PROBLEMI SOCIJALNE EKOLOGIJE U BOSANSKOHERCEGOVAČKOM DRUŠTVU

Author(s): Dželal Ibraković / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2010

The postponed development in the field of social ecology in the area of Southeastern Europe was a result of a general delay of development, but also due to an ideological view of the environment in most of the socialistic countries. When it comes to Bosnia and Herzegovina, this development is further behind not only compared to the West and it's theorists, but compared to the neighbor countries. And while at the global level they have been many crucial events, such as the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro (1992), Bosnia and Herzegovina was not faced with the theoretical concept of sustainable development, as one of the icons of modern times, but struggled to maintain the majority of his population alive (aggression and war from 1992 to 1995.). This fact had great influence on the course of discussions about ecology. This topic has not been prioritized by the current structure of government, which was put in place by the Dayton agreement, while the field of ecology has been placed outside the government responsibility. Therefore, it is no surprise that fragmentation affected all areas, including measures to protect the environment, but also the research and theoretical groundwork along with education. These are the main drivers and conditions for the development of sociology, while the lack thereof unavoidably creates a crisis within the scientific field, easily passed on to the numerous sub fields of sociology, which includes an established domain many disciplines like social ecology, environmental sociology, ecology of urban development, sociology of housing, sociology of life quality, political ecology, as well as human ecology. Unfortunately, Bosnia and Herzegovina still does not even have an association that would gather experts from the domain, while the fundamental sociology has been neglected and divided. As such, it does not offer answers to any of the current questions regarding Bosnia and Herzegovina and the World as a whole.

Морфометричні показники та вміст пластидних пігментів хвої Picea pungens залежно від відстані до автошляху

Author(s): O. A. Ponomaryova,V. P. Bessonova / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2017

This article examines the condition of the Picea Pungens Engelm. plants at various distances from urban highways with high traffic intensity. The objects of the study were the trees of P. Pungens, whose age was about 35 years. The plants grow on four plots. The control plot is located in the conditionally clean zone; the plot 1 – 120 m from the road, plot 2 – at a distance of 10 m and plot 3 – on the median dividing strip of the road. It is established that in plants growing at a distance of 120 m from the highway and in the control plot, there was no difference in the parameters of the annual growth of shoots. In plants growing at a distance of 10 m from the road, a decrease in the length and mass of the shoot was determined. In the immediate vicinity of the motorway (on the median strip of the road), the growth rates of shoots decreased most significantly. A similar pattern was observed in the effect of distance from the road on the number of needles per unit length of shoot. The highest amount of chlorophyll a in the needles of spruce, regardless of the variant, was found in May, later it decreased in the summer months, and then increased slightly in September in all variants of the experiment. A similar pattern is also characteristic of changes in the chlorophyll content. The concentration of chlorophyll a in the needles of trees growing at a distance of 120 m from the highway, almost did not differ from plants in the clean zone. At a distance of 10 m its content was less, and for plants growing on the median strip of the highway, the amount of this form of green pigment decreased by 35% of the reference values. The content of chlorophyll b, like a, is not statistically different in the needles of the trees in the control plot and in plot 1. In plants of plots 2 and 3 its concentration decreased with respect to control. The sum of the green pigments a + b was the same in the needles of the control plot plants and those120 m from the road. In the experimental plots 2 and 3 the amount of chlorophyll a + b in the needles of the P. Pungens was smaller than in the control and in plot 1. Depending on the sampling month, the difference with the control ranged from 14.7% to 21.0%. The content of carotenoids in the needles was spiny, low in plants at a distance of 120 m from the road, and the highest in specimens that growing in the immediate vicinity of the road.

Морфофізіологічні показники Rhus Typhyna за дії викидів автотранспорту

Author(s): O. P. Dzhygan / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2017

This article analyses changes of morphological indicators of Rhus Typhyna L. in roadside plantations in Pavlograd, Ukraine. Experimental plots were placed at a distance from 1 to 130 m from the road. The control group of plants was at a distance of 1500 m from the highway. The plants were measured for length and thickness of annual sprout, number of leaves on it, the content of chlorophyll in leaves and accumulation of cadmium and lead in the tissues of these organs. It was found that, compared to the relatively clean area, the greatest decrease in the length and thickness of the annual shoots of the trees in the plantations, was for those which were at a distance of one meter from the highway. The number of leaves on a one-year shoot was significantly decreased compared to controls at all sites except those situated at a distance of one hundred and thirty meters from the path of moving sources of pollution. We evaluated the impact of transport emissions on the assimilatory apparatus. Within the twenty-five meter zone, there was an increase in the area of the leaf. The assimilation surface area was significantly decreased relative to values in the conditionally clean area only in the plants growing at a distance from one to five meters from the road. We identified a negative effect of the ingredients of motor emissions on chlorophyll content in leaves. The amount of chlorophyll a decreased with decreasing distance from the plantation to the road within the forty-meter area. Changes in the content of chlorophyll b lacked a clear pattern. The concentration of this pigment increased compared with control in a five-meter area, at a distance of twenty five meters it significantly decreased and did not differ from the indicators in the relatively clean areas, which were growing at a distance of forty and one hundred and thirty meters from the road. The amount of chlorophyll a + b in the leaves decreased compared to the control. Lead accumulated in these plant organs in the forty meter zone. The amount of cadmium in the tissues of the leaf was significantly higher than the control values on plots located at a distance of twenty five meters. The strongest negative effects of phytotoxicants on susceptible plants occurred in plantations in the five-meter zone, which led to deterioration of the decorative quality of the plants.

Методика екологічного оцінювання нафтозабруднених ґрунтів

Author(s): O. I. Romaniuk,L. Z. Shevchyk,I. V. Oshchapovskyy,T. V. Zhak / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2016

A method for determination of the ecological condition of oil-contaminated soils was developed. This method is suitable for use in a wide range of oil concentrations in soil, ranging from 0–20% and provides a quantitative assessment of phytotoxicity – effective toxicity. The method involves the germination on the investigated soil (moisture 33.3%) in closed Petri dishes in the dark at +24ºС of seeds of test objects: Linum usitatissimum L., Helianthus annuus L., Fagopyrum vulgare St. We used for bio testing initial growth parameters of test objects during 5 days of growth, whenthe toxic effect of oil is quite evident, but other damaging factors do not become apparent. For each test object, an optimal oil concentration range is suggested. At low concentrations of oil in the soil <1% it is appropriate to use F. vulgare, at higher concentrations 1.0–2.5% –L. usitatissimum, H. annuus; 10.0–15.0% –L. usitatissimum, F. vulgare; for intervals 2.5–10.0% 15.0–17.0% application of each of three plant species is possible: L. usitatissimum, H. annuus, F. vulgare. We proved that the best estimate of toxicity is possible on the basis of the value of effective toxicity (Tef). The linear relationship between concentration of oil in the soil and Tefis established. Effective toxicity was calculated for any of the proposed test objects and joint use of them will increase the accuracy of research. Effective toxicity characterizes the total impact of toxicants on the growth parameters of plant test-objects and is calculated as the sum of factors inhibiting germination, growth of root and shoot minus the number of recorded parameters. The total assessment of toxicity is based on phytotoxicity which is equal to effective toxicity on L. usitatissimum, H. annuus, and a half of effective toxicity on F. vulgare. A scale of toxicity of oil-contaminated soils is suggested, which shows the relationship between phytotoxicity, content of oil in soil and pollution level. It is established that for the soils polluted by oil with concentration <0.4%, phytotoxicity is <0.6, and the level of pollution is characterized as admissible. If the concentration of oil in the soil is 0.4–2.5%, phytotoxicity is 0.6–1.5; the level of pollution – threatening. If the oil concentration in the soil is 2.5–10.0%, phytotoxicity is 1.5–3.0; pollution level – pre-crisis. For soils polluted by oil at the level 10.0–15.0% phytotoxicity – 3.0–4.0; pollution level – crisis, and for soils with oil concentration >15.0% phytotoxicity is >4.0; the level of pollution – catastrophic. The method was tested on an industrial area – dumps of the Borislav Ozokerite Mine. Environmental maps of toxicity drawn up using different test objects: L. usitatissimum, H. annuus, F. vulgare were similar, which additionally confirms the correctness of the method. We recommend the application of the proposed method for identification of sites in a threatening, pre-crisis or crisis state, on which other physical-chemical studies can be further conducted.

Ценоморфы как фитоиндикаторы биотопов

Author(s): Nikolayevich Nazarenko Nazarenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2016

The article describes the A.L. Belgard system of vascular plant species coenomorphs as indicators of biotopes by using standardized Y.P. Didukh phytometer scales for 12 environmental factors. The classification and ordination of coenomorphs in the phytometer space was performed by using algorithms of discriminant analysis. The analysis is based on 2,186 species of the vascular plant flora of Ukraine. The classification accuracy was around 80% and above, the least homogenous was the petrophyte coenomorph. The validity of identification of ruderal coenomorphs was proved as an indicator of biotopes with increased content of soil nitrogen. Analysis of the a posteriori probability of species attribution to a coenomorph supports the validity of distinguishing transitional coenomorphs. Their number is small and each group contains a small number of species. The principal factors of classifying species by coenomorph are (in descending order of significance): minimum soil moisture, minimum light (shade), impoverishment of salts in the soil solution, high porosity of soil and impoverishment of carbonates of calcium in the soil and maximum values for radiation balance. The analysis of the distribution of coenomorphs in the space of the square of Mahalanobis distances and the ordination in the discriminant functions axis has determined the ranking of coenomorph of biotope and coenotic substitution: soil moisture (first discriminant function), radiation balance and shade (second discriminant function), salt regime and soil aeration (third discriminant function). For the vegetation of Ukraine this ordination of coenomorphs corresponds to the zonal factors of the distribution of biotopes and their limiting factors and the factors determining A.L. Belgard’s typology of natural and artificial forests: soil moisture, salinity of the soil solution, light conditions. The coenomorph optima for the principal factors have been defined in phytometer scales. This allows coenomorphs to be used as biotope phytometers and provides a preliminary assessment of those species whose place in the scales has not yet been determined. Analysis of posterior probabilities enabled us to determine the transitional coenomorphs, which are typical for ecotones between zonal and intrazonal vegetational ecosystems of Ukraine.

Потенціал продукції фотосинтезу лісових біогеоценозів у низькогір’ї Покуття (Українські Карпати)

Author(s): S. Y. Milevskaya / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2016

The aim of the study was testing on the example of a model region a method of estimation of the production potential of forest ecosystems and the consequences of anthropogenic changes there. The object of study is a typical Carpathian lower mountain forest in the basin of the river Lyuchka, an area of 14,806 ha. It has long undergone considerable agricultural transformations. Studies were based on cartographic modeling of modern anthropogenically transformed biogeocenotic cover using large scale satellite images. The main types of biogeocenotical cover were defined according to the altitudinal zonation of vegetation of the parts of the mountain terrain and the prevailing types of soil and hydrological conditions. For analytical procedures a database of materials describing the biometric features of the forests was created. It is possible to perform calculations of average and potential biometrical parameters of stands growing in different climatic, soil and hydrological conditions. The structure and the biological diversity of different vegetation types was determined by construction of mapping models of spatial structures of the basic types of biogeocenotic cover. The biological productivity of the main types of forest ecosystems was determined on base of the volume of timber stands. The mass of dry wood was determined taking into account its size and standard density of wood of different tree species. Calculation of the total volume of forest biomass was performed using the conversion factors of weight relative to the trunk timber volume. The mass of carbon deposited accounted for 50% of the total biomass. The average annual growth of biomass and carbon deposited was determined by dividing the volume of the stands by their average age. Calculation of phytocenosis consumed as a result of photosynthesis reaction of CO2, H2O and light energy was performed taking into account corresponding material and energy ratios. In general, in the course of one year the biogeocenotic cover of the model lowland area could deposit as a result of photosynthesis for the restoration of potential vegetation cover 43.3 ths. tons of carbon, while consuming 159 ths. t of CO2 and 65.2 ths. t of H2O and 1,724 ∙ 103 GJ of light energy, which is equivalent to 479 GW ∙ hour. During this process O2 – 115.7 ths. t would be emitted into the atmosphere. In terms of 1 hectare, this is equal to C – 2.92 t ∙ ha–1, CO2 – 10.7 t ∙ ha–1, H20 – 4.4 t ∙ha–1, O2 – 7.8 t ∙ ha–1, E – 116.4 GJ ∙ ha–1, which is equivalent to 32.3 MW ∙ h ∙ ha–1. The total production capacity of photosynthesis of the modern biogeocenotic cover model area is 38% of the potential. As a result, the energy loss is 20 MW ∙ h–1 ∙ ha–1 light energy to 1.9 t ∙ ha–1 less than the deposited carbon 6.7 t ∙ ha–1 less carbon dioxide used, 2.8 t ∙ ha–1 water is not used, 3.9 t ha–1 oxygen is not returned to the atmosphere. The large specific amount of unused resources of productivity of biogeocenotic cover, carbon dioxide, light energy, untranspired moisture in the air and unemitted oxygen can cause a significant impact on local climatic conditions.

Огляд підходів до оцінювання «здоров’я» гідроекосистем за показниками гомеостазу риб

Author(s): N. A. Klimenko,Y. V. Pylypenko,O. O. Biedunkova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2016

This paper reviews scientific literature concerning the possibility of using aspects of physiological responses of fish to environmental stressors and their indicators to assess vulnerability (‘health’) of hydro-ecosystems of various types. Based on the available information, the authors have found that most of these methods are quite complex, they require a researcher to have specialized skills, involve considerable time and costs, and therefore are not widely used in research on natural water bodies. These factors allowed the author to determine the aim of the paper: the analysis of the most representative and relatively simple methods of health assessment of hydro-ecosystems by using fish as biological indicators. Some of the known concepts are then discussed, demonstrating the possibility of describing and monitoring changes in hydro-ecosystems according to morphometric parameters and fish growth variability. The paper indicates that such approaches can be justified and illustrative only when the ecosystem is assessed in clearly defined local terms. The review of literature on the influence of different biotic and abiotic factors and their mutagenic action on fish suggests that the micronucleus (MN) test in fish erythrocytes is one of the most important and relatively simple assessment methods. Our research emphasizes that there is a need to pay attention in the assessment process both to the measurement units used in the presentation of research results and to their interpretation regarding the level of spontaneous mutations among fish, which differs according to various sources. The research suggests that such complications can be avoided by clarifying the levels of ontogenetic ‘noise’ for hydro-ecosystems of specific geographic zones. Taking into consideration the existing generalization of scientific facts about significant destabilization in the development of organisms when water is polluted even at low levels, the paper focuses on the opportunity to assess health of hydro-ecosystems using the fluctuating asymmetry index (FA). This study indicates that such assessments have the benefit of close correlation between the parameters of fish development stability and levels of water pollution. However there is an obvious risk of obtaining serious measurement errors in determining the level of FA. Based on the foregoing, this paper uses the registration of changes in fish homeostasis in order to expand the understanding of both the possibility of assessing the effects of combined ratings of water pollution and the background conditions in which harmful elements and compounds act. The authors substantiate the feasibility of combining several relatively simple and descriptive assessment methods and conclude that there is a need to elaborate criteria for the development of health of hydro-ecosystems within specific geographic zones.

Орнитофауна национального природного парка «Гомольшанские леса»

Author(s): A. B. Chaplygina,T. V. Shupova,A. S. Nadtochiy / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2016

In the recreational zone of "Homilshanski Lisy" National Park 137 species of birds were identified during the period 1980–2015, of which 127 species nest, 8 winter, and 2 observed during the spring migration. The nesting species are distributed in 4 ecological groups dominated by dendrophylls (67 species), with fewer limnophylls-fresh water species (29), campophylls-open country species (16) and sclerophylls (11). Among the nesting birds 11 landscape-genetic faunal assemblages were distinguished, dominated by typical nemoral-woodland (19%), tropical (14%) and forest-steppe (13%) species. The average density of the birds nesting in the park amounts to 1.2 ± 0.2 with n overall density of 148.3 pairs/km route line. The habitat distribution of the bird population was relatively even. The most intensively populated habitat was upland oak forest, the least were pine and mixed forests. It was found that the communities of breeding birds in tree plantations changed due to the natural aging process of forests, which has led to an increase in the number of birds of prey (Falconiiformes), woodpeckers (Piciformes), secondary hollow-nesting birds. The bird communities of floodplain and steppe meadows, as well as habitats in residential areas subject to constant recreational pressure, changed under the pressure of anthropogenic loading. The favorable natural and geographical location of the park and the diversity of its habitats contributed to the emergence in the list of fauna of which are expanding their range. Analysis of the dominant species in the community points to a significant negative impact of recreational pressure on all habitats of the park. The dominant birds in the pinewood community list included only one campophyll, tree pipit (Anthus trivialis L.). For the steppe meadows, in addition to the dominant colonial birds that nest in holes , the yellow wagtail (Motacilla flava L.) was marked as subdominant. In general, in the recreational area of NPP "Homilshanski Lisy" 30 common species (24.2%, total abundance 0.198) nest on the ground. The variety and balance of breeding bird communities in most habitats is stable, but in the meadow ecosystem communities the uniformity of the distribution of species abundance is being significantly disrupted. The Jacquard and Sorenson performance indices for floodplain and steppe meadows are 0.4 and 0.5, and for grove and pine woods, respectively, 0.7 and 0.8. Taking into account the data of the cluster analysis, the distribution curves of shared abundance and participation indicatee sinanthropic breeding bird communities. It follows that anthropogenic pressure exerts the most significant effect on the birds’ occupation of breeding habitats in the recreational zone NPP "Homilshanski Lisy". The highest performance is characterized by the condition of the avifauna of forest habitats, such as oak forest and pine woods, the most threatened breeding bird communities being those of floodplain meadows.

Можливі екологічно обґрунтовані шляхи збереження та розвитку Українських Карпат

Author(s): V. І. Nikolaichuk,M. М. Vakerich,M. V. Bilkey,O. P. Chechuy,I. Voloshchuk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2016

Ukraine has transformed into one of the most environmentally dangerous countries in the world due to the high concentration of industrial production and agriculture and predatory use of natural resources. The current ecological situation in Ukraine is characterized by a deep ecological crisis, which is caused by the laws of operation of the command economy of the former USSR. The majority of the environmental and social indicators of Ukraine are among the worst in Europe. The Carpathian Mountains are among the most significant and interesting landscapes in Europe from the geological and geomorphological, scenic and biological perspectives. The giant arc of the Carpathians begins in southern Romania and passes through Ukraine, Slovakia, Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary to Austria, crosses all Eastern and Central Europe. A third of the forest reserves of Ukraine are located in the Ukrainian Carpathians, at 53.5% the percentage of forest cover of the area is among the highest in the country. About 50% of the gene pool of Ukraine’s plants, many species of trees and medicinal plants grows there. The geographical location and large area of the rich natural heritage of the Carpathians have multifaceted importance for the conservation of biological, phytocoenotic and landscape diversity and maintaining the ecological balance in the central part of our continent. As with the Alps mountain range, this is an important ecological corridor between Western, Central and Eastern Europe, which promotes the migration of species and their spread into lowland landscapes. In order to preserve biodiversity an inventory of virgin forest ecosystems should be made and strict measures for their protection should be enforced. It is necessary to continue the practice of establishing bilateral areas in cross-border protected areas in order to combine efforts to solve pressing environmental challenges. Conservation of the Carpathians Biodiversity is an urgent problem. Structural changes in the economy of the region are expected to strengthen the recreational value of the Ukrainian Carpathians for the public not only in our country but also in Central and Eastern Europe, reducing the technogenic loading. International cooperation of all countries of the Carpathian region is imperative. The development of tourism in the Carpathians is highly promising, but this should be civilized tourism, taking into account the environmental sustainability of the recreational areas and protected areas.

Важкі метали у малих річках Тернопільщини з різним рівнем антропічного навантаження

Author(s): O. Prokopchuk,V. Hrubinko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2016

The dynamic of content and peculiarities of migration of heavy metals in small rivers of Ternopil region were analyzed (Zn, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Pb). It was determined that cobalt does not exceed maximum permissible levels, whereas the content of other metals exceed these levels at rates from 2 to 42 times the emission limit set by the fishing industry. The waters of Ternopil region are the richest in the compounds of iron and manganese by virtue of the lithological content of the researched water basins. The excess in Mn and Fe concentration in river water is caused by occurrence of these elements in abiotic components of river valleys, particularly in areas with iron and manganese, alluvial deposits, clay soils with ferrous metal compounds and leaching of elements from rock, soil and forest litter. As our research showed, increased metal content in water basins is caused by natural factors (river running through areas with ore and where leaching of ore occurs it, reaction of interstitial water, metals appearing in ground water run-off), anthropogenic (waste waters of industrial plants, agricultural outwash, fuel combustion) and hydrochemical factors of the hydroecosystem itself (consumption and releasing of metals by hydrobionts, aquatic habitat pH, metals coming in from ground sediments, metals released from complexes with organic compounds, methylation of non-organic metal compounds). A comparative analysis of the pollution levels of Ternopil region water basins by heavy metals was completed. It was determined that the river most heavily contaminated by the content of nutrients and non-biogenic HM is the Zolota Lypa and the cleanest is the River Strypa, which allows us to recommend the use of water composition as a reference indicator in assessing the ecological state of the region’s surface waters.

Вплив потужності підстилки на структуру підстилкової мезофауни широколистяних лісів степової зони України

Author(s): V. V. Brygadyrenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2016

The litter in a forest ecosystem acts as a trophic substrate, and at the same time it is the environment for litter invertebrates. But despite this fact, there has been very little research conducted on the influence of litter thickness on the structure of litter macrofauna. The litter of steppe forests contains most types of integrated communities of forest ecosystems. This means that its thickness cannot avoid playing a significant role in the functioning of the ecosystem. Following to the standard methodologies, Invertebrates were collected using pit-fall traps in deciduous forests of Nikolaev, Zaporizhzhya, Dnipropetrovsk, Donetsk and Kharkiv oblasts, which are characterized by different types of geomorphological profile, different moisture conditions, soil salinity, tree crown and herbaceous vegetation density, soil texture and other factors. The total number of macrofauna increases in conditions where litter thickness exceeds40 mmin comparison with forest ecosystems with fragmented and average capacity litter. The number of litter macrofauna species also increases from 11–23 to 38 species on average when litter thickness increases to more than40 mm. The Shannon and Pielou diversity indexes show no definite tendencies to change in relation to changing degrees of litter thickness. At sites of greater thickness of the litter layer, the corresponding increase in the absolute number of litter mesofauna invertebrates is mostly due to saprophages, and the increase the number of species – due to zoophages. The optimum structure of domination was observed at sites with maximum thickness of litter. The proportion of large species shows no statistically significant change in relation to variations in litter thickness. The qualitative compound of the fauna at sites with thick litter changes mainly due to an increase in the number of Carabidae species.

Сучасний стан водних ресурсів Закарпаття

Author(s): V. І. Nikolaichuk,M. М. Vakerich,J. М. Shpontak,М. К. Karpu’k / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2015

Throughout their existence, humans use the water of rivers, lakes and underground sources not only for water supply but also for dumping of polluted waters and wastes into it. Significant development of urbanization, concentration of urban industrial enterprises, transport, increase in mining, expansion of drainage and irrigation reclamation, plowing of the river channels, creating a large number of landfills resulted in significant, and in some regions critical, depletion and contamination of the surface and ground waters. Because of this disastrous situation, the society is getting more and more concerned about the state of the environment. The public became increasingly interested in the state of the soil cover, air, water resources, and biotic diversity. Transcarpathian region (Zakarpattya) is situated in the heart of Europe, bordered by four Central European countries (Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania) and two regions of Ukraine (Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk regions). Transcarpathian region (Zakarpattya) is one of the richest regions of Ukraine in terms of water resources. The territory is permeated by the dense network of rivers. There are in total 9,429 rivers of 19,866 kmlength flowing in the region. Among them, the rivers Tysa, Borzhava, Latoryca, Uzh have the length of over 100 kmeach. 25 cities and urban settlements of the area are substantially provided with the centralized water intake of underground drinking water. The rural areas have virtually no centralized water supply; mainly, it is carried out due to domestic wells or water boreholes. Predicted resources of underground drinking waters in the region are equal to 1,109,300 m3/day. The use of fresh water in 2014 per capita amounted to 23,769 m3, 15% less than in 2009. The main pollutants of surface water bodies are the facilities of utility companies in the region. Analysis of studies of surface water quality in Transcarpathian region in 2014 shows that water quality meets the sanitary rules and regulations by the most of indicators of general health and specific indices. 19.0% of total water supply systems fail to meet the sanitary norms and regulations, in particular: 14.2% for the lack of sanitary protection zones; 1.9% because of unavailability of the necessary integrated treatment facilities, and 7.6% by the reason of absence of disinfecting plants. Possible ways of avoiding the depletion of water bodies are preventive water protection measures aimed at preventing or limiting pollution, water contamination and depletion; besides, it is necessary to educate people explaning them the current state and possible consequences of thoughtless water consumption.

Генетика экосистем: расширенный фенотип и проблема его наследуемости

Author(s): A. P. Simchuk,A. V. Ivashov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2012

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the notion of the extended phenotype, in the sense of intrapopulation genetic variability which has ecosystem consequences. This notion is proposed for the role of basic concept in ecosystem genetics and is widely discussed in the special literature. At the same time, few foreign authors relate it with such phenomena as ecosystem heritability and ecosystem selection. This evokes some scepticism in relation to the concept and leaves open the question on the structure regulating interspecies relations in the ecosystem. Problem arises due to hierarchical nature of Life and because of transferring attributes of an individual to the ecosystem level. The concept of individual consortium may be more fruitful for solution of the problems and for further development of ecosystem genetics.

Вивчення впливу нікелю та хрому на склад ліпідів та активність ліпаз у зерні кукурудзи при проростанні

Author(s): I. O. Filonik,L. F. Zamorueva / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2009

The influence of heavy metals – nickel and chromium – on the indices of lipid metabolism in seeds of the maize hybrid Blith 160 MV at the germination was studied. The reduction of the total lipid content and phospholipids, but increase of lipases activity, sterols and free fatty acids in the germinating grains under the toxicant action were revealed. Changes in the lipids content and lipases activity in the germinating maize seeds may be used as markers of the heavy metals influence on plants.

W kulinarno-kulturowym garnku kipi

Author(s): Ewa Kopczyńska,Katarzyna Pawlicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 776/2020

Ludzka natura żywności. Etyczni mięsożercy

Author(s): Krzysztof Kornas / Language(s): Polish Issue: 776/2020

Noi şi natura – o echipă de succes

Author(s): Aurora Dodea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 6/2017

The outdoor activity took place in the special week. Before describing the way of doing these activities we ask ourselves why should we organize outdoor activities? Outdoor classes offer offspring many opportunities of expanding their knowledge and develop some skills in a natural environment; teachers can let their students learn through hands-on experiences by having direct contact with nature. By being part of this project, students learned how to understand,appreciate and respect the environment, to understand that the natural classroom does not have walls or limits as the natural light boosts their confidence and broadens their horizons. They also developed their way of thinking by exploring: I do, I understand. These kids are the next generation of responsible and conscious adults! The activity was meant to be a didactic route to show the need of closure with nature. Students need to be involved by teachers, parents and society.

Dacă nu azi, măcar mâine... Un semnal de alarmă asupra pericolului pe care îl reprezintă schimbările rapide ale climei şi ecosistemelor de pe planetă

Author(s): Romulus-Dan Busnea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 6/2017

Climate change, population growth and environmental damage could lead to the collapse of the ecosystem of our planet in a few generations, warns a group of researchers in a report published in 2012 by the scientific journal „Nature”. From this study, a series of documentaries made later showed scientific solutions, positive stories saying that would be the best way to solve social and economic crises experienced by countries of the world. Put together initiatives such as perm culture,local currencies, renewable energies, significantly reducing the consumption of natural energies, draw a possible world. There is already a coherent world where everything is possible, where solutions are able to save future generations. Everything depends on us, of our inventiveness and involvement.

Panoráma az utópiakutatásról

Author(s): Csaba Maczelka / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 06/2020

Czigányik Zsolt (ed.): Utopian Horizons: Ideology, Politics, Literature. Central European University Press, Bp., 2017.

Educarea unei atitudini pozitive faţă de mediu prin activităţile desfăşurate în grădiniţă

Author(s): Viorica Barbu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2013

Eco‑School program is a necessity for future generations which are training in the current context. The modern world is facing many problems: environmental pollution that leads to another problem, climate change. Decreasing natural resources the desire to improve living conditions paradoxically leads to environmental destruction. All this shows that young people need training environmental education.