CEEOL - Browse Subjects Result

We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.

Několik poznámek k problému rostoucího násilí

Author(s): Martina Urbanová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/1997

The article describes the issue of increasing violence, defining it as actions causing harm to others, whether physical or psychological. It highlights the traditional European cultural aversion to violence, rooted in Western Christian values. The text examines the socio-demographic factors influencing violence, such as gender, age, and socio-economic status, noting its concentration in urban areas like Prague and Ostrava. The role of media in spreading violence is also discussed, with references to theories on the "contagion" of violence. Preventive strategies are emphasized over repressive measures, suggesting community involvement and thoughtful urban planning as key solutions. The article concludes by stressing the importance of societal engagement in combating violence and maintaining public safety.

More...

Dohoda jako zdroj práva

Author(s): Ivo Pospíšil / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/1996

The article discusses Thomas Hobbes' views on the social contract and law. It highlights Hobbes' influence on modern theories of state and law, noting his controversial reception over time. Hobbes is portrayed as a foundational figure in the development of legal positivism and the theory of social contracts, emphasizing the necessity of a strong state authority to maintain order. The article explores Hobbes' belief in the voluntary nature of social contracts, where individuals surrender certain freedoms for collective security. It also examines the interpretations of Hobbes' work by various philosophers, including Jeremy Bentham and Michael Oakeshott, and the ongoing debate about whether Hobbes should be seen as a precursor to totalitarianism or liberalism. The discussion includes Hobbes' views on the role of the sovereign, the nature of laws, and the importance of rationality in establishing social order.

More...

Nyilvános táblák és korlátok

Author(s): Márton Pál Iványi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2024

Online movements based on local, regional or ethnic identities and their positive effects, which support civic participation and express community solidarity, are of particular importance in evaluating digital media. To better understand the social impact of digital media, three case studies are presented. Two independent case studies – one on language use in southern Slovakia and the other on online organisations in Szeklerland – will be analysed to understand the context of online social mobilisation. Thirdly, a further case study is used to investigate the extent to which certain ideas related to competitiveness, meritocracy and consumption prevail among the domestic population, with a particular focus on university networks. Finally, it is concluded that it is important to take into account the complexity of the impact of digital media in the evaluation and not to stick to optimistic or pessimistic extremes.

More...

Az online ima kapcsolati rítusa roma közösségekben a pandémia idején

Author(s): Andrea Szalai / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2024

During the pandemic, a worldwide revival of religious discourse was observed. Insecurity and isolation in the Transylvanian Gábor Roma communities, which were heavily affected by the pandemic, also intensified the need to turn to the transcendent. This has given rise to the practice of online prayer (lajvo manglimo) on social media, a ritual of both turning to the sacred and affirming social solidarity. While prayer used to be an institutional or private practice, mainly linked to the Adventist prayer house scene, it has become an ethnicised, online relational ritual in the Covid period, largely in Romani and with Roma participants. Through participation in prayer, Roma who had been forced to isolate themselves from each other created trans-local online communities of practice, and a new public arena for Romani language use was created. This paper examines the structure, function, institutionalisation and impact of online prayer on Romani language use based on data collected through online fieldwork.

More...

Introduction: Wartime Suffering and Survival

Author(s): Jeffrey Kenneth Hass / Language(s): English Issue: 45/2023

This roundtable reviews Jeffrey Hass’ Wartime Suffering and Survival, an in-depth historical ethnography of the Blockade of Leningrad. Reviewers address various empirical, thematic, and theoretical facets of the book and raise questions regarding each of these topics. Important issues include the nature of explanation in the humanities (especially history) and the social sciences (in this case, sociology); the role and form of power in such circumstances; and the nature of the Blockade itself as historical event. Reviews from the Southern Conference on Slavic Studies, the Association of Slavic, East European and Eurasian Societies, and European University at St. Petersburg provide further insight into the book and reflections on the Blockade. It is an important contribution to the understanding of human resilience in the face of great suffering, and its implications for history, politics, and society. It explores questions such as what happened to political identities, institutions, authority, and cultural tropes when survival was at stake, and if there is a homo sovieticus that responds to trauma and survival differently than a person elsewhere in human history. This roundtable seeks to provoke further rethinking of the Blockade, of the Soviet experience of war, of the nature of survival and human resilience, and of the nature of explanation.

More...

The Leningrad Blockade through the Lens of Historical Sociology and Social History

Author(s): David Brandenberger / Language(s): English Issue: 45/2023

Jeffrey Hass’ study of the 872-day blockade of Leningrad is groundbreaking interdisciplinary research, weaving together history, sociology, economics and behavioral psychology to explore how individual Leningraders survived the siege’s inhumane conditions and why society in the northern capital didn’t collapse. He examines how the blockade challenged notions of gender and class identity and at the same time reified them, reinforcing traditional patterns and behaviors. Hass focuses on the siege of Leningrad, which was probably the most sustained experience of urban hardship, suffering and starvation in World War II. He is aware that his findings may not necessarily apply to other contexts in World War II or beyond, and instead investigates larger questions about systemic collapse, such as what determines when communities, institutions or civilizations break down and the sources of resilience that allow society to survive extreme hardship. The disciplinary perspective of the book is historical sociology, which is an empirical study of society in the past. There has been tension between social history and historical sociology, with the former emphasizing the sociocultural context of separate and distinct events and actors, and the latter stressing more generalizable theory. Social historians focus on the distinctiveness of historical experience and phenomena, while historical sociologists investigate these topics in ways governed by their relevance to broader conceptual areas of scholarship. Historical sociology offers a deductive approach, identifying evidence capable of supporting or refuting theoretical propositions, while social history suggests an inductive methodology, attempting to make broader sense of disparate historical data. These differences have been discussed by well-known critics such as Eric Hobsbawm, who argued that historical sociology’s focus on generalizable patterns and behaviors rendered it mechanistic. Hass’s book, as a premier example of modern historical sociology, is careful enough to deflect many of these traditional criticisms of the field.

More...

Inequality of Blockade Suffering and the Nature of (Soviet) Class

Author(s): Andrew Sloin / Language(s): English Issue: 45/2023

Jeffrey Hass’ Wartime Suffering and Survival is an important study of the social history of emotions and group psychologies during the siege of Leningrad. Hass explores how Leningraders responded to the inhuman conditions of suffering, death, and starvation. Following Pierre Bourdieu, Hass examines the collective responses of different social strata to the siege, and how class was reconceptualized in terms of mental frameworks of meaning-making, rather than relations to private property ownership. His analysis reveals how entrenched class distinctions were in Soviet society, and how they impacted the strategies of survival employed by the population. By combining theory with archival documents, Hass provides an innovative approach to understanding the class-food nexus in Soviet society, and how the extreme conditions of the siege amplified the exploitative wage labor relationship. Jeffrey Hass’ work shows how theory can allow deeper access into archival documents and enrich analysis, thus offering an innovative avenue for reconceptualizing class as an agentive category. To push back on the question of class, the Marxist understanding of class is critiqued, as Marx is quite critical of the idea that class can be reduced to relations of private property. Class is instead seen as a phenomenon created through the process of proletarianization and the alienation of human labor — and not simply as one of property ownership. It is thus suggested that, in the context of hyperinflation, siege, scarcity, and threatening social breakdown, food also began to function as money, constituting part of the wage and the most desperately needed part. Read through this perspective, Jeff’s workers seem far less like a group bounded together not only by habitus and customs of thought, but also by a social system of hyper-statist domination grounded from the outset of the revolution on the wage labor form.

More...

Путеви и странпутице критичке расне теорије

Author(s): Boris R. Bratina / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2024

This paper introduces the reader to the fundamentals of Critical Race Theory, which is highly influential today. The author accomplishes this not only by simply introducing the reader to the most important aspects of this relatively new teaching but also by examining each of them critically. Throughout his presentation, the author discusses all of the major influences on the development of this theory, starting with Marxism, (post)structuralism, and legal practice as a source of facticity. According to him, this academic-activist movement has at least three basic theoretical propositions: 1) the thesis about institutionalized racism in the United States from its founding to the present, 2) the thesis that race is not a biological but a cultural concept and, accordingly, the advocacy of anti-essentialism, and 3) thesis and decision to expand Critical Race Theory by introducing minorities (most notably, sexual minorities) into the game. The paper critically examines the idea that racism stems from skin colour, as well as the movement’s decision to seek support outside the circle of racism-related problems. This expansion blunts both CRT’s theoretical edge and its practical application, as evidenced by the fate of anti-racist and emancipatory movements. Finally, the author demonstrates how the entire movement conforms to the ruling racial system.

More...

Nemški pogledi na vzroke razkola med Nemci in Slovenci

Author(s): Valentin Areh / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2024

In the middle of the 19th century, the first serious differences between the German and Slovenian political camps can be perceived. A national struggle can be said to have taken place since the 1860s onward. The national struggle did not arise from national motives, as one might expect, but from political ones – due to the antagonism between Slovenian conservatives and German liberals. As the national struggle escalated, both sides surprisingly started from the same point of view and reacted in the same way. Slovenian authors claimed and proved that Slovenians as a minority in Austria-Hungary were threatened, so Slovene politicians demanded a better status of the Slovenian language, culture and nation, as well as more political rights. German media and the stories of German people show that the Germans also understood their situation as a minority issue, which is generally overlooked in Slovenian literature. German politicians claimed that their nation was threatened with extinction among the majority Slovenian population. They warned against assimilation and worked to preserve the German language and German culture. With the German opposition to the Slovenian national movement, it is also necessary to emphasize the German upper classes’ fear of losing their leading political position in the provinces with a majority Slovenian population.

More...

Moč uma in telesa: telo kot politični prostor v desetletju po 1. svetovni vojni na Slovenskem

Author(s): Pavlina Bobič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2024

The article discusses ideals and perspectives of physicality in the period before and after the First World War, placing them in the context of contemporary attempts at comprehensively rebuilding lives after the war. In what ways did the principle of physicality change into a political landscape where different ideologies clashed and simultaneously revealed their views on spiritual and physical strength and on the ability for (moral) regeneration? The traditional iconography drew from a rich spiritual and secular heritage, shaping itself alongside notions of educational methods and the dangers of the period. Dilemmas within Sokol and Orel physical education content intertwined with political questions, and decades-long disagreement between both organisationsdeepened further during the civil conflict, exacerbating discord in the traditional camp during the Second World War.

More...

Slučaj Gornja Toponica: O ponekim detaljima iz istorije srpsko-slovenačke bliskosti tokom Drugog svetskog rata ili o Srbima barbarima

Author(s): Zoran M. Jovanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2024

The article discusses around thirty Slovenian nationals with severe psychiatric disorders whom the Nazis collectively moved from Slovenia (i.e. the area of the former Drava Banovina) to Serbia in the summer of 1941. This took place as part of a project to deport 12,000 to 15,000 Slovenian women and men to occupied/quisling Serbia. The exiles that are the subject of this article were welcomed solicitously in Serbia and then sent to a hospital for psychiatric illnesses in Gornja Toponica near Niš, unlike their compatriots with similar diseases that the Germans had euthanised shortly after occupying Slovenia. The study is based on previously unknown archives. At the same time, it testifies to another segment of the diverse mutual closeness of the Serbian and Slovenian nations during World War II, which did not assert itself because it ran counter to the prevailing ideological, national and religious matrices.

More...

Federal Almanya Cumhuriyeti’nin 11 Eylül Terör Saldırıları Sonrasındaki Dış Politikasının, Koalisyon Hükûmetleri (1998-2005) ve Hükûmet Çalışmaları Bağlamında Analizi

Author(s): Bedri Şahin,Güngör Gökdağ / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2023

Developments that shape global relations and have an impact on an international scale differentiate the work/strategies of countries. In particular, the increasing importance of bilateral relations has necessitated examining the factors that shape foreign policy. In this respect, the September 11 Terrorist Attacks also showed their effect in this direction. Countries supported United States of America (USA) with the decisions they made. The issues in which USA’s strategies dominate have also affected other countries; It had a particularly strong impact on Germany. One explanation for this situation is that the permissions given to use airspace were granted during the Iraq War. Additionally, there have been changes and transformation efforts in some strategies; Germany-NATO relations increased after the Cold War. However, after the September 11 Terrorist Attacks, these relations decreased and America-Transatlantic relations began. During this period, Germany also focused on proving its strength to USA and providing competence in the European Union Federation. Especially the analyzes based on the Schröder/Fischer coalition government theses are important. However, the fact that the views of Schröder and Fischer were not always complementary to each other caused conflicts to occur both in this dimension and in the coalition. In this context, it is seen that Germany is turning to new strategies, and from realist policies to neorealism. In this respect, it cannot be limited to military/security issues; It is important to have studies that develop strategies depending on factors such as economic and social. The most obvious example is the decisions taken regarding Eastern expansion. In this article, attitudes and policies towards developments are examined within the framework of issues such as decisions taken in this direction and disagreements.

More...

Acem Tahtında 50 Yıl: Nasıreddin Şah Kaçar’ın İktidar Sırları

Author(s): Özcan Aslan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2023

The nineteenth century is a pathetic period in Iranian history. This situation, which has emerged in the field of society, politics and economy, is considered a lost period for Iran in every aspect. When the theoretical knowledge of the eighteenth century turned into the industrial revolution in the nineteenth century, many nations, especially Europeans, saw this century as a leap period and entered the twentieth century as world states. While all this was going on in the world, Iranians were concerned about happily meeting the endless demands of the Qajar shahs, who were perhaps the most incompetent rulers in their history. The Qajar Dynasty, which rose between the Afshar-Zend struggle to take power in 1796, defeated these two rivals and put an end to the turmoil that continued after the death of Nadir Shah in Iran. The Qajars could not show their success in eliminating their domestic rivals, in bringing Iran into the 20th century as a modern world state. This dynasty, which did not have much administrative/administration power other than the capital Tehran (and a bit of Tabriz), was devastated within the century, but unfortunately left a wrecked Iran behind. As the subject of this article; It will deal with how Nasıreddin Shah, the fourth of Qajar shahs in nineteenth century Iran, maintained a power period of fifty years, how he was not overthrown despite many internal and external crises and the reasons why he continued his power.

More...

Açıklamalı Bir Kaynakça Denemesi-2: Türkler Hakkında Bilgi Veren V.-X. Yüzyıllara Ait Seyyahlar ve Seyahatname Türündeki Eserleri

Author(s): Muhammed Ali Budak / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2023

The date interval, which is met with the term Early Medieval in Western historiography and approximately coinciding with the 5th to 10th centuries, is an important time period not only for medieval Turkish history, but also for world history. During this time period, the Migration of Tribes, which will shape the ethnic face of Europe, started with the migration of the Hunnic Turks to the west and the European Hun State, whose borders extended from the Balkans to the English Channel, was established in Europe. Shortly after this, the Göktürks, the first Turkish state with the Turkish name in history, whose borders extended from Manchuria in Asia to the Crimea in Europe, was established. The date range that is the subject of the research is also the date range when the Turks first encountered the religion of Islam. In this research, it has been tried to examine the travelogues, which are the main source in history studies. Although travelogues are among the important sources in terms of history, they have not received the value they deserve until recently. With this study, it has been tried to give brief information about the travelogues and their authors that give information about Turkic peoples between the 5th and 10th centuries, and at least it is aimed to create a starting point for researchers who will work in this field in the future.

More...

Quo vadis, multitasking muzičar? Istraživanje stavova studenata muzike o ulozi muzičara u društvu

Author(s): Ira Prodanov / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2024

The implementation of the rules of the Bologna Convention art faculties in Serbia has brought numerous changes: those aimed at the implementation of new elective subjects are considered positive, and are dedicated to gaining knowledge from so-called new technologies, media, soft skills, marketing and the like. During the last decade, attitudes were formed that in the contemporary world a professional musician should take his career into his “own” hands by learning “a little bit about everything”, in order to “get by” in the world. The research that was conducted for this paper at the Academy of Arts Novi Sad presents what the students think about them.

More...

THE EVOLUTION AND PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINAL ENFORCEMENT LAW: FROM PUNITIVE PUNISHMENTS TO REHABILITATION AND SOCIAL REINTEGRATION

Author(s): Elena Oancea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 37/2024

This article explores the evolution of criminal enforcement law, highlighting the shift from a punitive system to one focused on the rehabilitation and social reintegration of offenders. Through historical and contemporary analysis, it examines changes in legislative and practical approaches, influenced by perspectives on human rights and the effectiveness of punishment. The article also discusses current challenges and innovations in the field, including alternatives to incarceration and the role of rehabilitation programs in reducing recidivism.

More...

Poétique et métaphorisation du corps dans l'œuvre de Sony Labou Tansi

Author(s): Fatimazahra Hamri / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2024

The author of a rich and continuous poetic work, albeit published posthumously, the Congolese Sony Labou Tansi (1947-1995) is one of the strong voices of the négro-africaine literature of the second half of the twentieth century. If his various collections are in line with the writers of negritude by the way he treats the various themes analysed and the relationship, made up of familiarity and strangeness, that he maintains with the language of the coloniser, it remains one of the most misunderstood and contested. His experience seems to be based on a "poetics" at the centre of which man and nature are constantly connected. His propensity to spiritualise the relationship to the world and to nature is reminiscent of a certain metaphysics scattered throughout his poems. However, from this poetic posture, at the same time archaic and modern, there results an imagery of the body which is noteworthy for its immorality: the obscene, the scabrous, the coarse are so many registers in which the poet, in his posthumous work, struggles to metaphorise the body, and thus to signify the political violence which characterises the Congolese society where he was born and where he died, persecuted politically.

More...

Conflict resolution and forgiveness in the child’s psychological well-being: Experimenting with Forgive Freely animated film

Author(s): Adjeketa Blessing / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2024

Over the years, animated films have always captured the interest of people, especially, young ones, irrespective of ethnicity, or religion. Like many other media, animated films have themes that are capable of posing positive or negative effects on their consumers. They are a common commodity in many households around the world. Hardly any household exists who would deny having seen one. However, its role in conflict resolution, forgiveness, and the child’s psychological wellness is under-researched, especially in Nigeria. Using Alfred Adler’s individual psychology theory developed by Rudolf Dreikurs, This study examined the conflict resolution methods children and parents employed in resolving conflict among children. 107 households comprising 221 children were exposed to lesson 11, Forgive Freely of the Become Jehovah’s Friend Animated Film series for 30 days. After this, resolved conflicts and forgiveness were examined concerning the child’s psychological well-being. For a better understanding of the context, the synopsis of lesson 11, Forgive Freely was presented and briefly analysed. Responds to each of the questions used were presented in analytical tables. The descriptive method of data analysis was used to analyse the data collected. Percentages and frequencies were used to evaluate the responses collected from the respondents. The conclusion was drawn based on the percentage ratio. The study finds that conflicts arise among children every day but the relationship between animated films (Forgive Freely), conflict resolution, and forgiveness is insignificant. However, there is a significant relationship between resolved conflict, forgiveness, and psychological well-being. Parental intervention in child conflict is emphasised over that of the animated film genre.

More...

Vývoj empirického sociologického výzkumu na území Československa

Author(s): Zdeněk R. Nešpor / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2024

Review of: Vávra, Martin – Čížek, Tomáš (eds.): Vývoj empirického sociologického výzkumu na území Československa. Karolinum a Sociologický ústav AV ČR, Praha, 2023, 298 pages, ISBN 978-80-246-5422-5 This team-based study describes and analyses the history of empirical sociological research in the Czech lands and Slovakia up to 1989, and highlights both its importance and the historical context required to understand its variousaspects. With respect to less recent time periods and the eastern part of Czechoslovakia, the book provides a high-quality summary of existing knowledge and a number of new findings. However, the reviewer paradoxically rates thetreatment of the period that produced the most fundamentally important research, i.e. from the 1960s to the 1980s, as the weakest part of the study: the authors failed to mention a number of important themes, and even the contextual and ethodological reflection of the themes analysed is not always up to the required standard.

More...

Non-Muslim Population in the Gaza Sanjak in the Sixteenth Century

Author(s): Mustafa Öksüz / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2024

The Gaza region, which came under Ottoman rule following the victory of Yavuz Sultan Selim at the Battle of Marj Dabiq in 1516, was administered by the Ottoman Empire for four centuries. The census books from the first century of this long period contain a wealth of information about the Gaza Sanjak and the people living around it. Based on these books, it is possible to make some observations and evaluations about the people of the region, especially the minorities. In the sixteenth century, the first century of Ottoman rule, Christians, Jews, and Muslims lived in various parts of the Gaza Sanjak. This state is notable for being a place where three religions coexist. This feature was not only preserved in the sixteenth century but also in the following periods. Christians constituted the second-largest demographic group, with Muslims forming the majority of the population. Jews were the third and last group in demographic terms. Muslims, like Christians, adopted a settled life both in urban and rural areas. Jews generally continued to reside in the city center. It is evident that the Christian population, which constituted the majority of the non-Muslim population, was sustained by the immigration of the local population in the sanjak and also received immigration from Jerusalem and Egypt. It was also divided into various and often sect-based sub-communities. The sectarian divisions of the Jews, who continued their existence in Gaza city center as two sub-communities, Samaritans and Rabbanites, were reflected in the records. This article will present a general evaluation of the Christians and Jews living in Gaza in the first century of Ottoman rule by consulting other archive sources, especially the detailed cadastral registers. In this article, we will endeavor to provide a historical perspective on the Palestine/Gaza issue, which is one of the most contentious issues in the contemporary world.

More...