Két perspektíva, egy „utazás”
Huhák Heléna – Szécsényi András (szerk.): Lágerutazás. Holländer Margit feljegyzései a vészkorszakról és az újrakezdésről (1945–1946).Jaffa Kiadó, Budapest, 2017. 204 oldal.
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Huhák Heléna – Szécsényi András (szerk.): Lágerutazás. Holländer Margit feljegyzései a vészkorszakról és az újrakezdésről (1945–1946).Jaffa Kiadó, Budapest, 2017. 204 oldal.
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The study presents the situation of the Reformed Church in Romania between 1940 and 1944 from an economical perspective. The pauperization of the Hungarian population of Romania was a state policy in that period. The Reformed Church was no exception. The economic oppression and the unbearable tax burdens decimated its financial resources, and weakened its capacity of financial self-sustainment. This paper is the first part of a longer series, which presents the requisition of church buildings by local and military authorities. Many parishes, church estates and even schools with educational activity were seized from one day to another by the local or military authorities. These requisitions represented a serious difficulty for the church leadership, because the lack of these buildings impeded all ecclesiastical and educational activities.
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The end of World War II did not bring peace to the Hungarians in Slovakia: they, being labelled "war criminals", were subjected to repression for a further three years, one of which meant deportation to the Czech lands and forced labour.
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The war obliges the state authorities to equip them with new competences. It is often necessary to establish new ones, especially in the field of the supreme military authorities. The Polish government was prepared for such a situation and adopted a draft decree on the supreme military authorities during the war. The President of the Republic of Poland signed it on the day of the commencement of warfare against Poland on 1 September 1939. Unfortunately, the authors of this act did not foresee the necessity for the highest state, civil and military authorities to leave the territory of the country and continue their activity in exile. There was a need to amend the existing solutions. The presented deliberations show the process of their evolution from regulations characteristic for the authoritarian system to regulations typical for a democratic state. It is shown against the background of more general transformations taking place in Polish political circles operating in exile, initially in France and then in Great Britain, as a result of the takeover of the Polish government by the opponents of the pre-war authoritarian governments in Poland.
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The two-part study concerns the so-called “September crimes” (i.e. the actions of Poles on grounds of nationality against Germans after the outbreak of World War II) in the jurisprudence of the Special Court in Katowice (Sondergericht Kattowitz). The general statistics of “September crimes” judged by Sondergericht were divided into three categories: crimes against life, crime against health and crimes against freedom. In the first part of the study an analysis of proceedings in cases concerning “September crimes” against life was conducted. Particular attention was paid to the quality of the evidentiary proceedings conducted by the court, the legal and factual presumptions used, the consideration of the credibility of particular evidence and the legal classifi cation of crimes. The first part of the study also discusses the jurisprudence of other special courts operating in Poland in these matters, first of all the Special Court in Bydgoszcz (Sondergericht Bromberg). In outline, war activities in Upper Silesia at the beginning of September 1939 were also presented, with particular reference to places where “September crimes” took place, which then came under the judgment of the Sondergericht Kattowitz.
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The article presents the works on the conception of criminal judiciary in the planned Polish occupation zone of Germany, conducted by the Ministry of Reconstruction of the Public Administration in the Government of the Republic of Poland in exile. The author focuses on the main and specific theses of the created conception of the judiciary. The article also contains a brief characterization of the Ministry of Reconstruction of the Public Administration. The main assumption of the project was to adapt the judiciary to the occupation system used by the US-British troops, it was believed that the judiciary in the entire Allied zone would have a unitary character, and the minimum goal for the Polish government in exile was to fill the judges’ offices with Polish personnel. The conception focused on the areas from the Polish-German pre-war border to the Odra and Nysa Łużycka lines as well as on East Prussia and this was the most important area of interest of the Polish government in exile.
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Central and district administrative offices of the General Government were staffed and controlled by Germans, however Poles were placed in many less important positions, such as management of municipalities or municipal enterprises. Polish law was to remain in place unless it diverged from the taking over of the administration by the German Reich. The article uses archival materials. The issues connected with the functioning of municipalities in the Lublin district of the General Government in the 1939–1944 were discussed in specific examples. The author of the article shows the method of nomination and layoff village heads. In addition, the article shows the activity of village heads in the matters that were imposed by the German authorities during the occupation, in particular the collection of quotas and the recruitment of labour to work in the Third Reich.
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The article is an attempt to establish the Polish Roman law scholars’ fates in the period of 1939–1945. Second World War changed their lifetimes dramatically. Some of the scholars were arrested, some of them were murdered, some of them had to leave Poland. After the German and Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939 Polish academics were not permitted to give lectures, so higher education of lawyers, including Roman law lectures, transformed into underground education at secret law faculties all over Poland. Despite the difficulties, Roman law – as a university subject – was constantly taught in all centres of legal education in Poland.
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Aim: The aim of the article is to analyze religious education textbooks published in Poland in 1945-1949. The attached bibliography includes 40 items. Research method: The material was analyzed from an autopsy on the basis of copies preserved in the National Library. Results/Conclusions: Most books were published in Cracow in the Cracow Bookstore in 1947-1948 and the authors of the majority of textbooks were priests. Some textbooks had their pre-war editions. Publications with a high degree of standardization were approved for school use by the Ministry of Education. In the discussed collection, there are textbooks for the youngest children addressed more to mothers and carers than children themselves.
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In the first half of the 20th century, it was precisely the public libraries and reading rooms that have played an extremely important role in the processes of promoting progressive ideas and educating wide sections of society. Through their work these libraries have contributed to creating preconditions for the entire social and cultural transformation of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s society. Among other things, public libraries have been important actors in the processes of women’s empowerment, emancipation and education, and their reading rooms were often the only public space for sharing experiences and participating in socially beneficial activities. This paper presents activities that took place within the Muslim Public Library in Mostar from 1936 to 1941, enabling women not only to complete analphabetic courses but also to participate in the training and education of other women. Their engagement in the library has led many of them to become members of the anti-fascist resistance movement during the war and actively participate in the processes of post-war reconstruction and the building of a modern society of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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On the basis of archive documents from CK KP BiH fond, available in the Archive of Bosnia and Herzegovina and a document called Book with the list and basic data for all DKR prisoners and IB convicts, available in the Croatian state archives, the author gives an overview of prosecutions of the Cominform supporters in the counties Glamoc, Mrkonjic Grad, Jajce, Drvar, Bosanski Petrovac and Kljuc as well as in the economic and traffic committees (traffic one in Jajce and Banja Luka and economic in Drvar and Elektrobosna and Energija in Jajce. The main part of the paper is the report from the field work of the UDBA employees, which was published in the autumn of 1949 in the area of the above mentioned counties. It can be found in the Archive of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the fund of Central Committee of BiH, in the box 22 under the number 15. Besides that the author used reports of the Regional Committee Banja Luka on the people punished for Cominform. They are also available in the Archive of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Due to the fact that the mentioned documents from the Archive of Bosnia and Herzegovina do not contain further information about destines of the people arrested under the accusation that they were Stalin supporters (Cominform supporters), the author finds the answer for most of them in the above mentioned document from the Croatian state archive in Zagreb. That is in fact a list of convicts on Goli otok.
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The article describes the state of the medical support of the Soviet partisan formations operating in the occupied territory during the Second World War by the example of partisan compound of Sumy (the 1st Ukrainian Partisan Division named after twice the Hero of the Soviet Union S. A. Kovpak). The staffing of sanitary units, their structure, material supply and organiza-tion of treatment of the wounded and sick partisans are disclosed. Methods of research. In the study of the problem is used a historical method of research. It was applied here a complex of general scientific methods: problem-chronological, comparative, analytical, descriptive, etc. Scientific novelty. First by using archival sources as a case of one of the largest Soviet partisan formations of II World War, the problem of the medical provision of partisans operating in the occupied territory of Ukraine was generalized.
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The author of the paper presents the state of literacy of the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina until the Second World War, and in particular explains the activities that are conducted with regard to the literacy of the population in the period of the National Liberation War (NOR). Certainly, a special review was given to the presentation of the literacy process of the population, which is an outgrowth for regular primary school education, and on the activities that took place on the occasion of the NOR on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In addition, the literacy of children through attending elementary school, as well as literacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina under the fascist occupation and administration of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), were partly given in order to review the framework state. Bosnia and Herzegovina had a very high percentage of the illiterate population before the Second World War. How fascist occupation, warfare, human and material losses have compounded this picture, and whether during the war, in the liberated areas, adequate methods of working for the literacy of the population were found, the author explains on the pages of this paper.
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Reis Ibrahim effendi Fejić was a man of great intellect, a brave and daring intellectual, a man who unselfishly advocated for public interests, an outstanding scholar of spirituality and tradition in Bosnia and Herzegovina. He was a good philologist and polyglot. He was fluent in Arabic, Turkish and Persian, and he also used German. He was also engaged in publishing, working with many religious and state magazines and newspapers. He was a major supporter of reforms in religious and religious-educational life led by Reis-ul-Ulema Mehmed Džemaludin Čaušević. During the Second World War he committed himself to the National Liberation Movement, actively participating and bravely raising his voice against the crimes and persecution of innocent people no matter what religion or nation they belonged to. Five members of his family even gave their lives in the fight against fascism and for the liberation of the country. He held the Reis-ul-Ulema position in the period between 1947 and 1957, when he retired having reached a ripe old age. Despite the complex historical circumstances after the Second World War, Reis-ul-Ulema Ibrahim effendi Fejić carried out a series of activities aimed at improving the organisational, infrastructural, educational, cultural and religious circumstances within the Islamic community. With regard to emerging opportunities, marked by the narrowing of religious rights and freedoms, Reis Fejić invested a lot of energy and knowledge to preserve the basic functions of the community. Furthermore, he stood out as a tolerant man in his work, who worked on building good-neighbourly relations with other religious communities and preventing revanchism in the post-war period.
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W 1943 roku staje się jasne, że Polskie Siły Zbrojne na Zachodzie mogą wzmacniać głównie Polacy przymusowo wcieleni do Wehrmachtu. Powstaje wyspecjalizowana placówka w Północnej Afryce, by ich odzyskiwać dla Polski.
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73 lata po zakończeniu II wojny wnuczka odkrywa prawdę o swoim dziadku – aresztowanym przez Niemców pod koniec sierpnia 1944, zaginionym w jednym z obozów koncentracyjnych na terenie III Rzeszy. Udaje jej się także odzyskać "depozyt".
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„Odbicie Gęsiówki” – niemiecki obóz dla Żydów na warszawskiej Woli od powołania do wyzwolenia w powstaniu warszawskim w wyborze wspomnień i dokumentów źródłowych
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Ezio Micheli, „Alpini wśród leśnych” – wspomnienia zbiegłego z niemieckiej niewoli włoskiego oficera, który wstąpił do polskiego podziemia, kontekst historyczny – dr hab. Dorota Sula
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Herman Kruk, „Papierowa brygada” – ratowanie książek z wileńskiego getta 1941–43 Kontekst historyczny: David E. Fishman
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