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The notion of organized crime provides a central reference point for the criminal policy debate around the globe. For at least two decades, since the drafting of the 2000 UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, there is broad agreement at national and international levels on the seriousness of the problem, and there is an increasing willingness to cooperate across institutional and jurisdictional boundaries in efforts to curb organized crime. Yet, there remains a great deal of uncertainty about the nature of the threat; and when it comes to concrete steps, like the ranking and prioritizing of threats, the selection of targets, and the choice of appropriate tools, there appears to be ample room for talking at cross purposes. In fact, there appears to be a conceptual vacuum underneath the surface of a concept that is well established in political, professional and public terminologies but only vaguely ties together myriad, often mythically distorted imageries. These imageries are by several degrees removed from the nitty-gritty crime phenomena that in their relative simplicity are self-explanatory, like the selling of drugs, the stealing of cars or the collection of protection payments. There is little in the way of categorizing these phenomena and, through an overarching, systematic and comprehensive conceptual framework, to link them back to the lofty concept of organized crime.
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The paper theoretically and empirically analyzes girl‘s crime and especially is oriented toward possible identifying of two distinct subgroups of girls offenders: aggressive and nonaggressive. Considering that in criminological literature term aggression is not the same as the term violence, we decided to conduct two analyzes: comparison of aggressive and nonaggressive girls as well as comparison of violent and nonviolent. The study is based on the sample of 59 juvenile girls and the data obtained in four departments of the Center for Social Work in Belgrade for the period 2009–2019. We used chi-square test and binary regression (SPSS program) to evaluate relatedness between independent variables on three different levels (individual, family and social) and distinction based on aggression/violence of girls. First of all, we concluded that the classification of girls on aggressive and nonaggressive is more relevant than classification on violent/nonviolent. On individual level only one independent variable was statistically significant and that was the age. Younger girls tend to commit more aggressive acts in comparison to nonaggressive. On the family level following variables are of significant importance: psychopathology of fathers including alcohol and substance abuse, aggressive behavior and criminal conviction. Furthermore, the number of stressfull life events such as change of caregivers due to divorce, detah or deprivation of parental rights explains why some girls behave aggressively. Also, parental disciplinary practice is of special importance considering that inadequate discipline of both parents influences the aggressive as well as the violent outcome in girls. Finally, experience of physical victimization in the family is a strong predictor for aggressive as well as for violent behaviour. The same is true for the family violence between parents. On the social level of analysis we tested two variables: the role of peers and school achievement. Both are important in prediction of aggression. If juvenile girls have peers prone to criminal activities it is more possible for them to behave aggressively. As for the school achievement we concluded that success in both elementary and high school influences girls to be aggressive or violent. As for the termination of education and expulsion relatedness does not exist. Study has some limitations. Due to the relatively small sample it is necessary in future research to test the influence of analyzed variables. Also, we could not obtain data for other independent variables and this should be also done (for example in many files we could not determine the level of girl‘s intelligence, depression, anxiety and conduct disorder). Furthermore, future research should try to make more detailed classification of girls offenders in order to differentiate between those who commit only aggressive acts, those who commit both aggressive and nonaggressive acts and those who are not aggressive at all. The last group needs to be classified into further subgroups with regard to crimes committed.
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In this paper we have come to some important conclusions regarding the impact of media on young and crime. In the beginning, we have analyzed some principles of operant conditioning and social learning theory which can explain the influence of media on behavior of adolescents. After that is remarked that nowadays reality programs and social networks are especially dangerous in forming young’s characters and some recommendations are given in order to improve this state. Regarding the relation between media and crime, it is discussed that moral panic and penal populism are one of the consequences of bad media’s policy which is frequently caused by profit motive and inadequate perception of punitive penal policy. Finally, given examples of Je suis Charlie case and notorious story about Werther effect lighted up our explication of the importance of media in a contemporary society and confirmed the hypothesis that the media nowadays have incomprehensible power in forming people’s behavior.
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Artykuł omawia współpracę służby kuratorskiej z Policją, jako jedną z instytucji,których zakres działania zawiera się w zadaniach obu instytucji. Właściwa realizacja zadańspoczywających na kuratorach wymaga wsparcia ze strony innych instytucji. Wśród zadańjakie realizowane są przez kuratorów przy udziale Policji, zaliczyć można między innymi: przymusoweodebranie osoby podlegającej władzy rodzicielskiej lub pozostającej pod opieką przezkuratora sądowego, przymusowe doprowadzenie do zakładu leczniczego osoby uchylającejsię od wykonania obowiązków czy udzielenie wsparcia, gdy zagrożone jest bezpieczeństwokuratora realizującego powierzone mu zadania. Od jakości tej współpracy, skutecznego przepływuinformacji i skonsolidowania działań zależeć będą wymierne efekty w odniesieniu dopodopiecznych kuratora. Tekst odwołuje się do ogólnych przepisów prawnych określającychzakres działania Policji w tym obszarze, a także szczegółowych porozumień wypracowanychw toku współpracy, które poddane zostały analizie.
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W artykule przedstawione zostały jedynie wybrane aspekty wiedzy, które są istotne dla dokonywania czynności diagnostycznych przez kuratora sądowego. Szczególną uwagę poświęcam czynnikom odgrywającym istotną rolę w procesie podejmowania decyzji przez kuratora podczas dokonywania czynności diagnostycznych. Zwracam również uwagę na znaczenie sposobu rozumienia przez kuratora sądowego zachowania podopiecznego i na konieczność uwzględniania kontekstu występujących objawów niedostosowania społecznego, gdyż stanowi to podstawę przygotowania odpowiednich planów, mających powstrzymać nieletniego od popełniania czynów aspołecznych (Hejne 1982). Celem tego artykułu jest również zilustrowanie bogactwa i różnorodności wiedzy, jaką powinni posiadać rodzinni kuratorzy sądowi, aby dokonywana diagnoza była obiektywna.Wiedza kuratorów pochodzi zarówno z osobistych jak i zawodowych źródeł. Tym, co wpływa na przejawiany styl pracy kuratora są jego wcześniejsze doświadczenia życiowe, a także to,czego nauczył się w pracy, tj. praktyczna, empiryczna i teoretyczna wiedza, etyka zawodowa a także ustalone standardy pracy. W związku z tym, że niemożliwe jest omówienie w jednym artykule wszystkich czynników determinujących funkcjonowanie osób pozostających pod opieką kurateli sądowej, przedstawione zostaną jedynie wybrane aspekty wiedzy, które są istotne dla dokonywania czynności diagnostycznych przez kuratora sądowego.Słowa kluczowe: Kuratela sądowa, diagnoza, proces podejmowania
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W artykule podejmuję problem specyfiki relacji między kuratorem a podopiecznym. Analizuję różne podejścia pedagogiczne oraz omawiam ich pozytywne i negatywne aspekty. Stawiam tezę, że najbardziej rozwojowe są relacje oparte na podejściu krytyczno-emancypacyjnym.Są one wymagające dla obu stron interakcji i zmuszają do zaangażowania.Głównym niebezpieczeństwem związanym z relacjami opartymi na tym podejściu jest zagrożenie popadnięcia w tzw. pułapki izonomii wynikające z zaistnienia sytuacji równouprawnienia między podmiotami, których określona prawnie relacja jest hierarchiczna.
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Funkcjonująca od stu lat w naszym kraju kuratela sądowa przybierała różną postać. Jej formy pracy, zależne od przypisywanych jej zadań zmieniały się, ewoluowały.W niniejszym artykule autor pokazuje zmianę jako dokonuje się na przestrzeni ostatnich lat,tj. odchodzenie od pracy z jednostką na rzecz kierowania jednostką. Zastanawia się nad sensownością tego typu rozwiązań, poddając w wątpliwość ich skuteczność i postulując konieczność budowania efektywnej kurateli przede wszystkim na relacji w oparciu o zweryfikowane empirycznie założenia teoretyczne.
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The article deals with the personal and social potential of court probation in Poland. It shows how probation officers can apply methods of creative social rehabilitation in their professional work, by supporting the development of cognitive and creative structures of their wards by means of implemented strategies and methodological recommendations based on the assumptions of the heuristic concept.
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The article shows a jurisdictional- correctional model of the functioning of the Polish probation system, despite the fact that on its foundation in 1919 and in the current attempts to improve it we emphasize primarily its social rehabilitation and protection functions, the implementation of which should be embedded in the environment of the probationer, while all social forces are used forming this environment. Hence the postulated in this article need for communalization and integration of the actions of probation officers with variouscomponents of social participation environments of probationers.
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The author points out that widespread critical evaluations of social rehabilitation carried out under probation result mainly from the adoption of inadequate evaluation criteria for this process. The author makes an attempt to analyse the typical meanings of the notion of social rehabilitation effectiveness, and critically examines common limitation of the meaning of this term in order to achieve a specific, usually difficult to measure, result. The author suggests that the evaluation of the effectiveness of social rehabilitation process should focus on the analysis of the degree of utilization of the opportunities that occur during its implementation. The measure of the social rehabilitation process effectiveness should be the degree of optimization of diagnostic, guardianship, counselling, educational and therapeutic activities undertaken by probation officers, and not only the result obtained from the application thereof. In his deliberations, the author devotes particular attention to the analysis of factors determining the necessity of court probation service’s cooperation with state, local government and social institutions in the process of carrying out professional tasks.
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In the article, the author presents the basic assumptions of a positive diagnosis, which can be used in the work of a probation officer. She treats social rehabilitation as a process of internal transformation, based on discovered and activated potentials and resources of a socially maladjusted individual. The process of inner transformation is recognized as a result of changes in motivation: from amotivation to intrinsic motivation. Two concepts are indicated as the theoretical basis for creating a model of diagnosis in social rehabilitation: the self-determination theory (SDT) by Edward L. Deci and Richard M. Ryan and the concept of lack of motivation, mainly the reasons for amotivation by Lisa Legault, Isabelle Green-Demers, Luc G. Pelletier, Stéphanie Dijon, Kim Tuson, Symeon P. Vlachopoulos and Maria A. Gigoudi. In this context, the author analyzes the motivational process from the perspective of effective social rehabilitation measures. The following paragraphs of the study analyze the understanding of the diagnostic process and present a proposed theoretical model of a social rehabilitation diagnosis, together with its substantive explanation. As a result, this paper attempts to formulate recommendations for diagnosis in social rehabilitation, and to construct a theoretical model of social rehabilitation diagnosis in the area of the work of a probation officer.
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The article discusses the cooperation between the probation service and the Police, as one of the institutions whose scope of activity is included in the tasks of both institutions. The proper implementation of the tasks assigned to probation officers requires the support from other institutions. The tasks carried out by probation officers with the participation of the Police include, i.a. compulsory removal of a person subject to parental authority or under the care of a probation officer, compulsory bringing to the medical facility of a person evading their duties or providing support when the safety of the probation officer carrying out the tasks entrusted to them is threatened. The quality of this cooperation, the effective flow of information and the consolidation of activities determines measurable effects with regard to the probation officer’s charges. This text refers to general legal provisions defining the scope of Police activity in this area, as well as the analyzed detailed agreements developed in the course of cooperation.
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