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A közösségi média a fogyasztó társadalom terméke. Lélektani okok és következmények

Author(s): Erzsébet Németh / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2 (47)/2024

Social media platforms act as market forces competing for our time, attention, and data—essentially, this is how we “pay” for their services. However, this comes at a significant cost. This study seeks to explore the psychological phenomena that social media exploits to achieve its business objectives and examines the psychological consequences of these practices, as reflected in international research. The paper aims to help understand why and how excessive use of social media, while supporting ego-defense mechanisms, leads to addiction, anxiety, and disturbances in self-image. It investigates the causes of aggressive tendencies associated with social media usage and examines how superficial and rapid information consumption reshapes cognitive processing systems, including attention, memory, and decision-making processes. Additionally, the study reviews the communicative phenomena and social-psychological impacts that accompany excessive social media use, such as social comparison, changes in patterns of social behavior, cyberbullying, echo chambers, opinion bubbles, lack of empathy, and cancel culture, as well as their effects on users’ mental and physical health.

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Comparison of the psychological capital of founders and their employed top management

Author(s): Victoria Berg,Marcus Heidbrink / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

This study examines the difference of Psychological Capital (PsyCap) of founders in comparison to their employed top managers in young companies. We use the PCQ (Psychological Capital Questionnaire) developed and tested by Luthans and colleagues to do so. Results were concluded on the basis of 36 responses from founders from Germany and Chile from 27 different young companies and the same number of answers from their respective employed top managers. A t-test for independent samples shows a significantly higher level in three of the four states of PsyCap among founders: self-efficacy, resilience and optimism. Hope is the only state in which founders don’t exhibit a significantly higher level than their employed top managers. Overall, PsyCap of founders is higher than their employees’. The study is concluded with implications and limitations.

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The application of adlerian psychotherapy for an adult with high functioning autism and depression

Author(s): Hom Yi Lee / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

High functioning autism (HFA) in adults is often accompanied by depression disorder. However, relatively few reports have focused on the treatment of such cases. This report introduced the intervention of Adlerian therapy for an adult with HFA and depression, in order to provide some suggestions for other therapists. The client was a 51-year-old female servant who searched for counseling through the Center of Work Strengthening due to the appearance of psychosomatic complaints when dealing with her occupational accident. The counseling entailed 10 interventions, one day a week for more than two months, with 60-90minutes per intervention. The client not only exhibited symptoms of depression and anxiety, but also HFA. The therapist applied four stages, as suggested by Adlerian therapy, to the client with HFA: 1. Relationship-building: respecting HFA clients’ subjective experience and listening carefully with empathy. 2. Assessment: asking questions about their history and the current functioning of their interpersonal relationships. 3. Interpretation and insights: discussing with the client and euphemistically pointing out the underlying motives for behaving the way she does in the ‘here and now’, to help her understand the limitations of the lifestyle she has chosen. 4. Reorientation and reeducation: to encourage clients to take the risk in engaging in new activities to adapt to the changes, and to adjust their rigid fictional final goals, and social interests. Finally, the client went back to work without serious depression and was able to express her negative emotions to her supervisor, as well as adjust her daily routine. Adults with HFA have low social interests and rigid beliefs which easily make them feel depressed when they suffer stress; their condition can be improved through Adlerian therapy.

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Religiosity and psychological resilience in psychiatric patients: an overview

Author(s): Raphael M. Bonelli / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

Objective: The impact of religious/spiritual activities on clinical outcomes in patients with serious mental illnesses remains controversial, which was addressed in this international cross-sectional study. Method: The literature was searched using the electronic database of Pubmed. To identify the highest quality papers, we selected publications in psychiatric journals ranked in the top 25% by the ISI citation index 2010, i.e. the top 32 journals out of 126 listed, all with an impact factor of 3.6 or higher. The published original studies were then discussed and rated for the quality of their design, measures, and statistical methods. Results: 1% if the studies find a positive relationship between R/S and better mental health, 18.6% find mixed (positive and negative) results, and 4.7% reported a negative association. All studies on dementia, suicide and stress-related disorders found a positive association, as well as 79% and 67% of the papers on depression and substance abuse, respectively. Conclusion: There is growing evidence today that R/S is correlated with better mental health in the areas of depression, substance abuse, and suicide; insufficient evidence in neurosis and dementia; poor evidence in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, and no evidence in many other mental disorders.

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Magnitude of social anxiety disorder, and impact on quality of life among medical students, taif city-KSA

Author(s): Hadeel N. Bin Jarallah,Fahad K. Al Omari,Imtenan F. Altowairiqi,Khulod K. Al Saad / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2017

Background: Social anxiety disorder is a prevalent condition in KSA, especially among people who are in their adolescent years and in the early twenties. It has significant impact on education and employment. Aim: To estimate the magnitude of Social anxiety disorder (SAD), identify associated factors and assess its effect on the quality of life among the participants. Subjects and methods: it was a cross sectional study conducted in April and May (2015). It included all medical students in the clinical years at Taif University-KSA. A a validated self-administered questionnaire used as data collection tools. Results: The study included 283 students out of 338 invited to participate (RR=83.7%). Their age mean was 23.5years and standard deviation of 1 year. Males represented 65% of them. Based on DSM-V criteria, SAD was diagnosed in 29.3% of the medical students in the clinical years, Taif University. None of the studied demographic variables was significantly associated with SAD. Students who reported often parental criticism, often parental criticism in front of others and occasional, usual parental provocation or often parental maltreatment, reported higher rate of SAD compared with others, p< 0.05. Quality of life based on social adaptation of self-evaluation score ranged between 0 and 60 with a mean of 37.1 and standard deviation of 11.2. Conclusion: The prevalence of SAD constitutes about one third of the medical students in the clinical years, Taif University but it has significant effect on the QoL. Attention with proper education and periodic assessment is highly recommended for university students.

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Treating depression in the Caregivers of Cancer Patients

Author(s): Joyce M. Louis,Lisa Adams,Tony L. Brown / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2017

Partners often assume the role of caregiver when cancer is brought into the home. The support caregivers provide to cancer patients has immeasurable value. However, care giving can take a significant toll on loved ones from both a psychological and physiological perspective; sometimes to the point of producing caregiver burden. One of the diseases most prevalent in caregivers is depression. Signs and symptoms of depression amongst caregivers vary from mild to severe and people respond quite differently to the life stressors they face. While, the exact cause of depression is not known, proven research correlates it with an internal chemical and/or neurotransmitter imbalance that can be triggered by stress, chronic stress in particular. As a mood disorder, depression affects how you feel, think, and function in the performance of your daily activities. It is critically important to identify caregivers exhibiting depressive symptoms and first, to provide them with both emotional and psychological support, and second, so as to ensure the individual battling cancer receives optimal support from their loved ones. This review article serves to promote health awareness and the unmet needs of cancer patient caregivers, the presence of caregiver burden, and the impact that stress can have on one’s neurophysiological processes to precipitate the development of mental illness such as depression.

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Body’s image concerns and its impact on academic achievements

Author(s): N. Tallat,A. Fatima,D. Adiya / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

Introduction: Someone`s self-perception is somebody’s very own mental representation or identity or as organized definitive learning about one’s self that could manage the social conduct. Young people observed to be occupied with redesigning and figuring their mental self-image. Poor self-perception diminishes self-adequacy and self-regard which cause mutilation in scholarly accomplishment. Method: An observational study was led utilizing online questionnaire, 160 college undergraduates from various health sciences disciplines were included including both male, and female subjects. Effect of mental self-perception on educational accomplishments was examined. Results: Results revealed that, physical appearance or body image did affect academic achievement or scholastic accomplishment. Most of the undergraduate students showed concerns regarding self-image, they get distressed due to physical appearance, further, their physical appearance also interfere in getting education and performing daily tasks. It is also observed that students who are satisfied with their self-image obtained higher grades as compare to their counterparts. Students found to be involve in watching TV as well as reading beauty magazine which also influence their cognitive powers and hence change their self-regard. Conclusion: Understanding of connections between a positive self-perception and academic achievement can influence programs that are offered at college and universities. This study could be useful to academic wellbeing instructors, faculty and student affairs professionals involved in students counseling and motivations. Further research is needed to explore the link between academic success and lack of society`s concern regarding idea about beauty in reality

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Mental health and youth of Kashmir

Author(s): Sayed Aqeel,Mohammad Muzaffar Khan,Shekhar Saxena,Shafique Ur Rehman / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

This report is being written in the context of current political turmoil in Kashmir and the impact it had on the mental health of the Youth of Kashmir. To begin with let us define what Mental health means. According to WHO Mental health is a state of well being in which an individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life , can work productively and is able to make contribution to his or her community. In this positive sense mental health is the foundation for individual well being and the effective functioning of a community. It becomes a disability if it has long term effect on normal day to day activity which is something an individual does regularly in a normal day.

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From prosecuting doctors to twin epidemics of suicides and heroin overdose deaths

Author(s): Alen J Salerian / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2016

Alen J Salerian, Silviu Ziscovici and John Mirczak are not household names in America, yet our stories may offer insights into our twin epidemics in America: Deaths by suicide and heroin overdose. CDC reported 44.000 deaths by suicide and 10.574 by heroin overdose in 2014. Deaths from both have been on a steady rise since 2000. Our medical careers ended in 2010 and 2011 upon allegations of “drug trafficking by over prescribing opiates”

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Diagnosis of complicated grief using the texas revised inventory of grief, brazilian portuguese version

Author(s): T. M. Alves,M. C. Oliveira,Neto F. Lotufo / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

Background: Complicated grief is characterized by persistent yearning for the deceased, intense sorrow and emotional pain in response to death causing significant distress. Complicated grief is often under recognized and undertreated. The Texas Revised Inventory of Grief (TRIG) is a questionnaire that has been demonstrated to have high validity and reliability in the assessment of grief. Our objective was to translate, adapt, and validate the TRIG to Brazilian Portuguese and to verify whether the TRIG, in a bereaved population, is able to distinguish between those with and those without complicated grief and to identify which elements in the scale contribute to this. Methods: Two stages: a) cross-culture adaptation of a questionnaire, and b) cross-sectional study of reliability and validity. Setting and Participants: 165 adult patients were recruited from a) the Grief Outpatient Clinic at the Department and Institute of Psychiatry - University of São Paulo, b) private practice at the same department, and c) co-workers who have lost a loved one. All the patients were interviewed with the TRIG. According to clinical criteria69 of 165 bereaved patients were presenting complicated grief. Results: Cross-culture adaptation: the TRIG was translated from American English, then back-translated and finally compared with the Brazilian Portuguese version by two bilingual psychiatrists. Reliability: the Cronbach’s alpha coefficients (internal consistency) of the TRIG scales were 0,735 (part I) and 0,896 (part II). Sensitivity, specificity as well as cutoff points to identify complicated and non-complicated grief, were measured using the ROC curve. Using the total score of 104 (part I + part II + Part III + psychographics variables), we can correctly classify 71.3% of individuals with and without complicated grief. The construct validity was assessed by factor analysis and confirmatory analysis. Furthermore, by logistic regression, our study demonstrated that a low education level, age of the deceased and age of the bereaved, loss of a son or daughter, and unexpected death were all risk factors for complicated grief. Our results also suggest that religion may influence complicated grief. Conclusion: The TRIG adapted to Brazilian Portuguese is as reliable and valid as the original version. In the evaluation of Brazilian bereaved, it was able to distinguish individuals with and without complicated grief. And, we suggest a cut-off value of 104 for complicated grief.

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Exploring the relationships between perceptions of peer prejudice, school attendance, and academic performance among adolescent youth

Author(s): Roslyn M Caldwell-Gunes,N. Clayton Silver / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2015

Research pertaining to perceived prejudice among adolescents has been limited despite the growing prevalence and incidence of issues centered around race relations and the impact it has on youth development and academic achievement. Given the research gap in this area, especially as it relates to the variations among different racial and ethnic groups, this study examined the relationships between youths’ perceptions of peer prejudice in the school environment to school attendance and academic performance among a cross-sectional sample of 68,825 adolescents from Wave 1 of the In-School data set from the1 National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Multiple regression analyses pertaining to perceptions of peer prejudice was predictive of school attendance among African American, Caucasian, and Hispanic males and females. Results also revealed that perceived peer prejudice was predictive of academic performance among African American males and females and Caucasian females, but not predicative of Caucasian males and Hispanic males and females. Implications for research, intervention, and prevention as it relates to educational achievement among adolescent youth are discussed.

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Post-traumatic stress disorder in the aftermath of wars, conflicts and terrorism: co-relation between countries gdp and prevalence of PTSD

Author(s): Muhammad Gul,Rafey Faruqui A. / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

Background: An estimated 1.6trillion dollars per year is spent on defence, and as much as three times more people are killed by human made disasters, the reported prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among population exposed to human-made disasters varied across different countries. The global cost of mental illness is 2.5trillion dollars, accounting for 37% of health loss years. Aim: Our aim was to investigate the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder across different region in population exposed to human-made disasters including war, conflicts and terrorist attacks. Another aim of our study was to investigate the correlation between prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder and economic performance indicators of individual countries, and percentage of GDP spend on health care. Method: The study was conducted in two stages. In stage 1 we conducted systematic literature search to establish prevalence of PTSD reported in context of human-made disasters from different countries. In stage we gathered economic performance reports and health care expenditure of respective countries. SPSS was used to identify any correlation between prevalence of PTSD, countries GDP, and percentage of GDP spend on health care expenditure. Results: The review identifies large variation in the prevalence of post-traumatic disorder in population exposed to human-made disasters, with prevalence estimates from 0.6 to 73%. It has been found that countries with poor socioeconomic structure and lower spending on health care expenditures were seen with high prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder. Conclusion: Difference in prevalence of PTSD can be explained by gender, marital status, and educational background of the participants and time of the study after exposure to traumatic event. But countries socioeconomic status and per capita GPD health care expenditure were found to be significantly correlated with the difference in prevalence of PTSD in population exposed to human-made disasters.

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Abused sexuality- experience of sexuality post experiences of sexual abuse

Author(s): Sunanda Jalote / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

Sexual abuse has been happening from times immemorial and is that brutal aspect of society which also talk about spirituality, peace and harmony in the same breath. Youth gets irrevocably scarred by such childhood traumas which linger on in their adult life too. In the present study, an effort was made to study and understand how heterosexual and queer youth in contemporary middle class in Delhi explore the relationship sexual abuse survivors have with their own sexuality and how their negotiate their sexual selves. The secondary aim of the study was to investigate the function and effects of guilt, shame, desire, fantasies and gender roles in their lives and how, if at all, they connect to the experiences of sexual assault suffered by individuals within this socio-cultural group. The approach that frames this study is a discourse analytic approach and this is seen as central to the methodology of this study and the language used to talk about the findings and implications of this research.

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Relationship of emotional intelligence and stress in undergraduate medical students

Author(s): Yasien Yasien,Tabassum Alvi,Washdev Washdev / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2016

Objective: Medical education is considered as highly stressful. The role of emotional intelligence in managing stress and in better adjustment is well-recognised. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association of emotional intelligence and its subcomponents with stress in undergraduate medical students. Method: Total sample consisted on 238 undergraduate medical students including 73 males, and 165 females. Demographic form, the scale of emotional intelligence and perceived stress scale were administered to assess the study variables. Results: Linear regression analysis was computed. Level of stress was found to be higher among females than males. Moreover, results showed that subcomponents of EI including optimism (B= -257, p< .01), problem solving (B= -257, p< 01), flexibility (B= -273, p< 01) and interpersonal skills (B= -.127, p< 05) were found to be negatively correlated with stress. Conclusion: It can be concluded that medical student’s use of emotions intelligently helps towards off the stress. Study results pointed toward the need of incorporating the programs for enhancement of emotional intelligence to manage the stress in better way.

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Efficacy of group CBT Vs group information and support in relapse and recurrence of depression in adults

Author(s): Aleksandra Kelly,Tony Cassidy / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2016

This study aimed to analyse the rates and length of time to relapse and/or recurrence of depression in individuals who attended either Group CBT or Group Information and Support in an adult secondary mental health setting in Ireland. The present study centred on the analysis of previously collected data from groups running between 2005 and 2010 and on the retrospective file review. It formed part of a larger scale research study conducted by the Principal Clinical Psychologist evaluating the effectiveness of CBT for depression and bipolar disorder. The study was quantitative in nature and incorporated qualitative elements (i.e. Clients’ and Practitioners’ description of the severity of the depressive episodes) which were converted into quantifiable categories. Participants comprised of two groups: Treatment I (Group CBT) including participants who attended 8 or 12 sessions of manualised Group CBT and a comparison sample: Treatment II (Group Information and Support) comprised of participants who attended 12 sessions of group information and support. Based on survival analysis, no significant difference was found in effectiveness for Group CBT and Group Information and Support in preventing and/or decreasing the number and the length of time to relapse and/or recurrence of depression in this client group. Findings, clinical implications, methodological limitations and future research directions were also discussed.

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The drug problem: ten suggestions from a psychiatrist in prison

Author(s): Samuel A. Nigro / Language(s): English Issue: Sp. Iss. 1/2015

Drugs and crime are destroying America. There are over two million incarcerated young men and women (more than in the military). Almost all of their crimes are related to drug abuse beginning about 13 years of age. The epidemic of drug abuse at early ages is based on the failure of families, schools and the communication industry to immunize youths against the contagion of drug abuse and the related rage against our culture which created them. There is one drug abuse arrest every 20 seconds. The growing acceptance of marihuana seems counterproductive. Basically, people want to escape from the ragecreating trends of life. Alcohol and drugs, including marihuana, are easy, but ineffective, ways of doing so. A major overlooked question is “Why? What is our culture doing to make people, beginning in their early puberty, to want to “turn off” rather than eagerly engage in a productive life?” Even those who are well off? And what can we do about it?

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ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS IN A CHILDREN WITH DYSLEXIA OKOLINSKI FAKTORI RIZIKA KOD DJECE S DISLEKSIJOM

Author(s): Mirela Duranović,Lidija Kobelja,Matea Andrejaš / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The aim of this study was to analyze various environmental factors influencing dyslexia to enhance our understanding of its risk factors, including the exposure of mothers of dyslexic children to potential negative developmental influences, perinatal and postnatal developmental characteristics of dyslexic children, genetic predisposition, socioeconomic status, and reading exposure in dyslexic children. Mothers of both dyslexic and non-dyslexic children took part in the study. The home literacy environment and the development of motor skills emerge as significant risk indicators for dyslexia. These findings hold profound implications for public health, emphasizing the critical importance of early childhood in providing children with the best possible educational opportunities.

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PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALE OF PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT AMONG PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Author(s): Senad Mehmedinović,Mirza Sitarević,Edin Sarajlić,Sanela Krdžić Osmić / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The aim of the research was to determine the psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support in individuals with disabilities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The research included a total sample of 232 participants, with an average chronological age of 44.21±19.31 years, of which 121 (52.2%) were male and 111 (47.8%) were female. The study was conducted among individuals with motor impairments, visual and hearing impairments, speech and language disorders, and combined disabilities. To achieve the research objective, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support was applied, consisting of 12 assessment variables scaled from 1 to 7. The research data were processed using parametric and non-parametric statistical methods. A multivariate method of exploratory factor analysis was applied to identify factors in a given domain when the number and structure of factors are not previously known, along with confirmatory factor analysis using the maximum likelihood algorithm. Following factorization, the internal consistency coefficient (Cronbach's alpha) was calculated, and the reliability of the variables was assessed through inter-item statistics. Based on the obtained research results, it can be concluded that the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support has satisfactory reliability and internal consistency for use among individuals with disabilities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The results of both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis indicate a suitable threedimensional model and confirm the original structure of the scale, which can be applied to individuals with disabilities in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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LEVEL OF SCREEN EXPOSURE AMONG CHILDREN ATTENDING PRESCHOOL EDUCATION AND CARE

Author(s): Samra Jusufbašić / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Children of preschool age are exposed to digital media/screens to varying degrees. While some authors highlight the positive effects of screen exposure, others emphasize the negative impacts, particularly on early childhood growth and development. The aim of this study was to survey parents (N = 89) of preschool-aged children attending preschool education and care regarding their children’s level of screen exposure. In addition to the primary aim, secondary objectives were set to examine the relationship between parents’ age and the level of screen exposure, the relationship between parents’ education and the level of screen exposure, and the relationship between the total number of screens in the household and the level of screen exposure. The "Seven in Seven Screen Exposure Questionnaire" was used to assess the level of screen exposure. The analysis of the results showed that the level of screen exposure among preschool-aged children attending preschool education and care falls into the category of low exposure. No statistically significant correlation was found between parents' age, parents' education, and the level of screen exposure among preschool-aged children. However, a statistically significant correlation was identified between the total number of TVs and cellphones in the household and the level of screen exposure.

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Josip Bošnjaković, Sanda Smoljo-Dobrovoljski - Bogatstvo suosjećanja

Author(s): S. Silvana Fužinato / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2024

Review of: Josip Bošnjaković, Sanda Smoljo-Dobrovoljski - Bogatstvo suosjećanja. Kršćanska sadašnjost, Katolički bogoslovni fakultet u Đakovu, Hrvatsko katoličko sveučilište, Zagreb – Đakovo, 2023., 443 str.

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