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Віктимологічна профілактика умисних убивств, що вчиняються з корисливих мотивів

Author(s): Yu. Oberemko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 137/2017

One of the areas of prevention of murders, acts of greed victimological prevention. Criminologists repeatedly drawn attention to the specified direction of crime prevention, but their views differ. The general nature of victimological direction of crime prevention is diverse activities of social institutions, to КРИМІНАЛЬНЕ ПРАВО ТА КРИМІНОЛОГІЯ. КРИМІНАЛЬНИЙ ПРОЦЕС156 ISSN 2414-990X. Проблеми законності. 2017. Вип. 137 establish, eliminate or neutralize factors, situations and circumstances that shape behavior and cause the victim to commit a crime.The main objective of victimological prevention murders of greed, in our opinion, should be the development and implementation of measures aimed at reducing victimization propensity certain categories of people become victims of these crimes. Given the results of its own studies suggest measures victimological prevention of homicides committed with mercenary motives divided into: organizational,legal, informational and educational and technical. Victimological prevention murders of greed is a systematic, diversified activities of state bodies, public organizations and individuals that should be aimed at reducing victimization propensity certain categories of people become victims of these crimes. The effectiveness of prevention victimological zalezhatymet on one side of public awareness, and on the other – from the policy in ensuring the protection of citizens against crime. The above suggestions will help minimize cases viktymohennyh situations contribute to raising the level of general culture victimological citizens and will reduce the risk of certain categories of people become victims of these crimes

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Deus iudicat, cum nemo accusat. Reflexe, dokumentace a (ne)vyšetřování nacistické „eutanazie“ v Československu v letech 1945–1990

Author(s): Michal V. Šimůnek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 27/2015

For several decades after the end of WWII, the crimes committed against the lives and health of patients within the framework of Nazi “euthanasia” were of marginal interest. In socialist Czechoslovakia – incidentally as in the former GDR, for instance – crimes against groups marginalised for health reasons garnered little or even no attention; their victims were expelled from the collective memory. Documentation was closely linked to the official investigations carried out by the State Security (StB), which in the case of Czechoslovakia could have been submitted either in the immediate post-war period or in the 1960s. In terms of methodology, it was in the main subordinate to police practice and characterised by both a deficit of historical analysis and a lack of basic orientation in the subject. In view of the complicated nature of the issue it is therefore unsurprising that the conclusions – which essentially from the very beginning had no ambition to analyse Bohemian and Moravian materials in the broader context in which Nazi “euthanasia” was carried out – were in the end markedly superficial and contradictory and in all of the cases examined simply trailed off. However, there was merit in the fact that they managed to gather and record at least some testimonies and data that may today prove useful in historical research.

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Transitions Online_Around the Bloc-Jehovah’s Witnesses Face Russian Ban

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English Issue: 04/11/2017

Government argues that refusing blood transfusions is no less dangerous than advocating equal rights for homosexuals.

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Kriminalističko profiliranje i fenomenologija masovnih, nekontrolisanih i serijskih ubistava

Author(s): Selman Repišti / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2016

Mass, spree and serial killers occupy an important place in contemporary mass culture. In the first place, „the seventh art’’ (movies and especially TV series) is credited with such an anti-reputation. A phenomenon, that is available to broad masses, is susceptible to misinterpretations, generalizations as well as stereotyping. Hence, traits and behavioral characteristics of mass, spree, and serial killers are surrounded by myths and insufficient understanding of their true essence and phenomenology. Therefore, the first aim of this paper is to present and explain the chief definitions of the main terms with regard to homicides. Further, to display statistical data and results of the previous research, in order to bust myths on mass, spree, and serial killers. Special emphasis was placed on the third aim: describing the process and contents of criminal profiling, while highlighting its psychological aspect. In addition, women-serial killers were described as well as terrorists, as distinct category of offenders.

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Efektywność mediacji w postępowaniach karnych prowadzonych w latach 2011-2014 przed Sądem Rejonowym w Białymstoku w świetle badań aktowych

Author(s): Dariusz Kużelewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

This article is based on the results of scientific research conducted within a project entitled „The pilot implementation of the Community Court model in Poland as an institutional bridge between the judiciary, local government authorities and social organizations to facilitate the implementation of restorative justice in practice”. the project was funded by the National Centre for Research and Development under the „Social Innovations” programme in accordance with Agreement No. /IS-1/039/NCBR/2014. Within the project, fifty court cases, which had previously been referred to victim-offender mediation, were examined. All of them were conducted before the third Criminal Department of the District Court in Bialystok in 2011-2014. the decisive criterion was the date of the court’s decision to refer the case to victim-offender mediation. the ratio of settlements concluded in the course of victim offender mediation in criminal cases conducted before the District Court of Białystok, is about 10-30% lower in comparison to the national average in each of the years studied. the types of crime which are most frequently referred to mediation proceedings in the District Court of Białystok, and in other Polish courts, do not differ. Crimes against life and health, honour and personal inviolability, the family and guardianship, property, as well as against freedom, are the most common. Motions for victim-offender mediation are usually filed by counsels for the defense and by the accused themselves, and subsequently the court. the best results in mediation settlements are reached in cases involving a joint initiative of the parties. In cases in which settlement was concluded, the court most frequently applied a conditional discontinuance of proceedings or imprisonment with conditional suspension of its execution. The failure of mediation resulted mainly from the lack of agreement by the parties, and subsequently from the absence or refusal to participate in mediation by the accused or the victim(s). Mediation completed with a settlement effectively prevents lodging an appeal against the sentence of the court of first instance. An appeal was lodged in only 12.5% of such cases.

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Rewiktymizacja ofiar wykorzystywanych seksualnie przez kobiety

Author(s): Małgorzata H. Kowalczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

Ofiary doświadczające wykorzystywania seksualnego przeżywają nie tylko fizyczną krzywdę ale przede wszystkim doznają głębokich urazów psychicznych, które bardzo często w różnych formach towarzyszą im przez całe życie. Dość często przy ustalaniu następstw bagatelizuje się płeć sprawcy. Dlatego bardzo ważne jest poznanie problemu nadużyć seksualnych z perspektywy bliskich i odległych następstw w przypadku, gdy sprawczynią tych czynów była kobieta – matka, opiekunka. W artykule, wykorzystując metodę przeszukiwania źródeł wtórnych, przedstawiono problem następstw seksualnego wykorzystywania u ofiar, które zachowań tych doświadczyły ze strony kobiet. Celem opracowania jest omówienie specyfiki przeżywanej przez ofiary obojga płci traumy powiązanej z wykorzystaniem seksualnym a także bliskich i odległych konsekwencji tych wydarzeń w postaci wiktymizacji pierwotnej oraz rewiktymizacji zaznaczającej się w dorosłym życiu w postaci zaburzeń psychoseksualnych i deficytów społecznych. Wśród konsekwencji na szczególną uwagę zasługują wyodrębnione czynniki traumatyczne o charakterze dynamicznym, które wywołują pojawienie się wielu symptomów charakterystycznych dla dzieci, które doświadczyły przemocy seksualnej. Wspomniane czynniki to: traumatyczna seksualizacja dziecka, zdrada, stygmatyzacja oraz bezsilność. Specyfika tych czynników wynika z faktu, że pozostawiają one odległe „ślady” w psychice i mogą ulec dodatkowemu wzmocnieniu w sytuacji, gdy sprawcą przemocy seksualnej jest kobieta. Wynika to z częstych postaw „zaprzeczania” wobec przemocy seksualnej stosowanej przez kobiety. W opracowaniu wskazano także na jedną z możliwych konsekwencji procesu rewiktymizacji jaką jest powielanie przez ofiary w ich późniejszym życiu wzorów zachowań powiązanych z seksualnym wykorzystywaniem dzieci. Proces ten wynikający z naprzemiennej identyfikacji sprawczyni i ofiary uruchamia mechanizm błędnego koła, który utrudnia tworzenie prawidłowych interakcji społecznych.

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Revictimization of Victims Sexually Abused by Women

Author(s): Małgorzata H. Kowalczyk / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

Victims experiencing the sexual abuse are surviving not only physical injustice but above all deep traumas, which very often in different forms, are keeping them company through the entire life. Quite often at establishing different results a sex is underestimated for the perpetrator. Therefore knowing the problem of sexual abuses from a perspective of close as well as distant results is very important in the event that a woman was a perpetrator of these acts – mother, minder. In the present article based on analysis of literature, a problem of results of the sexual abuse was presented at victims which experienced these behaviours on the part of women. In order to draw up discussing the survived specificity by victims was both of sex of the trauma connected with the sexual application as well as close and distant consequences of these events in the form prime victimisation and revictimisation for figure being noticeable in the adult life of psychosexual disorders and social shortages. Amongst the consequence isolated traumatic factors are deserving the particular attention about dynamic character which are provoking the appearance of many symptoms characteristic of children which experienced the sexual violence. Recalled factors it: traumatic sexualisation of child, the betrayal, the stigmatization and the helplessness. The specificity of these factors results from the fact that they will leave distant “tracks” in the psyche and they can undergo the additional reinforcement if a woman is a perpetrator of the sexual violence. It results from frequent attitudes of “denying” towards the sexual violence applied by women. In the study they pointed also at one of possible consequences of the revictimisation process copying patterns of behaviour connected with the sexual exploitation of children in their more late life by victims is which. This process resulting from the alternating identification of the perpetrator and the victim is starting the mechanism of the vicious circle which disturb creating normal social interactions.

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SPALJIVANJE CIVILA KAO OBLIK ZLOČINA: Studija slučaja grad Višegrad

Author(s): Ermin Kuka / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 68/2016

In this article that deals with the crimes against humanity and international law committed in the territory of the municipality Višegrad the accent is placed upon the bestial method of killing by both mass and individual burning of civilians (women, children and the aged) in houses and other adjoining constructions. In this context the chronological history of this type of crime is viewed with intention to establish and present the continuity of such crimes that in Višegrad reached their peak during 1992-1995. The results of theoretical and empirical research clearly show that the city of Višegrad has become a paradigm of the crime of burning civilians, thus it is justly characterised as the city wherein burning of a large number of civilians was planned, organised and systematically executed with the aim of the most brutal ethnic cleansing and persecution of the inhabitants of the valley of the river Drina. This is also confirmed by the relevant verdicts of the Hague Tribunal against the criminals who directly or indirectly were involved in killings, to a healthy human mind incomprehensible, of the innocent civilians just for being of different nationality or faith.

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Teritoriálně ukotvený islamistický nestátní aktér využívající násilí a otázka regulace systémové anarchie

Author(s): Zdeněk Ludvík / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2015

Islamist territorially anchored violent non-state actors (ITAVNSAs) seeking to change the status quo of the current international system constitute one of the greatest challenges the international order based on mutual respect of equal sovereign states. These actors in areas without the presence of power states use explicit cross-border violence to achieve their objective in accordance with universal Islamist ideology – the construction of a caliphate. The paper presents in the theoretical and modern historical perspectives methods of reduction of anarchy in the international system – power, economic, legalistic and normative – and highlights the reasons why face to face of these actors, these heretofore functional ways, be it on a regional or system level of analysis, fail.

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THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ON-GOING TERROR ATTACKS, MILITARY OPERATIONS AND WARS AND THE WELL-BEING OF JEWISH AND ARAB THREE GENERATIONS CIVILIANS IN ISRAEL

Author(s): Pnina Ron,Amitay Ron / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

Between the state of Israel independent declaration in 1948, until this very days, wars, military operations and on-going national terror had been its daily routine to cope with. The main goal of this study was to review published studies on the impact of those extreme negative life events on the well-being and mental health of various groups of Arab and Jewish civilians in Israel. In addition, this study emphasizes well-known PTSD risk factors related to terrorism, military operations and war in Israel, as well as dissociative symptoms, ASD symptoms, and Death anxiety. The study also deals with some of the background characteristics, the internal and the external resources of the individual, in three age groups, which can take the role of mediator variables between those negative events and the populations’ well-being. The literature published in Israel from the beginning of studding those subjects, available up to January 2017, was systematically reviewed. About thirteen studies on the impact of on-going terror attacks and risk factors for distress, trauma and PTSD and, about ten studies on coping strategies were identifi ed. Causes, risk factors, variety of outcomes and coping strategies were widespread from the earlier and traditional to more recent and modern approaches towards those subjects and sometimes integrated.

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Развој примарне превенције сексуалног насиља у свету

Author(s): Biljana Simeunovic-Patic / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2017

Although the issues of etiology and control of sexual violence have attracted considerable scientific attention over the past decades sexual victimization is still a serious problem in many countries around the world affecting particularly young females. Along with the tightening of repressive responses toward sexual crimes and improvements of victim protection, assistance and support measures there is a rising interest for development of prevention programs, including a long neglected primary prevention interventions. Bearing in mind the nature of sexual victimisation, its severe and long-lasting consequences and its huge dark figure, primary prevention appears to be optimal, cost-effective and most promising response in this moment, regardless of the common scepticism around the effectiveness and evaluation of primary prevention initiatives. The paper discusses the scope and significance of primary prevention within the spectrum of societal responses toward sexual violence, as well as the importance of socio-ecological platform for sexual violence prevention comprising of the measures that target both the individuals and communities aiming to change cultural norms and attitudes supportive of sexual violence and violence against women. Particular attention is paid to contemporary prevention approaches and models based on empirical evidence on risk and protective factors, and to evidentially effective primary prevention interventions.

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Experts’ Opinion on the Validation of Socio-Environmental Design Factors (SEDeF) Model as a Residential Neighbourhood Crime Prevention Technique in Nigeria

Author(s): Sunday Olajide,Mohd Lizam / Language(s): English Issue: 08/2017

This article centres on validating a proposed model, socio-environmental design factors (SEDeF) meant to complement the penal system in the area of combating residential neighbourhood crime within the Nigerian residential estates. The research sought experts’ opinion on the desirability and sustainability of the model. Purposive and snow-ball sampling methods were adopted to administer 100 sets of questionnaire out of which 62 were considered usable for the analysis after data screening. SPSS and SEM-AMOS were the key analytical tools adopted to conduct the reliability test, normality test, cumulative mean, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and the measurement model. The results of the analysis showed that, from the perspectives of the experts, the model is desirable and sustainable for the purpose for which it is proposed (Neighbourhood crime control). The model, if tenaciously implemented is capable of boosting housing values/investment, improve national economy and ensure civic and serene residential neighbourhood.

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Самоубиства у Јапану

Author(s): Svetlana Lazić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 157-158/2016

This paper presents cultural and historical circumstances, different causes and methods of suicide in modern Japan. In this country, belonging to a group has always been an imperative, a national cultural characteristic that have been passed down through upbringing over the centuries, and it is still powerful today, despite modernization and individualization. A strong affiliation to a group protects individuals against the risk of suicide if a problem occurs in the group: weakening or termination of a relationship, when an individual is left alone, exposed to problems he/she can not cope with outside the group. Samurai, warriors from feudal times, considered suicide a reasonable and honorable act, and because of that in Japan today there is a tolerant view of suicide and relatively high suicide rate. In the past, the loss of honor was the main reason for suicide for samurai, which was typical of old Japan. Today, the reasons for suicide, due to globalization, are similar worldwide – existential despair, loss of reason for living, profound loneliness, lack of connection with others, etc. The rate of suicide performed by teenagers in Japan, as well as by corporate employees, is alarming, and this issue will be addressed in this paper.

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MEDICAL STUDENTS ENCOUNTER WITH VICTIMS OF VIOLENCE: A SIMULATION PROGRAM

Author(s): Sevgi Turan,Melih Elçin,Orhan Odabaşı,Müge Demir,Nüket Büken / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

Violence against women is a serious violation of women's human rights and a significant health issue in many countries. As domestic violence is a subject of high concern in the different countries, there has been considerable research into the topic of domestic violence generally, though there is comparatively less known on health care providers roles related to  domestic violence. Health care providers are usually frontline professionals that victims of violence get in touch with , even sometimes not explicitly. Therefore health care providers’ skills and attitudes are very important when giving  a hand to victims of violence professionally. A special case is Turkey. Where the social structure in Belgium, England and Austria is of an matriarchal nature (in a sociological sense, not anthropologic), Turkey is strongly patriarchally ordered. Moreover, it has a higher level of social acceptance of domestic violence. This paper describes the program in a medical curriculum on violence against women. Simulation which is increasingly being used in health care workers training is used to deliver the program. Standardized patient (SP) methodology is the preferred modality of simulation. SP is a lay person trained to portray a patient in order to simulate a set of symptoms or problems. SPs would have first-hand knowledge, experience and feedback to improve the skills. The simulation program and the experiences of the students acquired during this program are discussed in this paper.

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Mobilni tim – model zaštite žrtava akutnog nasilja

Author(s): Dragana Šćepović,Andrea Rakanović Radonjić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2017

Centers for Social Work, in accordance with Law on Protection from Domestic Violence have a coordinating role in the protection of victims of violence. Centers for Social Work are obliged to form an expert team consisting of representatives of the Center, bodies and departments of the local government, the police, non-governmental organizations and experts dealing with the issues of family and domestic violence in order to establish victim assistance plan, in accordance with their needs and choices. The activities on the treatment of victims of violence, as well as the prevention of violence against children, are carried out through Center for Social Work that provide multisectoral and interdisciplinary approach.Keeping in mind that violence is basically a relationship in which power relations are manifested, it isessential that the relevant institution, including the Center for Social Work are efficiently and successfully involved in early detection, monitoring, prevention and protection of children from violence. In accordance with the Family Law Center for Social Work is empowered to intervene measures of family and legal protection in situations of abuse of a child, its development and exercising their rights. For the purpose of early detection and emergency response in cases of acute violence Centre for Social Work formed Mobile teams to combat domestic violence, which are available 24 hours. Mobile team - a team for providing support and assistance for victims of violence, intervene on the police call, after domestic violence is reported. Members of team are going out on the field where they taking measures to protect victims of violence and provide adequate and the timely assistance. Based on the activities carried out by mobile teams in preventing acute phase of violence professionals at Center for Social Work develops a plan for the protection of victims of violence. Research and experience of mobile teams show growing in number of reported domestic violence and the growing need for engagement of mobile teams.This paper will present an analysis of data relating to the type of violence, activities and measures of protection and re-offending in the city of Banjaluka in the period from 2012 to 2016. Paper presents recommendations for improvement of activities of the Mobile Team that are based on the analysis of data.

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Bitka na koti Zečev gaj, 25. 5. 1992.

Author(s): Senahid Kahrimanović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 43/2016

This is an authentic testimony from the scene about the most difficult battle in Gracanica region, from the beginning of the war for Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–1995) in which in one day 10 fighters from among the defense line of Bosnia and Herzegovina were killed and many more were wounded. The same day, Gracanica suffered the most serious destruction by artillery weapons from the Serbian positions on Ozren. The attempts of the infantry attack on the very city were blocked. The author has performed the difficult and responsible duty of the President of the Crisis Staff, that is, the President of the War Council of the local community Stjepan Polje both before and during the battle, as well as in the later period, all until the end of the war. This contribution is based on the excerpts from his book of memories, published as a copyright release titled My zone of responsibility, in 2008 in Gracanica.

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Listajući ratnu bilježnicu: prizori iz ratne bolnice u Sokolu prvih dana agresije na Bosnu i Hercegovinu

Author(s): Faruk Delić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 43/2016

In the paper, the author brings out some interesting details from his war notebook from the War Hospital in Sokol near Gračanica, which actually started functioning in the second half of May 1992, while in the dramatic days of fierce shelling of Gracanica and the battle around Chetniks’ strongholds Lendići (from 23rd to 25th May) it cared for and saved the lives of many wounded, both of the civilians and members of the Territorial Defense units. The author presents a list of the first wounded persons as well as the names of the first doctors and other medical staff of the Hospital that appeared at that time.

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Zaštita žrtve u krivičnom postupku

Author(s): Ivan Duzlevski / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 29/2017

Osoba koja odluči da istupi i ispriča o onome što zna o nekom krivičnom delu, neretko rizikuje pretnje i zastrašivanja od strane okrivljenog ili trećih lica, čak i osvetu u odnosu na njega ili na lica iz njegovog najbližeg okruženja. Kada institucije međunarodnog ili nacionalnog pravosuđa otpočnu procesuiranje predmeta počinjenih ratnih zločina, i kada i okrivljeni i svedok potiču iz jedne zatvorene, tradicionalne, društvene sredine, u kojoj „svi znaju o svakome sve“, sa reliktima prekih sudova, izricanja kolektivnih kazni i zastrašujuće krvne osvete, ugroženost osnovnih društvenih vrednosti još bolje se uočava. Isto tako, u borbi države protiv organizovanog kriminala, najefektivnije sredstvo borbe trebalo bi da budu svedoci-insajderi, dakle „mangupi“ iz redova same kriminalne organizacije, obično vojnički ustrojene sa piramidom vlasti i moći, koja samim tim podrazumeva da se izdaja kažnjava najsurovijim metodama.

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Žrtvoslov bošnjačkog stanovništva s područja općine Gračanica 1941.-1945

Author(s): Omer Hamzić,Edin Šaković / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 29/2009

Navedeni podaci predstavljaju preliminarne rezultate istraživanja, podložne naknadnim dopunama i eventualnim korekcijama. U ovom broju Gračaničkog glasnika, donosimo prvi dio žrtvoslova, koji se odnosi na seoska naselja na području današnje općine Gračanica. U narednom broju planiramo objaviti drugi dio – podatke za grad Gračanicu sa Pribavom, koji su trenutno u fazi obrade, provjere i sređivanja.

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Кривичнопроцесна заштита малолетних лица - домаћа и упоредна решења -

Author(s): Božidar Banović,Aleksandra Ilić Rajković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2012

The authors consider in work different aspects of criminal proceeding protection of minors in Republic of Serbia and in several European countries. These young people can participate in criminal proceeding on the one hand as witnesses. It usually means that they are also injured but there are situations when that’s not the case. There are set of rules which refer to protection of minors in criminal proceeding when they are injured. Also some new rules which relate to measures of protection of particularly sensitive witnesses was recently adopted. These new rules offer protection for all such witnesses (including minors) regardless of they are injured or not. It is also important to protect minors in criminal proceeding when they are accused because of necessity of regular development of their personality and some special rules are established for that reason in our country. Some states of the former Yugoslavia in a similar way as Serbia regulate the protection of minors in criminal proceedings, such as Croatia and Macedonia. The examples of Germany and France are also given in work. Germany is specific because of the rules which refer to the protection of juvenile offenders, while France has significantly improved the protection of juvenile victims of crime.

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