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Humanities and artistic perspective directions of modern design shows the activity of the whole range of ideas to expand on design activities. These questions find their vidobratgggzhennya in various publications, research copyright and printed materials, but systematic scientific study on the said issue a reasoned and available only in the author's book "Design trends and directions of development." The purpose of this article is to develop and justify the design proposals for a solution "Shelter" in the context of optimizing the structure of the aftermath of the disaster at Chernobyl fourth power and the possibility of using this model in the closure of other plants at the end of their life cycle. The staff of the National Research Institute developed a design solution design version of consequences of the Chernobyl disaster (the design development made in 1994). This version does not claim perfection in its design, provides the further development of its components with the participation of a wide range of specialists. This development is typical, although not a typical example sotsiodyzaynu and naturally ecodesign. The initial argument for making design concept were the following considerations: - No reliable theoretical and practical studies perspectives "behavior" of the destroyed fourth power unit at the sarcophagus (any design!), That there is no guarantee that there will be no explosion or radioactive emissions that continue, will not take a catastrophic power and lead to irreversible consequences to the gene pool of Ukraine and other neighboring countries; - Any construction of any new shelter cannot guarantee its reliability nor save our land from the radioactive genie, nobody can also insure us from the underground penetration of radiation into the environment in the area of shelter; - Construction of any sarcophagus in the area over the fourth power structures attached third power associated with difficulty in terms of long-term autonomy of such facilities. In Ukraine, as in the world, the problem of nuclear power plants that have exhausted their resources, is in fact not yet done, and the chance of turning them in the future, for example, cyclopean sarcophagi cannot zhahnuty humanity absurdity of such a perspective. In fact, areas with similar sarcophagi are hundreds of years and this exclusion zones at least. So sarcophagus not be regarded as an optimal perspective or in the case of the fourth power unit of Chernobyl, nor at the decision of a wider problem: what to do with nuclear power plants at all – at the end of their life? Based on the foregoing, we believe that this time the international community should not be the task of strengthening the sarcophagus (although current work necessary), and elimination of radioactive masses fourth power, the elimination of the sarcophagus, deactivation of all land in the area sarcophagus. Everything must be accompanied by processing whole mass contaminated by radiation from the strictest observance of environmental safety in the course of the whole process of elimination, but science has not yet found effective technologies to this problem.
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Introduction: Municipal waste water prior to stabilizing treatment and disinfection contains various types of pathogenic microorganisms, including parasites. The handling of waste water and sludge, using them without prior treatment, is threatened public health. Methods: The samples of municipal wastewater and sludge were collected from five wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). For comparison, we also monitored the WWTP Sečovce in another region. For the detection of the oo(cysts) and eggs the saturated solution of saccharose, with specific weight of 1.30 according Kazacos (1983) was used. For detection of protozoal oo(cysts) an additional ovoskopic concentration set Paraprep L - Faecal Parasite Concentrator (Diamondial, France) with subsequent microscopy analysis was accomplished. For the statistical processing of the results the Chi square test - χ2 test (significance level α=0.05) the SPSS version 20 of statistical program was employed. Results: Examination of municipal wastewater and sludge from five monitored wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in east Slovakia, from various fractions of municipal wastewater, confirmed 35.87% positivity of samples for the endoparasitic germs. Among of all analysed samples 11.09% were protozoan oo(cysts) and 20.87% were helminth eggs. 3.91 % of samples showed positivity to both the helminth eggs and protozoan oo(cysts). In the raw wastewater the protozoa consisted of Giardia spp. (1.08 %) and Entamoeba spp. (1.08 %). The helminth eggs primarily consisted of Ascarisspp. (4.35 %) and eggs of strongyloid type (3.26 %). No germs of protozoa or helminths were found in the treated wastewater. However, the highest presence of the germs was found in drained stabilised sludge. The average number of oo(cysts)/kg was 2.86±0.24 and the average number of helminth eggs/kg was 5.77±0.09. In all kinds of sludge, obtained during the process of wastewater treatment, there were protozoan (Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Entamoeba spp.) and helminths eggs (Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris spp., Taenia spp., Hymenolepis spp., or eggs of strongyloid type) presented. In drained (condensed) stabilised sludge the eggs of Capillaria spp. and Toxocara spp. were also detected. Conclusion: From the epidemiological aspect the sewage sludge, due to high concentration of protozoal oo(cysts) or helminth eggs, represents a significant epidemiological risk for the endoparasitoses dissemination.
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Papp Z. Attila (szerk.): Változó kisebbség. Mathias Corvinus Collegium – MTA Társadalomtudományi Kutatóközpont, Kisebbségkutató Intézet, Bp., 2017.
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Kóczián, Géza: A hagyományos parasztgazdálkodás termesztett, a gyűjtögető gazdálkodás vad növényfajainak etnobotanikai értékelése [Ethnobotanical Assessment of Traditionally Farmed Crop and Wild Plant Species of Traditional Peasant Economy and Gatherers, Respectively]. First unabridged edition. Ed. by Kóczián, Zoltán Gergely. 2014, Nagyatád: Nagyatádi Kulturális és Sport Központ. 545., 22+60 photographs, (incl. appendix). ISBN 978-963-87468-4-9
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Molnár, Zsolt: A Hortobágy pásztorszemmel. A puszta növényvilága [Traditional Ecological Knowledge of Herders on the Flora and Vegetation of the Hortobágy]. 2012, Debrecen: Hortobágy Természetvédelmi Közalapítvány. 160. ISBN 978-963-08-3301-1
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Since the creation of the HDI index in 1990 there was a great demand to measure also the local human development.Using the Polish local HDI methodology of the UNDP the aim of this present paper is to examine thedistribution of the local HDI index at the example of the Hungarian micro-regions (local administrative unit 1)and the German NUTS3 districts and city regions. The main goal is to analyse the core-periphery relations of thehuman development and examine the role of spatial connections (spatial autocorrelation).
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The beginning of the III rd millennium faces a more and more concrete threatening: exhaustion of Earth resources and the entrance in a state of collapse as long as the states of the world will not find, as soon as possible, some alternative resources that they can use in the most important fields of activities. Aeolian energy represents a solution in what concerns the exhaustion of resources of fossil fuels, but not only. Aeolian energy also represents an alternative in what concerns the protection of the surrounding environment, its noxious effects being incomparable smaller than the ones produces by conventional energy. As a response to this threatening of the III rd millennium, the states of the world will have to unite their forces in the activity of research and implementation of some sustainable alternatives, the most important scope being the protection of the environment and of the finite resources of the Earth.
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The Disadvantage natural processes, occurring in high-mountainous zone, are reflected on physical-chemical and, consequently, agro production characteristic of soils of alpine and sub alpine meadow. Herewith exists differences of soils on agro production particularity and the other processes, with them bound. In this work are considered natural factors, influencing upon such differences and are presented some way of the achievement of the ecological balance in miscellaneous degree broken lands and way of the realization of natural defence action.
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The study pays attention to the changes that occurred in the relationship between man and nature, based on selected natural disasters (from the earthquake in Lisbon, 1755, to the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident, caused by an earthquake and the subsequent tsunami in 2011). There were changes of attitude that first lead to an impression that man ruled nature and was the only creator of values, while man’s main aim was to exploit and conquer nature. However, people gradually learnt that they are helpless in the face of natural forces, and all their sins against nature will be paid back in a much more intensive form. The text focuses on the global impact of disasters, dominated by volcanic eruptions and earthquakes and also on the extent to which society is conscious of them, the way they affect mental attitudes, the language context, social situation, etc. The history of natural disasters is not a history of progress, but rather a history of human helplessness against the forces of nature. We are not able to predict earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; even floods constantly catch us by surprise with their unpredictable course and intensity. We have reached a stage where we encounter one catastrophic scenario after another. Those who open the Pandora‘s box of key issues related to the environmental problems of the past and present, which are basically the same, find themselves in that kind of labyrinth. These are not issues related to individuals, nations and countries any longer; they concern humanity as a whole.
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Review of: Amir Muzur, Iva Rinčić, "Van Rensselaer Potter i njegovo mjesto u povijesti bioetike" Pergamena, Zagreb, 2015, str. 212. by: Orhan Jašić
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Aim. The main objective of this article is to contribute to the research in the area of accident incident rates among school children. Methods. A non-standardized, 12-item questionnaire based on independent compilation was used for data collection. The questionnaire contained closed questions which monitor the nature of school-related injuries, gender and age of respondents. Results. 100 students with diagnosed ADHD and 100 children without ADHD diagnosis participated in the research. The accident and incident data were collected between September 2016 and June 2017. Out of 100 given questionnaires filled by ADHD children, the result shows that 49% of them experienced an injury in school and children without ADHD diagnosis reported injury in only 26% of cases, which means that roughly every second child with a Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder experienced an injury some time during the school year during class, whereas among neurotypical children this ratio would refer to every fourth child. Conclusions. The results of the analysis pointed at the possible need of informing all staff involved in the education system of ADHD children about the risks of injury inschool environment and thus support the prevention of injuries, support the prevention programs which would be focused on children with attention disorders.
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With the regulation of the rivers vast areas along the Tisza River were drained. As a result of this process flood plain farming gave way to the cultivation of field crops. However, the traditional forms of farming survived on the river flats between the dikes and the river and in the early 20th century vines and fruit trees were planted on the higher areas here outside many settlements along the Tisza River. The cultivation of vines in a manner adapted to the ecology and natural conditions of the river flats in Szentes resulted in the production of table grapes in quantities exceeding the subsistence level, for sale on the market. The article attempts primarily to explore the natural conditions determining this special form of cultivation. The most important natural factor is the periodical inundation during floods which fundamentally influences the course of grape production. The author examines how people farming in these areas are able to adapt to the harsh natural conditions, how they organise the cultivation and whether this ecological adaptation can be regarded as successful and viable.
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As an analysis of the data from the existing strategic and planning documents of Republic of Croatia and regional governments, this paper presents the first ever published systematization of potentials in health tourism of Hrvatsko zagorje as the region with the longest tradition and highly acknowledged quality in providing health services in the Croatian tourism, and of Međimurje, as a pioneer in this form of tourism with one of the greatest development perspectives in continental Croatia. By examining unexploited sites in the counties of Krapina- Zagorje, Međimurje and Varaždin, suitable for the construction of new facilities for health tourism purposes, and highlighting their strengths and perspectives, the author has developed a foundation to guide policy-development of tourism and health care system in this part of the Republic of Croatia positioning Hrvatsko zagorje and Međimurje as thermal-tourism brands dominant in the national and competitive in international trade frame.
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Multitude of meteorological parameters defines weather and it continuously oscillates around the average climate values. Although patterns repeat after a certain period, nevertheless they virtually are never identical with preceding cases. They have different intensity, duration and consequence. However, some lawfulness of repetitiveness of patterns and meteorological parameters were observed and they can be described and defined by the indices of circulation. In this paper, we analyze the repetitiveness of hot and cold summers in Belgrade, which are defined by temperature and number of days with maximum temperature above a certain value. The analysis is focused on a very hot summer, which poses a potential threat due to rainfall and drought deficit, and favorable conditions for forest fires. By spectral and graphical method we observed lawfulness of their repetitiveness and on the base of that we made we made projections of temperature regime. The result indicates that in the next 30-35 years the number of days with the maximum daily temperature equal to or greater than 35°C decreases and in the equally long time again increases. Because the temperature correlates with the number of days with the maximum daily temperature, the average summer temperature should have an oscillation of about 65 years like trend of the number of days.
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Drain water heat exchangers worldwide are used since the end of the twentieth century. Different drain water heat exchangers have been installed in Lithuania in last five years. Performance of these systems varies depending on the type of energy users, equipment and design of the systems, as well as their maintenance. The aim of this paper was to analyze different types of drain water heat exchangers and operational systems from the perspective of energy saving and temperature effectiveness. One drain water heat exchanger system in Lithuania was selected for the analysis. Calculation of temperature effectiveness showed that in most cases it is possible to save energy for hot water preparation.
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In recent years, the external thermal insulation composite system (ETICS) has been applied increasingly in a lot of buildings for energy conservation purposes. However, the increased use of different combustible insulation materials in the ETICS has raised serious fire safety problems. Fires involving this type of ETICS have caused severe damage and loss. Often, the fire spread depends on the thermal material of ETICS. Products of polymeric foams or inorganic fibrous material are commonly used. Practice and case studies of researchers show that involved expanded polystyrene is the most dangerous case of the fire spread. Therefore, it is important to choose the right material. In order to limit fire spread and improve fire safety, fire barriers from were suggested being installed. These measures may include the installation of a noncombustible lintel above each opening in the façade (windows, doors) to prevent flames penetrating the insulating material. Additionally, firestop barriers can be installed horizontally over the entire façade. The fire barriers have to be made of non-combustible materials, such as mineral wool, and are required on every alternate floor in buildings. Energy renovation is a great chance to increase fire safety in buildings. Therefore, the requirements of additional fire safety and prevention are different in Europe. Currently, there are not much data available on the behaviour of different insulation materials (expanded polystyrene and mineral wool) in ETICS and their relevant characteristics during operating life and ETICS durability time. This paper cites the requirements of additional fire prevention in different European countries. Analysis of the physical properties (vapour resistance, thermal transmittance, water absorption and etc.) of the expanded polystyrene and mineral wool products of is presented. This article presents an investigation of thermographic research of building, which was renovated three years ago and has implemented fire barriers.
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