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Humanities and artistic perspective directions of modern design shows the activity of the whole range of ideas to expand on design activities. These questions find their vidobratgggzhennya in various publications, research copyright and printed materials, but systematic scientific study on the said issue a reasoned and available only in the author's book "Design trends and directions of development." The purpose of this article is to develop and justify the design proposals for a solution "Shelter" in the context of optimizing the structure of the aftermath of the disaster at Chernobyl fourth power and the possibility of using this model in the closure of other plants at the end of their life cycle. The staff of the National Research Institute developed a design solution design version of consequences of the Chernobyl disaster (the design development made in 1994). This version does not claim perfection in its design, provides the further development of its components with the participation of a wide range of specialists. This development is typical, although not a typical example sotsiodyzaynu and naturally ecodesign. The initial argument for making design concept were the following considerations: - No reliable theoretical and practical studies perspectives "behavior" of the destroyed fourth power unit at the sarcophagus (any design!), That there is no guarantee that there will be no explosion or radioactive emissions that continue, will not take a catastrophic power and lead to irreversible consequences to the gene pool of Ukraine and other neighboring countries; - Any construction of any new shelter cannot guarantee its reliability nor save our land from the radioactive genie, nobody can also insure us from the underground penetration of radiation into the environment in the area of shelter; - Construction of any sarcophagus in the area over the fourth power structures attached third power associated with difficulty in terms of long-term autonomy of such facilities. In Ukraine, as in the world, the problem of nuclear power plants that have exhausted their resources, is in fact not yet done, and the chance of turning them in the future, for example, cyclopean sarcophagi cannot zhahnuty humanity absurdity of such a perspective. In fact, areas with similar sarcophagi are hundreds of years and this exclusion zones at least. So sarcophagus not be regarded as an optimal perspective or in the case of the fourth power unit of Chernobyl, nor at the decision of a wider problem: what to do with nuclear power plants at all – at the end of their life? Based on the foregoing, we believe that this time the international community should not be the task of strengthening the sarcophagus (although current work necessary), and elimination of radioactive masses fourth power, the elimination of the sarcophagus, deactivation of all land in the area sarcophagus. Everything must be accompanied by processing whole mass contaminated by radiation from the strictest observance of environmental safety in the course of the whole process of elimination, but science has not yet found effective technologies to this problem.
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Introduction: Municipal waste water prior to stabilizing treatment and disinfection contains various types of pathogenic microorganisms, including parasites. The handling of waste water and sludge, using them without prior treatment, is threatened public health. Methods: The samples of municipal wastewater and sludge were collected from five wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). For comparison, we also monitored the WWTP Sečovce in another region. For the detection of the oo(cysts) and eggs the saturated solution of saccharose, with specific weight of 1.30 according Kazacos (1983) was used. For detection of protozoal oo(cysts) an additional ovoskopic concentration set Paraprep L - Faecal Parasite Concentrator (Diamondial, France) with subsequent microscopy analysis was accomplished. For the statistical processing of the results the Chi square test - χ2 test (significance level α=0.05) the SPSS version 20 of statistical program was employed. Results: Examination of municipal wastewater and sludge from five monitored wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in east Slovakia, from various fractions of municipal wastewater, confirmed 35.87% positivity of samples for the endoparasitic germs. Among of all analysed samples 11.09% were protozoan oo(cysts) and 20.87% were helminth eggs. 3.91 % of samples showed positivity to both the helminth eggs and protozoan oo(cysts). In the raw wastewater the protozoa consisted of Giardia spp. (1.08 %) and Entamoeba spp. (1.08 %). The helminth eggs primarily consisted of Ascarisspp. (4.35 %) and eggs of strongyloid type (3.26 %). No germs of protozoa or helminths were found in the treated wastewater. However, the highest presence of the germs was found in drained stabilised sludge. The average number of oo(cysts)/kg was 2.86±0.24 and the average number of helminth eggs/kg was 5.77±0.09. In all kinds of sludge, obtained during the process of wastewater treatment, there were protozoan (Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Entamoeba spp.) and helminths eggs (Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris spp., Taenia spp., Hymenolepis spp., or eggs of strongyloid type) presented. In drained (condensed) stabilised sludge the eggs of Capillaria spp. and Toxocara spp. were also detected. Conclusion: From the epidemiological aspect the sewage sludge, due to high concentration of protozoal oo(cysts) or helminth eggs, represents a significant epidemiological risk for the endoparasitoses dissemination.
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This paper addresses the problem of representation of climate change in literature, through the prism of environmental and climate justice as movements emerging from certain limitations of climate sciences that are approaching climate change from a political and ethical perspective. The movements of environmental and climate justice are based on the assumption that world’s most politically and economically powerful nations function in a way that enables them to maintain their own high consumption levels while shifting the ecological burdens onto less developed countries. In other words, those who contribute the least to the pollution of the environment will be affected the most by the ecological crisis. In the context of climate change, injustice is manifested within marginalised groups, including women who are particularly vulnerable to the consequences of environmental pollution and ecological catastrophes. Although these movements are politically oriented, they can also be seen as cultural movements focused on the questions of ideology and representation, as shown in contemporary literature and literary criticism (Sze 2002). In this sense, the common place in contemporary theory is that literary texts could be useful for establishing communication between climate science and general public (Ghosh 2016; Mehnert 2016; Trexler 2015). Following this assumption, the text will analyze Helen Simpsons’ Diary of an Interesting Year as an example of how contemporary literary production can effectively present abstract and hardly visible climate issues and thus contribute to climate justice discussions.
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The article attempts to shed light upon the evolution of Gary Snyder’s “mountains-and-rivers” philosophy of living/writing (from the Buddhist anarchism of the 1960s to his peace-promoting practice of the Wild), and focuses on the link between the ethics of civil disobedience, deep ecology, and deep “mind-ecology.” Jason M. Wirth’s seminal study titled Mountains, Rivers, and the Great Earth: Reading Gary Snyder and Dōgen in an Age of Ecological Crisis provides an interesting point of reference. The author places emphasis on Snyder’s philosophical fascination with Taoism as well as Ch’an and Zen Buddhism, and tries to show how these philosophical traditions inform his theory and practice of the Wild.
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Papp Z. Attila (szerk.): Változó kisebbség. Mathias Corvinus Collegium – MTA Társadalomtudományi Kutatóközpont, Kisebbségkutató Intézet, Bp., 2017.
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Kóczián, Géza: A hagyományos parasztgazdálkodás termesztett, a gyűjtögető gazdálkodás vad növényfajainak etnobotanikai értékelése [Ethnobotanical Assessment of Traditionally Farmed Crop and Wild Plant Species of Traditional Peasant Economy and Gatherers, Respectively]. First unabridged edition. Ed. by Kóczián, Zoltán Gergely. 2014, Nagyatád: Nagyatádi Kulturális és Sport Központ. 545., 22+60 photographs, (incl. appendix). ISBN 978-963-87468-4-9
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Molnár, Zsolt: A Hortobágy pásztorszemmel. A puszta növényvilága [Traditional Ecological Knowledge of Herders on the Flora and Vegetation of the Hortobágy]. 2012, Debrecen: Hortobágy Természetvédelmi Közalapítvány. 160. ISBN 978-963-08-3301-1
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The paper intends to clarify the concept of institutional resilience and proposes a logical formalization of this concept. In the first part of the paper some clarifications were made regarding the effects of disturbances on the systems and the conceptual family of resilience was proposed. In the next part of the paper, the concept of resilience and the concept of institutional resilience were defined. In order to define the concepts within this paper, a logical approach was proposed by identifying the sufficiency predicates of each concept and performing their logical analysis. The concept of institutional resilience, as a species of the resilience genre, was defined by identifying two additional sufficiency predicates, compared to the general case of the concept of resilience. In the last part of the paper, a logical formalization of the institutional resilience concept was proposed.
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Since the creation of the HDI index in 1990 there was a great demand to measure also the local human development.Using the Polish local HDI methodology of the UNDP the aim of this present paper is to examine thedistribution of the local HDI index at the example of the Hungarian micro-regions (local administrative unit 1)and the German NUTS3 districts and city regions. The main goal is to analyse the core-periphery relations of thehuman development and examine the role of spatial connections (spatial autocorrelation).
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Numerous uncertainties are hanging over the biotechnology of human cloning which has prompted medical ethicists and religious organizations to ask questions that bordered on its ethical and religious considerations. In cloning humans, ethical and religious issues arise both in its clinical and laboratory settings hence, the morality of manipulating human genes is the foremost ethical issue among scientists and religious scholars. Therefore, this paper evaluated the human cloning technology using the personalism and prudential personalism ethical-religious models to arrive at a workable moral paradigm. To achieve this objective, the paper employed the phenomenological and critical-literary literature review methods. The paper argued that previous ethical and religious researches have not adequately employed the ‘ideal’ ethical models to appraise the morality of human cloning hence; using the personalism and prudential personalism ethical-religious models were appropriate to reveal that every human life has worth and its commodification is an aberration. The paper concluded that based on the paradigm of prudential personalist ethics, cloning humans (especially, human reproductive cloning) negates respect for human life, human dignity, and communal goods hence it should not be practiced.
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The power of social networking sites and mainly their negative impactive linked to their active use have recently been widely discussed. Still all social media are full of various challenges people tend to undergo not only to fulfil their main goal, but rather due to their attractivity and trendiness. The latest successful challenge #trashtagchallenge has generated positive frenziness across all social networking sites and thanks to a simple “celebrity” hashtag, it has helped to fight a serious environmental problem, which is waste and any corresponding environmental polution.
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Early childhood prevention programs, fueled by the idea of social investment, have been the focus of policy making for a few decades in Europe and the USA. Amongst these, the Sure Start program in Hungary has evolved into a nationwide service incorporated into the child welfare system. The program aims to combat social exclusion and compensate unequal opportunities related to socio-spatial inequalities through providing assistance, developmental intervention, and social activities to families. The article examines the socio-spatial consequences of the program by bringing together an analysis of the current regulatory and financial framework and the everyday working of several Sure Start houses in different parts of the country. The analysis relies on the findings of two post-doctoral research projects (NRDIO PD 112659 and Premium PD 3300405), combining sociological and anthropological fieldwork in three settlements. The study reveals that the current institutional structure is based on structural deficiencies and institutional asymmetries characterized by the disproportionate allocation of resources and obligations for Sure Start houses. This results in large differences regarding the implementation of the program in different localities, which are largely influenced by the positionality of the settlements, as well as the resources that the maintainers of the service can draw on. The article argues that in its current form the program appears to strengthen rather than alleviate socio-spatial inequalities, as it is exactly the most disadvantaged remote rural places that lack the resources that would be needed to compensate for their multiple disadvantages.
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Kulcsár László: A vidékfejlesztés elméleti megközelítése: regionális és kulturális összefüggések. Kolozsvár, Kriterion Kiadó, 2017, 228 p.
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We conducted a complex investigation of anthropogenic roadside phytocoenoses. For the study, 8 plots (birch and pine forests) were selected, close to roads in the south of Tyumen region within the five administrative districts: Uporovsky, Zavodoukovsky, Yalutorovskiy, Yarkovsky, and Tobolsk. As a result of the studies, 75 species of vascular plants from 21 families were noted in the plant communities. It was found that the majority of the total projective cover of the plant communities was provided by synanthropic species. In the synanthropic fraction of the flora, 33 species belonging to 11 families were identified, those with the most species being: Scrophulariaceae, Compositeae, Rubiaceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Polygonaceae, Umbellíferae. The index of synanthropization of the flora of the studied phytocenoses is in the range from 43% to 64%. Among the identified pollutants accumulated in the phytocenoses, the group of heavy metals was identified (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sr, Zn). Needles of Pinus sylvestris L. mainly accumulate Cr, Cu, Ni, Sr. The greatest concentration of Pb and Zn was found in the leaves of Betula pendula Roth. The content of other heavy metals in the leaves of Betula pendula Roth. during the growing season was relatively stable. Accumulation of heavy metals in the studied components of forest ecosystems can be displayed structurally: soil > leaves < phytomass (birch forests), soil < needles > phytomass (pine forests). Methodological approaches to conducting a complex of long-term observations of natural ecosystems have been formulated, substantiated and justified.
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In the course of human industrial activity, atmospheric air is polluted by gaseous pollutants, among which sulfur compounds, and sulfur dioxide (SO2) in particular, play a key role. Vegetation is a universal filter that is capable, in conjunction with certain technical facilities, of protecting the environment from pollution by the ingredients of industrial emissions. The purpose of this work is to determine the level of accumulation of sulfur and glutathione in the leaves of woody plants growing in the areas of sanitary protection zones of enterprises of the city of Zaporizhzhya in order to develop recommendations for the creation of an effective biofilter. The objects of the study were the woody plant species growing in the area of protective plantations of a number of enterprises in Zaporizhzhya: RE Zaporizhzhya Titanium & Magnesium Combine, Zaporizhzhya Aluminium Plant PJSC, Zaporizhzhya Abrasive Plant PJSC, Zaporizhstal PJSC, Zaporizhzhya Ferroalloy Plant PJSC, Zaporizhvohnetryv PJSC, PrJSC "Ukrgrafit" and Zaporizhtransformator PJSC. The control area was a forest belt located 12 km away from the source of pollution. At each site 5 model trees of a given age category of each species were selected. The leaves needed in order to determine the sulfur content were taken from the south-eastern side of the crown at a distance of 2 m above the soil surface under the same lighting conditions. We have established that the accumulation of sulfur in leaves of woody plants which grow under the conditions of outdoor air pollution by sulfur dioxide (SO2) occurs during the entire vegetation period, with the young leaves that have just finished growing being the most affected. The maximum amount of sulfur is observed at the end of the growing season.
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We conducted molecular-genetic and morphological studies on the veined rapa whelk Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) in the Crimean waters of the Black Sea in order to determine possible reasons of the invasive success of this mollusk. Molecular-genetic tests were performed using COI gene; the surveyed samples reliably identified to R. venosa species. We compared the data on initial (from the Far-Eastern seas) and some invasive populations. In the natural conditions of the Yellow, East China Seas, and the Sea of Japan, the genetic diversity of rapa whelk is high (Hd = 0.933, π = 0.002). In all the invasive populations of rapa whelk (Black Sea, European and North American), an extremely low level of haplotypic and nucleotide diversity was determined (Hd = 0.0, π = 0.0). Despite low values of genetic diversity, the invasive populations of rapa whelk are characterized by ecological success. We noted stable growth of populations, tolerance to diseases and parasites, effective reproduction, high fertility. This contradicts the main provisions of the population genetics theory of formation of edge of range populations, because usually only a small number of specimens of rapa whelk were introduced. The explanations of the unique condition of the invasive populations of rapa whelk, both from an ecological perspective (high resistance to fluctuations of hydrologicalfactors and chemical pollution, absence of enemies, high fertility) and genetic perspective (high selective value of separate haplotypes settled in the new water areas) have not been confirmed. We determined that a very important factor for the naturalization of the rapa whelk at low genetic diversity is the intra-species morpho-ecological divergence. In the Crimean water area of the Black Sea, R. venosa was found to have two morpho-ecological forms associated with the peculiarities of the development of the proportions of the shell. Study of successful invasive species would allow timely and adequate reaction to new cases of introduction.
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