Integration of Immigrants into the Host Society: Participation in Traditions, Holidays, Celebrations and Cultural Life

Author(s): Ewa Sowa-Behtane / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

This article presents the problem of immigrant integration in Poland, which was investigated in a 2022 diagnostic survey of 56 immigrants living in Krakow. The respondents were asked about their opinions on participating in Polish holidays and traditions, introducing their Polish friends to the customs and traditions of their culture and participating in Polish cultural life (Polish cinema, theatre, exhibitions and concerts). The analysis revealed that the vast majority of the respondents (approx. 70%–80%) integrate with the host society to a high degree. The vast majority of the respondents (nearly 90%) claimed that they familiarize their Polish friends with their national culture. Sixty-five percent of the respondents claimed that they participate in Polish cultural life very often or often. However, it is still necessary to support this group of immigrants, who have problems with integration, so there is a need to modify integration policies and introduce intercultural education in schools and universities to a greater degree.

Integracja imigrantów zespołeczeństwem przyjmującym. Naprzykładzie uczestnictwa w tradycjach, świętach, uroczystościach iżyciu kulturalnym

Author(s): Ewa Sowa-Behtane / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

This article presents the problem of immigrant integration in Poland, which was investigated in a 2022 diagnostic survey of 56 immigrants living in Krakow. The respondents were asked about their opinions on participating in Polish holidays and traditions, introducing their Polish friends to the customs and traditions of their culture and participating in Polish cultural life (Polish cinema, theatre, exhibitions and concerts). The analysis revealed that the vast majority of the respondents (approx. 70%–80%) integrate with the host society to a high degree. The vast majority of the respondents (nearly 90%) claimed that they familiarize their Polish friends with their national culture. Sixty-five percent of the respondents claimed that they participate in Polish cultural life very often or often. However, it is still necessary to support this group of immigrants, who have problems with integration, so there is a need to modify integration policies and introduce intercultural education in schools and universities to a greater degree.

Sunce, mjesec i zvijezde u lirskim narodnim pjesmama iz Sandžaka

Author(s): Avdija Avdić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 93-94/2023

Raznovrsno cvijeće, česme, šadrvani, snovi i čežnje, pendžeri i uski sokaci, i još mnoge lijepe riječi ispunjavaju i ukrašavaju lirske narodne pjesme. Ukrašavaju ih i nebeska tijela: sunce, mjesec i zvijezde, kao najvjerniji pratioci ljudi, najvjerniji svjedoci njihovih sudbina. Ona su u pjesmama prisutna kao putokaz, kao mjerač (otkucaj) vremena, kao dah života, kao simboli kojima se ispoljava žestina ljubavi… I, kao takva, ona se prizivaju, veličaju, vole. U ovome radu nastoji se pokazati prisutnost i funkciju ovih nebeskih tijela u lirskim narodnim pjesmama koje su se pjevale na prostoru Sandžaka. Povezanost sa suncem, mjesecom i zvijezdama je bliska i ona se ostvaruje kroz ljubavne osjećaje, bilo djevojke ili “vjerne ljube” koja hodi u avliji, ili “dragog” koji putuje, jezdi kroz goru, ili je u nekoj đemiji na moru. Sunce, mjesec i zvijezde spuštaju se na čelo ljepotica, na duvak nevjeste, i, iskovana vještim rukama kujundžija, ova nebeska tijela ukrašavaju njihovo bijelo grlo i njihova njedra bijela. Prisutnost sunca, mjeseca i zvijezda posebno je zastupljena u sevdalinkama, lirskim narodnim pjesmama urbane sredine, koje su ukrašavale i duhovnost Sandžaka, ranije Novopazarskog sandžaka, koji je do 1865. godine bio u sastavu Bosanskog pašaluka, od tada Bosanskog vilajeta, do 2. februara 1877. godine kada je Novopazarski sandžak definitivno izdvojen iz Bosanskog vilajeta i priključen Kosovskom vilajetu.

ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ ПРОСВІТИ ТА ВОЛИНСЬКОГО УКРАЇНСЬКОГО ОБ’ЄДНАННЯ НА ВОЛИНІ У МІЖВОЄННИЙ ПЕРІОД

Author(s): Yuriy MAKAR,Mykola KUCHEREPA / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2023

According to the authors, the current aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine permanently deprives Ukrainians of any hope of compromise with their north-eastern neighbour, which is trying to prove the invalidity of a self-sufficient Ukrainian statehood in any way, failure of Ukrainians to create and develop their sovereign state. It has done this throughout all previous centuries, in every way destroying any attempts by Ukrainians to cultivate their own identity. This undoubtedly applies to the use of the mother tongue, the activities of all cultural and educational centres, etc. Attempts by Ukrainians to recreate the Ukrainian state after World War I failed due to internal and external factors, among which the Russian played not a minor role. Russia, then a Bolshevik state, saw no other path to its development than ownership of Ukrainian lands and domination of the Ukrainians. To this end, the most brutal methods of persecution of rebellious Ukrainians were used - from the liquidation of any public organizations to the mass destruction of their carriers. During the interwar period, the part of the Ukrainian lands which later, during and after World War II, the USSR (the same Russia, only under a pseudonymise of the federation of "independent" states) seized, in agreement with then Hitler’s Germany, belonged to other states, including Poland. Taking into account what is happening now, the authors would like to dwell briefly on the activities of Ukrainian educational organizations of the time in Volyn, which was under the authority of Poland. The article analyzes the activity and significance of the Ukrainian national cultural centers in Volyn – Prosvita and Prosvita Houses. It is noted that due to the implementation of the “Volyn experiment” voivod H. Yuzevsky destroyed the cultural and educational society Prosvita in the province under various acutenesses and created societies that were supposed to implement the program of governorates. On the basis of the analysis of many facts, the authors came to the conclusion that cultural and educational organizations subordinated to the Volyn Ukrainian Association, contrary to the hopes of the Polish authorities, had little beneficial influence on the development of culture, education, and literature in Volyn. Further experience showed that after the annexation of Volyn to the USSR, using the slogans of liberation of Ukrainians from the Polish oppression, led to the extermination of all centers of both Polish, and Ukrainian cultural and educational activity, because they did not fit into the Soviet interpretation of human rights and democracy as such. There is no doubt that after the end of the current unprovoked bloody war, which Ukraine will eventually win, with the direct comprehensive assistance of the same Poland and the entire civilized world, the problem of eliminating the layers of alienation between Ukrainians and Poles will be viewed from the perspective of what brings us closer rather than separate.

Gdje su “nestali” stećci?

Author(s): Tatjana Mićević-Đurić,Edita Vučić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 52/2023

Stećci, monolithic tombstones, are the bearers of the unique sepulchral culture of the Bosnian and Hum Middle Ages. Considering the fact they are located in natural surroundings, and regarding their total number, artistic and design characteristics, stećci represent the cultural phenomenon of medieval Europe. Due to the previous reflections on the stećak as a phenomenon of the Bosnian Middle Ages, the following issues were not debated: Where did the stećak tombstones “disappear”? Did stećci just stop being made or did they continued to “live” in certain modified forms of the tombstones? There are also later tombstones, both Muslim and Christian, which, through the evolution of form, depict specific situations of coexistence of members of different religions.

Folkloristika Tartu ülikoolis 1941–1944: eriala järjepidevuse küsimus

Author(s): Tiiu Jaago / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 87/2023

The article looks at the teaching of folklore at the University of Tartu during World War II and the German occupation. It covers three academic years, from the autumn of 1941 to the spring of 1944. In previous studies, the period under review has been presented as a disruption: these years were either ignored altogether or described as an aberration in the development of the Soviet university. Yet it is noticeable that, when discussing the contribution of scholars whose professional biography also covers this period, their work is presented in the context of years, not political periods. All three approaches are characterised by the ideology of an authoritarian state: if research done during the German occupation was spoken of positively, it could be interpreted as anti-Soviet. Therefore, this topic – the everyday life of the University of Tartu during the German occupation and the war – is expected to become relevant. The gap in knowledge needs filling. Was there any activity in folklore at all during this period? The Chair of Folklore was established at the University of Tartu in 1919, when the Estonian-language university was opened. In the Tsarist era (1802–1917), studying the Estonian language and culture was possible in lectureship courses only. Jaan Jõgever (1860–1924) systematically taught folklore as part of the lectureship course from 1909. In 1919, Jaan Jõgever became the dean of the Faculty of Philosophy and one of the leading architects of the structure of the chairs of the Estonian language, culture and history at the university. Walter Anderson (1885–1962), an alumnus of Kazan University, who was already internationally renowned, was invited to the post of professor of folklore. In parallel, courses in Estonian folklore were taught by M. J. Eisen (1857–1934), who had previously worked as a pastor but, as a folklore collector, was a good expert on Estonian folklore. After Eisen died and Anderson left Tartu (in the course of the Umsiedlung in 1939), three alumni of the Estonian-language university engaged in teaching: Oskar Loorits (1900–1961), Elmar Päss (1901–1970), and the literary scholar August Annist (1899–1972). Elmar Päss moved to Tallinn at the end of the 1930s. Oskar Loorits, who was also the director of the Estonian Folklore Archives, became in charge of the chair. Due to conflict with the German occupation authorities, he could not continue working at the university at the end of 1942. However, folklore-related activities at the university continued: literary scholar August Annist delivered lectures and gave examinations in the specialisation. In autumn 1944, when the Soviet university reopened, Eduard Laugaste became the head of the Chair of Folklore. Annist continued as a lecturer of literature but was arrested in the early summer of 1945 and spent the next six years as a political prisoner. After he was released, he did not return to the university. This excursus reveals that, despite favourable and unfavourable circumstances, the teaching of folklore at the university that had started in 1909 was not discontinued during the war. However, it also shows that in the first half of the 20th century the government’s role was decisive in shaping the independence of the discipline by establishing the institutions. Today, it is important to analyse the development of the discipline, considering the interactions between the state, the institutions and the researcher(s), to gain a complete picture.

THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE HASDEU DYNASTY TO THE RESEARCH OF THE TRADITIONAL CULTURE OF BESSARABIA (ON THE OCCASION OF THE 185TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BIRTH OF THE SCIENTIST BOGDAN PETRICEICU-HASDEU)

Author(s): Mariana Cocieru / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 35/2023

In the present approach, the author refers to the historical beginning of folklore research in Bessarabia. In order to be able to follow their evolution, the exposition starts from the precursors of Romanian folkloristics, conventionally concentrating them around some personalities who contributed to a greater or lesser extent to this itinerary. Analyzing this early stage of development, he notes that the Hâjdău- Hasdeu dynasty of folklorists, who were active in the two periods of the formation of folklore (pre- folkloristics and folkloristics as a science), had the largest contribution in this sense. It also highlights the most important folklore studies and materials that appeared in these periods, recorded and published by the brothers Alexandru and Boleslav Hâjdău and Bogdan Petriceicu-Hasdeu.

The Process of Becoming a War Refugee: The Case of a Finnish Boy

Author(s): Triinu Ojamaa / Language(s): English Issue: 90/2023

The article observes the different stages of the gradual process by which Olev Mikiver became a refugee, following the formation and interweaving of his professional (artist’s) identity, his identity as a soldier and as a refugee, based on his private letters. The study mainly focuses on four letters written by Mikiver during the Finnish Continuation War, in which he participated as a volunteer in 1943–1944; these volunteers later became known as the Finnish Boys. The analysis of the letters focuses on the topics discussed in the letters and on Mikiver’s word usage. In addition to verbal means of expression, visual means have also been observed to gain additional information about the changes in identity, attitudes, and mood of the letter-writer. The analysis showed that despite Mikiver remaining a devoted artist, he adopted the soldier identity in a relatively short time and no conflict arose between the two identities. In 1944, Mikiver fled to Sweden. Based on the letters he sent to his friend Ilmar Laaban between 1948 and 1993, some observations have also been made about how he coped with refugee life in Sweden. In the post-war period, the opportunity to continue as an artist in exile, on the one hand, and the sense of solidarity with other Finnish Continuation War veterans on the other hand, helped Mikiver overcome his depression as a refugee.

Heroes and Villains in Memes on the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine

Author(s): Liisi Laineste,Anastasiya Fiadotava / Language(s): English Issue: 90/2023

Wars and other acute social conflicts are a fruitful ground for the emergence of heroes and villains. This is true for the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine: both the news media and ordinary people have found targets for villainisation (Russian president Vladimir Putin) and heroisation (Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy) since the outbreak of war. The article discusses how the public images of the two leaders appeared in internet memes collected in Estonian and Belarusian social media between February 24 and April 8, 2022. Analysing them against the backdrop of the (stereo)typical traits of heroes and villains in folklore, we outline how the new media format affects the way these two juxtaposed images are portrayed in memes. We also focus on the juxtaposition as one of the key strategies both in the processes of villainisation/heroisation and of humour production. The clear juxtaposition between good and evil in war humour distinguishes it from disaster jokes, which do not usually take a definite stance towards their targets.

Developmental Changes in Acoustic Characteristics of Speech of Estonian Adolescents

Author(s): Einar Meister,Lya Meister / Language(s): English Issue: 90/2023

The paper introduces the Estonian Adolescent Speech Corpus and explores the developmental changes in speech production based on acoustic characteristics of fundamental frequency (F0), formant frequencies, and speech tempo as a function of age and gender. Age- and gender-related anatomic changes in adolescence have implications for speech acoustics: a sudden drop of F0 at puberty in boys, and an almost gradual decrease of the acoustic vowels space. In parallel with anatomic changes, the development of the speech motor system is manifested as the increase of speaking rate. The analysis of fundamental frequency (F0) shows that in both male and female speakers, the F0 decreases gradually at the age from 9 to 12 years, then in males F0 drops ca by 100 Hz at the age of 12–15 due to puberty voice change, and becomes stable at the age of 15–18; in female speakers, a gradual decrease of F0 continues till the age 18. The formant frequencies of vowels decrease gradually from 10 to 15 years in both genders and the quality of vowels stabilizes at the age of 15–18 years, gender-specific differences emerge at the age of 12–13. Speech rate increases from 4 syllables per second in 9–10 years to 5.1 syllables per second in 14 years and becomes stable between the ages of 15 and 18, gender differences are not significant. The results of the current study can be considered as reference data that are typical for Estonian-speaking individuals aged 9–18 years with normal language development.

Jak elity wymyśliły ludowość

Author(s): Piotr Korduba / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2022

Aleksei Peterson in the Southern Veps Villages in 1965–1969: A Chapter from the History of Soviet Estonian Ethnography

Author(s): Indrek Jääts / Language(s): English Issue: 91/2023

The article examines the five expeditions made by Aleksei Peterson, director of the Estonian Ethnography Museum, and his colleagues to the Southern Veps villages (Leningrad Oblast, northeastern Russia) in the late 1960s. These research trips marking the rebirth of the Finno-Ugric direction in Estonian ethnography (ethnology) constitute an important part of disciplinary history. The article, based mainly on fieldwork diaries, focuses on the everyday life during the research trips (logistic challenges, relations with local authorities and the Veps) and analyses the attitudes and knowledge production practices of Soviet Estonian ethnographers interested, above all, in traditional peasant culture.

Combining Archival and Academic Research in Dissident Manuscripts: The Ostrobothnian Mystics Project (Finland)

Author(s): Päivi Mehtonen,Tarja Soiniola / Language(s): English Issue: 91/2023

This article describes an interdisciplinary project set up for the collection of manuscripts produced during the period of ca. 1780–1830 by craftsmen and peasants along the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia in Finland (Ostrobothnian Mystics, literature and cultural history collection, the Finnish Literature Society). We briefly describe the nature of the material, discuss the specific aspects of the manuscript project which connected two fields of expertise – that of an archive researcher and a user of the particular collection – and conclude by arguing for the urgency of finding new ways and resources to preserve fragile items – both texts and material artefacts – in a specific field.

Udmurt Folklore Material in the Folklore Archives of the Estonian Literary Museum and Its Collectors: A Brief Review

Author(s): Victor Denisov / Language(s): English Issue: 91/2023

The digitisation and preservation of language and folklore sound collections are highly relevant issues for many archival institutions in the Russian Federation. The folklore archive of the Udmurt Institute of History, Language and Literature in Izhevsk has not been an exception to this. The first folklore and language recordings on analogue magnetic tapes appeared in the early 1960s. In subsequent years, local folklorists and linguists made numerous expeditions to survey all areas of Udmurtia and the neighbouring regions where the Udmurts lived. Estonian researchers also participated in the recording of the Udmurt language and folklore during expeditions both in Estonia and outside. The article covers the joint efforts of Estonian and Udmurt scholars in collecting Udmurt folklore and language materials, which are currently stored at the Estonian Folklore Archives.

Silvanov kult na području istočnog dela rimske provincije Dalmacije

Author(s): Radmila Zotović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 7/2023

On the territory of the eastern part of the Roman Province of Dalmatia, the cult of Roman god Sylvan mostly occurs in votive aras and votive reliefs. In one case, the cult representing young Sylvan occurs in a form of a bronze statuete while the other case refers to an epystole beam with Sylvan involved in a cult symbiosis with the genius of civitas likely to be dated in the period of Emperor Hadrian. All other monuments can be dated in a wider chronological period between the middle of the 2nd century and the 3rd century.

Novi nalazi i perspektive arheoloških istraživanja urbanog i upravnog središta municipija Aquae

Author(s): Salmedin Mesihović,Amra Šačić Beća / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 7/2023

The introduction of this paper gives a short overview of the results of archaeological, historiographic, and epigraphic research of the Roman municipium Aquae. The urban center of the municipium Aquae was in Ilidža, one of nine municipalities of the Sarajevo Canton. In 2022, at the right bank of the Željeznica river, an unpublished Roman-period monument was recorded. Analysis has determined that this is a fragment of a tombstone (cippus) or an honorary inscription (tituli publici). Moreover, this paper addresses the issue of unregistered archaeological material from the Roman period that is recorded in the Željeznica riverbed and near previously corroborated archaeological sites in Ilidža. In this context, two fragments of honorary bases stand out. One of these fragments has preserved indentations that served to attach the statue or bust to the base. Finally, the paper includes maps made as the result of systematic research in 1979. This research was conducted by the Sarajevo City Institute for the Protection and Organization of Cultural Monuments (today’s Cantonal Institution for the Protection of Cultural, Historical and Natural Heritage of Sarajevo).

OVIDIU BÎRLEA – A HISTORIAN OF THE ROMANIAN FOLKLORE

Author(s): Mihaela Hură / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 35/2023

Tracking the way in which Romanian folklore research has evolved is one of the most important concerns of Ovidiu Bîrlea. He sees in the popular creation an essential part, a root of the national culture, a manifestation with artistic character, but also a documentary, which highlights both the specificity of the nation, and cultural similarities between different nations. That is why its research is a necessity, and the work of researchers must be known and critically appreciated to ensure the progress of this essential and quite young science. Knowing very well the research activity of folklore in our country, Ovidiu Bîrlea analyzes it rigorously, severely criticizes the poorly done work and enthusiastically praises the achievements. Through his truly professional activity in this direction, the Romanian research of folklore knows a development that synchronizes it with European research.

ШАРЕНАТА ЧЕРГА НА БЪЛГАРСКИЯ ФОЛКЛОР ПРЕЗ ПОГЛЕДА НА СТУДЕНТИ СОЦИАЛНА ПЕДАГОГИКА

Author(s): Smilena Smilkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The presented material is based on a creative task set for students majoring in Social Pedagogy: to write an essay on the topic „What is Bulgarian folklore for me“. Various aspects in the students' interpretation of the set idea were examined.

Noty o książkach

Author(s): Agata Bielak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 35/2023

Reviews of: 1. Legendy Ajnów z czwartej ręki, oprac. Aleksandra Dębińska, Sviatlana Rohach, tłum. legend Sviatlana Rohach, red. Agnieszka Tambor, Jolanta Tambor, Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, 2022, 98 s. 2. Slovo i čelovek: k 100-letiju so dnja roždenija akademika Nikity Il’iča Tolstogo, otv. red. S.M. Tolstaja, Moskva: Indrik 2023, 744 s. 3. Święty Andrzej Bobola a tożsamość narodowa Polaków, red. Władysława Bryła, Lublin: Wydawnictwo UMCS, 2023, 188 s. 4.Ewa Głażewska, Małgorzata Karwatowska, Humor w „czasach zarazy”, Lublin: Wydawnictwo UMCS, 2023, 265 s. 5. Celina Heliasz-Nowosielska, (Multi)modalność w narracjach o komunikacji. Relacjonowanie działań komunikacyjnych a ich werbalne i niewerbalne sposoby realizacji, Warszawa: Wydawnictwa UW, 2023, 262 s. 6. Eugeniusz Słuszkiewicz, Dzieła zebrane, red., wstęp, oprac. Marcin Lisiecki, t. 1–2, Toruń: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, 2022–2023, 652 s. i 708 s. 7. Alina Szwajczuk, Semantic motivation of plant names. A contrastive analysis of Latin, Polish and English, Szczecin: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego, 2023, 240 s. 8. Ryszard Wylecioł, Andare a casa o in casa? Analisi cognitiva della preposizione semplice italiana, Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, 2021, 214 s. 9. Grzegorz Żuk, Ogrody szczęścia, Lublin: Wydawnictwo UMCS, 2022, 216 s.

Mit o Jerozolimie. Powieść Jelizawiety Michailiczenko i Jurija Nesisa I/e_rus.olim

Author(s): Mirosława Michalska-Suchanek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The article is an attempt to analyze a novel titled I/e_rus.olim (2003), written by two representatives of Russian-language literature in Israel – Yelizaveta Mikhailichenko and Yuri Nesis. Their prose reflects the complex process of the cultural transformation of repatriates from Russia and Soviet republics and the birth of national self-awareness in them. The key is the characters’ attempts to reach their own roots mainly by decoding the cultural-semiotic dimension of the reality around them. The writing couple creates their own myth of Jerusalem, which compiles elements of the main “founding myths” on which Jewish identity is built, but does not directly adapt them, only provocatively increasing their complexity. Mikhailichenko and Nesis readily use the procedure of multiplication, which is a kind of modified figure of mise en abyme.