison in Katowice by means of a guillotine that was installed there in 1941. The article also analyses film-making techniques characteristic to documentaries, as well as the specific forms of expression which situate Drzazga’s work in the realm of religious cinema. These documentary techniques include combining photos and archival documentaries, interviews with people who knew Macha, and the opinions of experts, such as historians, clergymen and journalists. Other interesting techniques employed by the director make it possible to describe the film as belonging to religious cinema of the transcendental style, as described by Paul Schrader, which abandons unnecessary suspense in favor of poetic images; focuses on the dynamics and drama of the events rather than an in-depth psychological analysis of characters’ motivations; interweaves first and third person narration, which is carried out by means of both voice over and by people speaking in the film; uses suggestive image editing combined with music which employs the theme of Agnus Dei. All of these features helped Drzazga’s interesting and thought-provoking film win a number of awards at international Catholic film festivals.

(Ne)legitimni revizionizam: pravo i (pseudo)istoriografske revizije na zapadu i istoku

Author(s): Vladimir P. Petrović / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The contribution is analyzing the legal aspects of historiographical revisionism, in an attempt to highlight the role of the courts in delineating between legitimate historical reevaluation of the past and the denial of essential historical facts, the latter being referred to as negationsim. The experience of Western countries in combating negationism through criminalisation of various forms of denial of mass crimes or through the civil litigation is juxtaposed to the confused postotalitarian dynamics in Eastern Europe and its anarchic reception in the region of the former Yugoslavia.

(Ni)kakav osvrt? Period 1933-1945. iz ugla jednog notara

Author(s): Oliver Vossius / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3-4/2016

Author puts forth view that after 1945. the Third Reich became a topic to be reviewed not merely by historians. In the 1960’s lawyers also begin to analyse their own past. Professor Ilse Staff (born in 1928) is at the forefront of this movement. Her book „Judiciary in the Third Reich: A Documentation“, published in 1964, encouraged numerous German lawyers to face the evils of country’s authoritarian past. In his text, Vossius presents results of years of analysing the abuse of German law during Nazi rule. One of the main topics of his research is the role of notaries in the forced appropriation of property from the Jews. He closes his presentation in the following way: „We probably owe gratituted to total defeat of 1945 and the subsequent regime of occupation zones for being at all able to discuss this topic in Germany today. After the initial hesitation, this still lead to the regaining of conscience. I don’t know if world will necessary become a better place in this manner. Fritz Bauer once said „We cannot make Heaven on Earth, but each one of us is capable of contributing to making it Hell“. In this regard, casting a look backwards seems a better option than to overlook or repress such a problem“.

(Nie)pamięć zbiorowa Polaków jako skuteczna regulacja emocji

Author(s): Michał Bilewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2016

Bilewicz applies notions borrowed from the psychology of emotions to understand collective (im)memory in Poland, with a particular focus on defensive reactions to new historical data on Poles’ negative behaviour. Based on James Gross’ concept of emotion regulation, Bilewicz elaborates a model of downregulating collective moral emotions (such as guilt and shame). He then applies this model to the debate on the Jedwabne pogrom. He also outlines systematic social psychological studies that support his proposed emotion downregulation model. The article concludes with a discussion of alternative ways of presenting negative history – ways that overcome those defensive emotion regulatory processes.

(Не)видљива места сећања

Author(s): Olga Manojlović-Pintar / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The paper analyses how personalization of tragedy of the participants of WWII was used to strengthen Yugoslav-Soviet ties in the first days after the liberation of Yugoslavia. The text also analyzes the processes of rapprochement and of establishing closer ties between the two countries during 1960s when new forms of political and cultural cooperation were based on renewed remembrance of the courage of the participants in the war. Special attention was devoted to interpretations of WWII in contemporary historiography which unearthed new data and opened new perspectives. Turning to experiences of individuals was suggested as a possibility of drawing conclusions without ideological revisions of the whole history of 20th century.

,,Urodził się na swoje własne i całego świata nieszczęście" – biografia Adolfa Hitlera, która wpłynęła na losy ludzkości

Author(s): Katarzyna Sygulska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2016

The article presents the biography of Adolf Hitler with an interpretation. The author describes his life from birth to joining the Nazi party: life in the family home, after leaving home education and relationships with other people. The Development describes the critical events in Hitler's life - the death of his father and mother, inaccessibility to study the outbreak of the First World War and becoming a soldier, and participation in a Nazi meeting and joining the DAP. The author also presents impact of Hitler on German history and the world's story. She says that dealing with the topic of Nazism is important. The conclusions derived from history can help create a better reality.

100 de ani de la Convenția de alianță româno-polonă din 1921

Author(s): Doru Liciu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2021

The Romanian-Polish Convention of defensive alliance, signed a century ago on March 26, 1921, still represents a powerful symbol for the development of the excellent relations between Romania and Poland. The Romanian-Polish Convention of defensive alliance was renewed in 1926 as the Treaty of Guarantee and Conciliation between the Kingdom of Romania and the Republic of Poland, and once more in 1931. Between 1932 and 1936, the bilateral relations deteriorated due to diverging interests, but the treaty was tacitly renewed in 1936. The alliance become obsolete due to the outbreak of the Second World War, but Romania maintained its allegiance and offered its help to Poland. Despite German and Soviet pressure, Romania allowed the transit of the National Bank of Poland’s gold reserve and National Treasurers, in addition to about 100.000 Polish refugees, among them political leaders and 60,000 military personnel who reorganized and continued from exile the fight against Nazism and later Communism.

15 March 1939 and the occupation of Prague Castle

Author(s): Pavel Zeman / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The occupation of the Czech lands in March 1939 and Adolf Hitler’s stay in Prague on 15 and 16 March 1939 have been described in both specialist and memoir literature. Yet new archival materials relating to these events are still emerging. These include the report on the occupation of Prague Castle from May 1939 by JUDr. Karel Strnad, an official of the President’s Office, and two German documents: on President Emil Hácha’s return from Berlin on 15 March 1939 and on Adolf Hitler’s stay at Prague Castle.

1933 Sonrası Türkiye’ye Sığınan Nazi Karşıtı Aydınlar ve Karşılaştırmalı Edebiyatın İki Kurucu Adı: L. Spitzer ve E. Auerbach

Author(s): Gülnihal Gülmez / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

7 Nisan 1933’de, Almanya’da, Hitler hükümetinin ırkçı yasalarından ilki olan ve Nazi yöneticilere rejim düşmanlarından, özellikle de Yahudilerden kurtulma fırsatı sunan, “devlet memurluğu mesleğinin ihyasına dair yasa” kabul ediliyordu. Ari ırktan olmadıkları için üniversitelerdeki kürsülerinden kovulan çok sayıda bilim adamının Nazi Almanya’sını terk etmek zorunda kaldığı bu 1933 yılında, hemen hemen aynı tarihlerde, kuruluşunun henüz onuncu yılındaki genç Türkiye Cumhuriyeti de bizzat Atatürk’ün öncülüğünde, kökten bir üniversite reformu gerçekleştirme çabasındaydı. Her iki ülkenin tarihindeki bu ilginç kesişme, Nazilerin kovduğu birçok akademisyenin mesleklerine Türk üniversitelerinde devam edebilmelerini sağladı.

1945. Kpaj или нови почетак?

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Croatian,Serbian

In 2015, the world celebrated its 70th anniversary since the end of World War II. On the initiative of Dr Dragan Aleksić, the Institute for Contemporary History of Serbia decided to join the commemoration of this significant date by publishing a collection of scientific papers that would not only be of a suitable character but would also represent a scientific contribution to the anniversary. It was an honor for me to be the editor of this collection, and my idea of ​​what it should look like revolved around 1945 as a turning point: a time when the war was ending and a new era was beginning. The end of World War II, to a much greater extent than the end of World War I, also marked the end of an old, pre-war world. After World War I, three empires disappeared, a series of new states emerged, democracy and the right of peoples to self-determination became generally accepted ... The end of World War I sowed, however, the seeds of the next world slaughter. It was incomparably greater than the previous or any other war in history, and its end created a world that people who lived in 1914 would never recognize. Europe was devastated, effectively divided between the two victorious superpowers, while the old European powers were losers or mere formal victors: soon after World War II, and in large part thanks to it, the colonial empires of Great Britain and France began to crumble rapidly, giving birth mainly during the first two postwar decades the world as we know it today. [...]

60 godina od završetka Drugog svjetskog rata: kako se sjećati 1945. godine

Author(s): / Language(s): Bosnian

Ovaj Zbornik radova je rezultat konferencije koju je Institut za istoriju u Sarajevu organizirao 12. i 13. maja 2005. povodom 60 godina od završetka Drugogsvjetskog rata. Smatrali smo da je šezdeset godina od završetka Drugog svjetskog rata prilika da se o tome događaju povede naučna rasprava iz perspektive onoga što je slijedilo u kasnijem povijesnom razdoblju.

717. ДИВИЗИЈА, ГУБИЦИ I, II И III БАТАЉОНА 737. И 749. ПУКА У СЕПТЕМБРУ, ОКТОБРУ И НОВЕМБРУ 1941. (ПРИЛОГ ЗА ВОЈНУ ИСТОРИЈУ И АНТРОПОЛОГИЈУ)

Author(s): Viktor Bejatović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2020

Presenting the facts concerning those military force units which played the key role in events that took place in territories where reprisals against Serb civilians were committed during the fall of 1941, provides the clearer insight into structure of the battalions that participated in them. Data refer to 717th Infantry Division, battalions I-III/749. and I-III/797, i.e. their troops which participated in battles fought during September, October and November of the same year. Human losses as well as the basic positions and movements of German battalions in those months, war period especially difficult for the population of the wider Central and Western Serbia – Krupanj, Loznica, Draginac, Sabac, Kraljevo, Kragujevac and nearby villages where massive war crimes were committed by different profiles and purposes military units, are to be shown here. Brutality is reinforced by General Franz Beme's directives with the 100:1 quota implemented, unlike General Maximilian Reichsfriaier von Weiss' command of April 1941, which was operationally impracticable in terms of arresting hostages before the incident. These battalions' fallen soldiers are used for carrying out retaliation according to set quotas. This work is one part of the sequel in investigating details about perpetrators of the crime - German battalions participating battles around Kragujevac and Kraljevo and other territories and areas where they were stationed or moved to, during the fall of 1941.

75. rocznica akcji „Reinhardt”

Author(s): Dariusz Libionka,Jacek Leociak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2017

W nocy z 16 na 17 marca 1942 r. o godzinie 22.00 getto w Lublinie zostało otoczone przez SS i formacje pomocnicze1. Na zaciemnionych ulicach włączono oświetlenie. Przedstawiciele Policji Bezpieczeństwa zakomunikowali zebranym pospiesznie członkom Judenratu decyzję o przesiedleniu większości mieszkańców, wyjąwszy posiadaczy wydanych tydzień wcześniej kart pracy. Mieli oni zostać przeniesieni do wydzielonej części getta. Pozostali mieli podlegać deportacji. Wszelkie próby uchylania się od wywózki miały być karane śmiercią. Z miejsca przystąpiono do realizacji tego planu. Oprawcy wdzierali się do mieszkań, wypędzając zdezorientowanych Żydów na ulice. Zastrzelono kilkadziesiąt osób, a 1500 zapędzono na rampę kolejową.

99. SS-Standarte. Vznik, organizace a činnost znojemského pluku Allgemeine-SS1

Author(s): Jan Zumr / Language(s): Czech Issue: 27/2015

The study analyses the creation, organisation and activities of the 99th SS-Standarte, one of 126 regiments of the Allgemeine-SS established on the territory of Southern Moravia and the north-eastern part of Lower Austria following the occupation of the borderlands. A general introduction to the Allgemeine-SS is followed by an outline of the incorporation of those parts of Southern Moravia into Lower Austria and a brief characterisation of the SS in Austria. The author analyses the composition of the 99th SS-Standarte, the location of individual units and the command structure, introducing the most important officers. He also describes service in the Allgemeine-SS and the Znojmo regiment, which predominantly involved doing sports, ideological training and participation in Nazi celebrations. With the outbreak of war most members of the 99th SS-Standarte were transferred to the Wehrmacht and armed SS units. The remaining men had two main tasks: the recruitment of young men to the Waffen-SS and looking after conscripts’ families. The study concludes with an exploration of Czechoslovak (and Austrian) judiciary’s post-war efforts to punish members of the Znojmo Allgemeine-SS regiment.

A (cseh)szlovákiai magyarság történeti kronológiája 1914–1945

Author(s): Gyula Popély / Language(s): Hungarian

The Historical Chronology of Hungarians in (Czecho)Slovakia in the Period of 1914–1945 is a result of many years, or rather, many decades of research work by the author, Gyula Popély. It also fits well into the portfolio of the Forum Minority Research Institute, as it complements and forms a unified whole with the chronology by Árpád Popély, published by the institute in 2006, which processed the history of Hungarians in Czechoslovakia between 1944 and 1992. The present volume brings closer to the reader the first two periods of the history of Hungarians in Slovakia in the form of factual descriptions in chronological order: the history of the years between 1914 and 1938, and between 1938 and 1945. The volume has been divided by the author into five structural parts. The descriptions of the first thematic and temporal unit show the path of Hungarians leading to the position of a national minority, starting from the outbreak of the First World War to the signing of the Treaty of Trianon. This section deals with, among others, the formation and establishment of the Czechoslovak statehood, the peace conference, the period of the Soviet Republic of Hungary, and the conclusion of the Trianon peace. The second chapter of the volume is entitled The Hungarian Multiparty System in Czechoslovakia (1920–1936). Measured in time, this is the book’s most voluminous and least dramatic part. It shows how the Hungarians fit into the Czechoslovak state and how they fought their political struggle with the Czechoslovak state power. The third structural part is entitled Under the Flag of the United Provincial Christian Socialist Party and Hungarian National Party (1936–1938) and covers the events of the period from the formation of the United Hungarian Party to the first Vienna Award, assigned to specific dates. It is a chronicle of a serious time of crisis, at the end of which the majority of Hungarians in Slovakia became citizens of Hungary again as a result of the first Vienna Award. The fourth chapter only covers the events of just over 6 months, in essence, the period of Slovak autonomy. This and the next chapter—which is a coverage of the period from March 1939 to the spring of 1945—present in parallel the life of Hungarians left in Slovakia and those who, as a result of the First Vienna Award, became nationals of Hungary. It is a chronicle of a tragic era when events such as the devastation by World War II and the tragedy of the Holocaust frame the story.The volume is closed with a personal name and place name index.