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Juvenile Delinquency in Poland. Dimensions and Selected Forms of Response

Author(s): Monika Noszczyk-Bernasiewicz / Language(s): English Issue: 45 (2)/2015

This paper provides data concerning the scale (dimensions), dynamics, and structure of deprivation, as well as penal acts committed by juveniles over the period 2000−2012. The research results presented here are the author’s own elaboration of the data from the Statistics Department of the Ministry of Justice in Warsaw. The prevention of juvenile deprivation and delinquency requires the use of countermeasures against these issues on an individual and collective basis and against the deterioration processes. For several years, there has been observed an increasing interest rate regarding activities aimed at preventing and reducing many worrisome behaviors among children and youth. Focusing on this issue can be explained when looking at police or court statistics that each year show a growing number of juveniles reaching for alcohol or other intoxicants, starting sexual activity early, committing brutal acts of aggression and criminal acts.

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Sprawiedliwość naprawcza w poglądach osób pozbawionych wolności

Author(s): Agnieszka Lewicka-Zelent / Language(s): Polish Issue: 45 (2)/2015

While working with prisoners – persons deprived of their liberty one uses the whole spectrum of methods that are aimed at their social rehabilitation in order to allow them to properly function in society. Mediation may be one of such methods, facilitating socially maladjusted people‘s rehabilitation. Although mediation after the verdict was sanctioned by law in Poland, in practice, no one uses it. Perhaps a good solution in this case would be to promote efforts to raise awareness of restorative justice among prisoners, which is the foundation of mediation. Therefore, in our study, it was decided to discover what are the views of randomly selected inmates on the restorative justice.

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Programy postępowania z więźniami jako podstawa resocjalizacji oraz przestrzegania ich praw

Author(s): Miloslav Jůzl / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2013

The aim of this article is to introduce and explain the core of social rehabilitation of prisoners which lies in creation and effect of treatment as a necessary prerequisite for their successful return to civic society and as the mainfactor of permanent humanization of our prison system in the context of respecting the rights and duties of prisoners.

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Criminogenic Influence of Penitentiary Institution

Author(s): Filip Mirić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

Referral to serve a sentence of imprisonment in a penitentiary institution is a very stressful experience for all convicted offenders. They are obliged to put an end to their former lifestyle and continue living in a penal institution of a closed type, governed by strict rules of conduct and featuring very diverse population of inmates. Due to the loss of freedom, many convicts are deprived of numerous privileges they used to have outside prison. In reaction to these “deprivations”, they commit new crimes while serving their prison sentences. For this reason, time spent in prison can be an important criminogenic factor. In the first part of the paper, author discusses the forms of deprivation in penitentiary institutions and their impacts on prisoners’ life. Then, the author points out to the criminogenic impact of the prison environment and the necessity to conduct empirical research in this area. Finally, the author underscores the need to find effective measures to reduce the criminogenic impact of the prison environment and turn penitentiaries into facilities for genuine rehabilitation and re-socialization of prisoners.

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Zasada trafnej reakcji karnej – art. 2 § 1 pkt 1 k.p.k. po nowelizacji z dnia 27 września 2013 roku

Author(s): Krzysztof Woźniewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXXIII/2015

The article is devoted to the analysis of the legal meaning of one of the fundamental principles of the criminal process that is called the principle of accurate criminal response(repression) expressed in art. 2 § 1 point 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure in its new normative shape provided by the amendment to the Code of Criminal Procedure adopted by the Parliament in September 2013. De lege lata its legal sense can be reduced to the directive that the offender should be detected and prosecuted and the innocent should not incur criminal liability. After the amendment of 2003 art. 2 § 1 p. 1 received a new wording:the offender should be detected and prosecuted and the person who has not been proven guilty should not incur criminal liability. Due to the above change, the Author considers possible procedural consequences for the participants of a criminal process and analyzes the meaning of the legal principle of material truth (art. 2 § 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure), which has not been amended but can lead to the procedural reconstruction.

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Referendarz sądowy w postępowaniu karnym (uwagi na tle Projektu zmian w kodeksie postępowania karnego)

Author(s): Krzysztof Woźniewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXXI/2014

The article is an attempt to look more closely at the institution of court referendary, who is a judicial authority introduced to criminal proceedings in 2011. Ills initial role,which was to help in the course of proceedings, and significance are going to be expanded under the government’s draft bill to amend the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Criminal Code and certain other laws, which was submitted to the Parliament in November 2012 (Sejm’s document No. 870). The Author presents the characteristic of a court referendary as a body of legal protection as defined in the case law of the Constitutional Tribunal. The Tribunal allows to perform some activities by court referendaries in civil proceedings, not seeing any significant legal obstacles to provide them with some competence also in criminal proceedings. I low ever, the kind of competences court referendaries would be entitled to perform after the entry into force of the draft amendment raises some doubts. It is pointed out that in any case, a court referendary may be eligible for activities related to decisions regarding criminal charges. A large part of the article is also devoted to procedural interactions between the two judicial bodies which are a court and a court referendary. The shape of this relationship emerging from the draft demonstrates its vague nature.Providing the two bodies of different status with the same competencies may give rise to disputes in practice. In this context the problem of the independence of court referendaries is also discussed.

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The process of penitentiary rehabilitation in the experiences of former convicts

Author(s): Elżbieta Łuczak / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The content presented in the study is an excerpt from a broader research conductedby the author on the effectiveness of social rehabilitation impacts of selected prisons inour country. In this study, we used the results related to the external effectiveness of socialrehabilitation, in which a lot of space was devoted to reconstructing the experiences of formerconvicts made with the use of open in-depth interviews. The aim of the analyses wasto obtain answers to the following question: What factors in experiencing penitentiary isolationand achieving success in social rehabilitation do former convicts attribute the greatestimportance to?The area of research exploration outlined in this way consisted of two research fields focusedon giving meaning to the conditions of imprisonment and the interpersonal relations of theconvicts. The research provided rich empirical material showing the multiplicity and sometimesalso different meanings associated with experiencing penitentiary isolation. However,the greatest importance was given by the subjects to good relations with the family and otherclosest people as well as character traits manifested in high resistance to stress and difficultconditions of penitentiary isolation.Although the research results obtained are limited in terms of sample selection and do notgive rise to wider generalizations, they show – contrary to popular beliefs – that penitentiaryrehabilitation is not as bad as it is believed to be, but it is also a process that has positiveaspects that must certainly be found and, of course, developed.

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The effectiveness of the served electronic supervision in the opinion of the convicted men

Author(s): Agnieszka Lewicka-Zelent / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

In the subject literature it is emphasised that completion of the penalty of deprivationof liberty is not an effective way to prevent former convicts from committing subsequentoffences. Thus, an endeavour is being made to find the alternatives to isolationpenalty, at which point electronic supervision on the convicts is indicated. Although the provisionsof law pertaining to such solution are quite clear, the data pertaining to its effects arenot so extensive. In connection therewith, the research was undertaken to reveal the opinionsof men serving the penalty of deprivation of liberty on the issue of effectiveness of supervisionimposed on them in the past. As part of the research, both diagnostic survey method andauthor’s own questionnaire were used. It involved 229 men who had been previously underthe electronic supervision and are in the conditions of penitentiary isolation at the time ofresearch. The obtained results of the study confirm the advantage of positive opinions ofthe convicts about the supervision carried out. This subjective assessment, however, does notfully coincide with the objective one, carried out in the perspective of returning to prison andthe relatively low nuisance of electronic supervision which is treated as a punishment. Theyencourage to reflect on the detailed diagnosis of the accused persons being conducted priorto the imposition of electronic supervision pursuant to court decision.

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Job satisfaction and a sense of purpose at work among prisoners

Author(s): Katarzyna Lenart-Kłoś,Justyna Nowicka / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Work is one of the most important factors of rehabilitation. It instils in prisonersthe spirit of prosocial behavior, and is conducive to developing attitudes generally viewed associally desirable. It is the instrument for achieving re-education as well as preventing recidivism.The high level of sense of work leads to greater satisfaction and involvement of prisoners.It helps one to find him/herself in the labor market after being released from prison.The present research involves 198 hired convicts from Lublin Remand Centre and it hasbeen carried out by applying M. Steger’s WAMI questionnaire, A. Zalewska’s SatisfactionWith Job Scale and the authors’ survey. This research gives an answer to the question: isthere a correlation between job satisfaction and the sense of purpose of work, and are therespondents planning to find a job after their sentence?Prisoners with a higher degree of personal sense of work are more likely to: feel greater satisfactionfrom their work, act for the benefit of the general public, make more realistic plansinvolving their release, and better prepared for finding themselves on the labor market afterexpiration of a sentence. Job satisfaction among working prisoners depends on payment.The high degree of prisoners sense of purpose of work and satisfaction with it are significantfactors of the involvement in the reintegration process.

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Deprywacyjny charakter organizacji wolnego czasu w więzieniu

Author(s): Beata Mydłowska,Kazimierz Pierzchała / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

Artykuł poddaje refleksji specyfikę form spędzania czasu przez więźniów we współczesnych zakładach karnych. Autorzy poddali analizie sposoby zagospodarowania czasu wolnego w wybranym zakładzie karnym. W szczególności skupiono uwagę na tych formach aktywności, które sprzyjają szeroko pojętemu rozwojowi osobowościowemu i przyczyniają się do tego, że pobyt w zakładzie karnym jest czasem straconym. Uwzględniając opinie skazanych na temat konsekwencji wynikających z różnych form spędzania czasu, odniesiono się do ich potrzeb związanych z podtrzymywaniem związków w ramach struktury ja–świat, koniecznych do prawidłowego, psychofizjologicznego funkcjonowania osobowości.

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Proces resocjalizacji penitencjarnej w doświadczeniach byłych skazanych

Author(s): Elżbieta Łuczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

Prezentowane w opracowaniu treści są fragmentem szerzej zakrojonych badań prowadzonych przez autorkę nt. efektywności oddziaływań resocjalizacyjnych wybranych zakładów karnych na terenie naszego kraju.W tym opracowaniu wykorzystano wyniki związane z zewnętrzną efektywnością oddziaływań resocjalizacyjnych, w których dużo miejsca poświęcono rekonstrukcji doświadczeń byłych skazanych dokonanych przy zastosowaniu otwartych wywiadów pogłębionych. W przeprowadzonych analizach chodziło o uzyskanie odpowiedzi na następujące pytanie: Jakim czynnikom w doświadczaniu izolacji penitencjarnej i osiąganiu powodzenia w resocjalizacji przypisują byli skazani największe znaczenie?Na tak zarysowany obszar eksploracji badawczej składały się dwa pola badawcze skoncentrowane wokół nadawania znaczeń warunkom odbywania kary pozbawienia wolności oraz relacjom interpersonalnym skazanych. Badania dostarczyły bogatego materiału empirycznego pokazującego wielość a czasami również odmienność znaczeń związanych z doświadczaniem izolacji penitencjarnej. Największe jednak znaczenie nadali badani dobrym relacjom z rodziną i innymi najbliższymi osobami a także cechom charakteru przejawiających się w dużej odporności na stres i trudne warunki izolacji penitencjarnej.Mimo że uzyskane rezultaty badawcze ograniczone są doborem próby i nie upoważniają do szerszych uogólnień, to jednak pokazują – wbrew obiegowym opiniom – że resocjalizacja penitencjarna to nie samo zło, to również proces, mający pozytywne aspekty, które z całą pewnością należy odnajdywać i oczywiście rozwijać.

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Skuteczność odbytego dozoru elektronicznego w opinii skazanych mężczyzn

Author(s): Agnieszka Lewicka-Zelent / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

W literaturze przedmiotu podkreśla się, że odbywanie kary pozbawienia wolności nie jest skutecznym sposobem zapobiegania kolejnym przestępstwom dokonywanym przez byłych osadzonych. Dlatego poszukuje się alternatyw dla kary izolacyjnej, wśród których wskazuje się objęcie sprawcy dozorem elektronicznym. O ile dość jasne są przepisy prawne dotyczące tego rozwiązania, o tyle nadal niewiele jest danych dotyczących jego skutków.W związku z tym podjęto badania, których celem było poznanie opinii mężczyzn odbywających karę pozbawienia wolności na temat skuteczności dozoru, jakim byli objęci w przeszłości.W badaniu wykorzystano metodę sondażu diagnostycznego i zastosowano kwestionariusz ankiety własnego autorstwa. Uczestniczyło w nim 229 mężczyzn, którzy objęci byli dozorem elektronicznym, a w czasie badania przebywali w warunkach izolacji penitencjarnej. Uzyskane wyniki potwierdzają przewagę pozytywnych opinii skazanych na temat odbytego dozoru.Ta subiektywna ocena nie do końca pokrywa się jednak z obiektywną, dokonywaną w perspektywie powrotności do przestępstwa i stosunkowo niewielkiej uciążliwości SDE traktowanego jako kara. Wyniki badania skłaniają do refleksji nad przeprowadzaniem szczegółowej diagnozy oskarżonych poprzedzającej decyzję sądu o objęciu ich dozorem elektronicznym.

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Satysfakcja z pracy i poczucie sensu pracy u więźniów

Author(s): Katarzyna Lenart-Kłoś,Justyna Nowicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

Praca to jeden z najważniejszych czynników resocjalizacji. Rozwija i kształtuje właściwe prospołeczne postawy więźniów. Stanowi narzędzie reedukacji i działań na rzecz zapobiegania powrotności do przestępstwa. Wysoki poziom poczucia sensu pracy prowadzi do zwiększenia satysfakcji i zaangażowania więźniów. Pomaga również w odnalezieniu się na rynku pracy po zakończeniu odbywania kary pozbawienia wolności. W badaniach uczestniczyło198 pracujących osadzonych przebywających w Areszcie Śledczym w Lublinie. Zastosowano kwestionariusz WAMI M. Steger’a, Skalę Satysfakcji z Pracy A. Zalewskiej oraz kwestionariusz autorski. Zbadano, czy istnieje związek między satysfakcją z pracy a poczuciem sensu pracy,a także jakie są deklaracje dotyczące zamiaru podjęcia pracy po odbyciu kary pozbawienia wolności. Więźniowie z wyższym osobistym poczuciem sensu pracy odczuwają większą satysfakcję z pracy,a także częściej chcą działać dla dobra społecznego, budują bardziej realistyczne plany wolnościowe, odczuwają mniejsze obawy przed odnalezieniem się na rynku pracy po zakończeniu odbywania kary. Odpłatność za pracę więźniów wpływa na poziom odczuwanej z niej satysfakcji. Wysokie poczucie sensu pracy i zadowolenia z możliwości jej wykonywania wśród pracujących więźniów są istotnym elementem warunkującym zaangażowanie osadzonych w proces resocjalizacji.

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Rozwój potraumatyczny u pacjentów z doświadczeniem psychozy podlegających detencji

Author(s): Sylwia Wierzbicka,Maryla Malewicz-Sawicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

Praca dotyczy czynników osobowościowych i sytuacyjnych związanych ze wzrostem potraumatycznym u osób chorujących na schizofrenię, które doświadczyły różnego rodzaju sytuacji traumatycznych. Grupą badaną były osoby, które popełniły czyn zabroniony i przebywały na detencji (N = 30), a grupą kontrolną pacjenci hospitalizowani w oddziale dziennym rehabilitacji psychiatrycznej (N = 30). Do pomiaru zmiennych użyto: Inwentarza Osobowości NEO-FFI, Inwentarza Potraumatycznego Rozwoju, Kwestionariusza zmiennych społeczno-demograficznych oraz skali BPRS. Grupa badana uzyskała średnio wyższe wyniki w poziomie wzrostu potraumatycznego niż grupa kontrolna. W grupie kontrolnej osoby uzyskały wyższe wyniki w poziomie neurotyczności, z kolei osoby z grupy badanej w poziomie ekstrawersji.Najczęściej wskazywanym wydarzeniem traumatycznym w obu grupach było doświadczenie przewlekłej choroby.

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Przejawy nadziei w narracjach więźniów o bliskich związkach. Resocjalizacyjne aspekty nadziei

Author(s): Katarzyna Czubak-Paluch,Barbara Gawda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The aim of the paper is the analysis of hope expressed in the narratives about romantic relationship in prisoners. The study included 301 inmates from different prisons and 253 persons forming the control group. Participants wrote the stories about their close romantic relationship. The narrative indicators of hope were as following: number of positive ending of the stories, the number of optimistic views of the situation, temporal approach of the story, mental processes. The intergroup comparisons have been conducted. The results showed that prisoners possess less optimistic view of their romantic relationship, rarer end positively their stories, they also have lower level of mental processes’ indicator. However, they describe their stories in present and future tenses which may mean some level of hope present in their narratives. Insight seems to be an important factor constituting the basis for building personal resources, which positively correlates with an optimistic view of the future.

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Podejście salutogeniczne w resocjalizacji. Przegląd koncepcji

Author(s): Małgorzata H. Kowalczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The salutogenic approach is one of the leading ways of thinking about rehabilitation. It emphasizes the subjectivity of people participating in the rehabilitation process. The overriding aim of social rehabilitation interventions is to support changes that naturally occur in an individual’s life, focusing on their potentials. This approach is reflected in various theoretical concepts supported by practice and the postulated directions of social rehabilitation interventions. This approach is also known in Polish rehabilitation thought. The aim of this theoretical study was to discuss the most important concepts of social rehabilitation referring to this perspective. The most famous concepts supported by research were presented: creative rehabilitation, multifactorial offenders readiness model and the model of a good life. The mentioned concepts give the possibility of unconventional treatment of social rehabilitation interactions, an individual approach to each person requiring social rehabilitation or therapeutic interventions, and may be an inspiration when designing interactions with the most difficult categories of offenders.

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Motywacja osiągnięć, kluczowe autoewaluacje i kompetencje społeczne młodocianych przestępców

Author(s): Piotr Witkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2022

Adolescence is characterised by dynamic changes in both physical and mental development. During this period, it is particularly easy to develop antisocial behaviours and contact with people from criminal groups. The article presents the results of a pilot study which aim was to compare the results of the level of social competences, core self-evaluations and achievement motivation between a group of adolescents placed in juvenile detention centres and a group of high school students. According to the author, these variables may be psychological resources that contribute to effective resocialization and psychotherapy of adolescents placed in correctional institutions. The analysis of the results showed significant differences in the level of core self-evaluations, except that the group of juvenile offenders scored significantly higher than the comparison group. The remaining differences were not statistically significant. Additional analyses showed a strong relationship between the level of core self-evaluations and the level of social competence and a moderate correlation between the level of achievement motivation and the level of social competence in the group of juvenile offenders. Appropriate use of the results may contribute to increasing the effectiveness of resocialization and reducing the risk of recidivism.

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Tatuowanie ciała w środowisku wolnościowym i więziennym – marginalizacja w kontekście społeczno-kulturowym

Author(s): Mariusz Snopek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2022

The permanent body’s imprinting (decorating and branding) has been known since the dawn of history. The tattoo phenomenon (as one of many forms of body modifications) goes beyond the bounds of some marginal social groups. Nowadays, it is ascribed to many other social milieus and, by implication, it became an inherent element, not only underculture or subculture but also pop culture. In Poland, three types of tattoos can be distinguished: artistic, amateurish, and prison. For the purpose of the article, the types of tattoos occurring in Poland were divided into two groups: the tattoo made on freedom (artistic and amateurish tattoo) and the tattoo made in insulating establishment (prison tattoo). People with tattoos, independently of its types, function in a specific environment that presents an attitude of acceptance or negation. The risk of marginalisation appears differently in the case of freedom tattoo and in the case of prison tattoo. The article shows the main determinants conducing to localisation of an individual in a group liable to marginalisation. The conclusion of the text are the results of research conducted in 2005–2018 both in freedom and insulated milieu.

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Wybrane problemy współczesnego więziennictwa w Polsce

Author(s): Bartosz Zając / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The article introduces selected problem that concern Prison Service in Poland.The most common threats in the penitentiary facilities include: corruption attemptsby inmates, uncontrolled infiltration of the facilities by drugs and other psychoactivesubstances such as alcohol and so called boosters, extraordinary incidents, overcrow-ding of the facilities, bad press surrounding the work of prison officers and the wholepenitentiary system, mobbing, stress, burnout and nepotism that strike mostly officerswho are in the first line of duty, have direct contact with the inmates. The article alsotakes up troubles caused by the inappropriate technical infrastructure, usage of theof postmonastery building. The difficulties described are differential, have variousintensity and impact on functioning of penitentiary facilities in Poland. The articlepoints to main factors that determine formation of these problems and their complexitythat influence functioning of the whole force.

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Teoretyczne i praktyczne implikacje pobytu osadzonych w wieku senioralnym w jednostkach penitencjarnych

Author(s): Eliza Major / Language(s): Polish Issue: 62/2021

The number of elderly people in Polish society has been growing from year to year. Along with it, the population of people over 60 sentenced to imprisonment is also on the rise. At the same time, there are no statutory regulations in the Polish legal system that would apply to the conditions and rules of serving a sentence by people of senior age. The situation of elderly inmates in Polish prisons should be considered from the perspective of issues such as living conditions in penitentiary units, proper healthcare and nutrition. The process of aging of the society and the related increase in the number of elderly people in Polish prisons will certainly require changes in the penitentiary policy and legal provisions in relation to this category of prisoners. The Prison Service is also facing the challenge of adjusting resocialising treatment to the capabilities of seniors. The inevitable and progressive biological, psychological, and social changes linked to aging justify the basis for developing a different way of executing a sentence on senior prisoners, taking into account the appropriate conditions for serving this sentence as well as the need to train the prison staff working with this category of convicts. The article is an attempt to draw attention to the problem outlined and to signal solutions which could bring the expected results.

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