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THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON FUTURE MILITARY ACTIONS

Author(s): Marian HOGEA / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an artifact (computer) that works effectively to achieve a certain goal. Artificial Intelligence Technology has entered a new period of rapid development and is recognized as the most perceptual technology capable of changing the future world. The trend of developing artificial intelligence in the coming years will have an impact on societies, governments, and last but not least on the military environment. Some emerging trends have already begun to appear, therefore, many countries in the world have raised the development of artificial intelligence at the level of national strategy and strongly supported it from the perspective of policy orientation, strategic planning and capital budgeting. The emergence of artificial intelligence weapons will radically change the way in which armed conflicts are being prepared and carried out, that is, „man-to-man” warfare tends to become a war of „machine killing”. Whoever has the best software will win the war. From this perspective, we aim to highlight the integration and functioning of weapons and technologies based on artificial intelligence within the command and control systems and execution structures to uncover the elements of informational and decisional superiority, as well as the success factors in the dynamics of future military actions.

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Сравнительный анализ лексики, используемой праительственными структурами и «несистемной» оппозицией в современной России

Author(s): Anton Somov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Anton Somov covers the language of the current Russian government and pro-government forces as compared to the “non-establishment” opposition movement whose position strengthened with the Duma elections in December 2011. The author characterizes the phrases used by the politicians now in power in the Russian Federation, while pointing out particularities of the Russian political discourse from the language point of view. He also gives examples of the current popular, and highly apt, vocabulary that draws mainly upon the results of the Word of the Year media contest and the materials of the related Dictionary ofthe Year contest (2012). Somov explains the updating, polysemantisation, and politicizing of existing phrases and formation of neologisms in modern Russianas an impact of the direct influence of extra-linguistic factors, and primarily of the growth of rally attendance and other political activity by the citizens of the Russian Federation and the reaction to this by government and pro-government politicians. Together with these examples, Somov provides culturological and linguistic commentaries with an eye to the non-homogenous political situation inside modern Russia.

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Potential of open data in the Czech Republic

Author(s): Jan Boubín / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper Potential of open data in the Czech Republic deals with the current situation of open data government and autonomous institutions in the Czech Republic in comparison with other European Union countries (Great Britain, France, Belgium, Austria, Estonia, ...) and defines the possibilities of open data economic development of the Czech Republic. Methodology of the paper includes a search resources dealing with the issue of open data in the Czech Republic and the European Union, comparing the obtained data, the analysis of obtained data and deduction provided for further development. The first part is an evaluation of the current situation and the situation compared with other EU countries. Further conditions for further development and evaluation of the potential of open data for the Czech Republic. The final section of the paper deals with evaluation of possibilities open application data management processes of companies in the Czech Republic in terms of strategic and innovation management. The result is an overview of the potential use of open data in the context of economic development and an estimate of the trend in applications open at the government level.

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The segmentation of local audiences? Fragmented media use and types of media users at the local level

Author(s): Raphael Kösters,Olaf Jandura / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Audience segmentation is a contemporary meta-trend comprehensively discussed in communication studies (van Aelst et al., 2017). Trends related to segmentation have been examined within the context of different countries from economic and social science perspectives as well as on various levels of analysis. In this chapter, we examine audience segments within the local public sphere of a major city in Germany. A local public sphere is defined as “a relatively open space in which information flows of local origins intersect with translocal issues, and together create a common discursive space of political activity” (Lang, 2004, p. 154). In order to define the problem at hand, a basic function of the mass media public sphere must be taken into account, i.e. the function of integration. By providing audiences with a common basis of issues and knowledge, media outlets establish the foundation for the citizenry’s self-perception as one collective for identity-building and for citizens’ political participation.

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Digitization: empowering regional media in the public

Author(s): Lisbeth Morlandstø,Birgit Røe Mathisen / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Journalism and power are intertwined in many ways. As the media reflects, mirrors, investigates, interprets and frames the power of other institutions, media organizations themselves become powerful (Eide, 2001). The role of the legal mass media is vital in every democracy, with independent media having a crucial role on behalf of citizens – to convey information about society, to facilitate public debate, and to be a watchdog on behalf of society. In addition, regional and local media have a mission to provide a voice to inhabitants located in different geographical regions. They perceive views and communicative perspectives from a regional standpoint as a vital part of their societal role (Nielsen, 2015; Mathisen, 2010).

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An active local public sphere: the role of new media in creating a contemporary local democracy in the case of Poland

Author(s): Ilona Biernacka-Ligięza / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Globalization does not render locality irrelevant, but challenges it, as was emphasised, for instance, by the concepts of glocalization (Featherstone, Lash, & Robertson, 1995, pp. 25–44) or translocality (Appadurai, 1996). In general, these concepts suggest that encounters of the local and the global can be productive in terms of modifying locality by placing it in the wider context of the global and vice versa. In the case of using digital technologies in a local context, we are not interested in the width but in the depth. Looking at the implementation of the digital technologies in local communities, we are not concerned with the question of how the local gets modified by the global, but if it can become intensified. Some scholars provide sceptical accounts of the decaying sense of participation in the life of local communities and argue that in the late modern period real (off-line) local communities dissolve into isolated individuals (Putnam, 2001). Potential intensification of the local participatory energy on and through the internet is therefore more important in that it is missing even in the real life of local communities.

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Characteristics of the Information Domain of the Georgian Information Environment

Author(s): Natia Kuprashvili / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The aim of this chapter is to describe and contextualise the key stories that circulate in the broadcast and online media, shaping Georgian public discourse. We analyse the Georgian information domain, including the patterns of information flows and their content, media, and messages. This analysis is conducted through the lens of Russia’s strategic interests and influence activities in Georgia. The ongoing hybrid war waged by Russia against Georgia includes information attacks and disinformation, which is identified in official documents of the Georgian government as the one of the main threats to national security. We analyse the power and extent of Russian intervention within the Georgian information domain.

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Georgia’s Response to Covid-19

Author(s): Gogita Ghvedashvili / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The COVID-19 pandemic is the greatest challenge facing the world today. It has triggered global economic and political crises and produced an oversaturated information environment marred by disinformation campaigns and conspiracy theories that sow discord, divide societies, and undermine public trust in governments’ COVID-19 responses. The following case study analyses Georgia’s information environment during the first wave of the pandemic. Specifically, it describes and evaluates the country’s main information flows and communicators, including the Government of Georgia, Georgian health experts and scientists, Georgian media, the Georgian Orthodox Church, and Russia, during the period from January to August 2020. The case study is based on open-source information, including reports from different state and public institutions, and quantitative and qualitative research conducted by trusted local and international organisations.

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EVALUACIJA FUNKCIONIRANJA LOKALNIH ZAJEDNICA U “INFORMATIČKOM DOBU”

Author(s): Jusuf Žiga / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Živimo u vremenu “informatičke revolucije” i svekolikog dinamizma u načinu življenja. Relativiziraju se i vrijeme i prostor. Postajemo sve zavisniji od drugih, ali uz paradoksalnu umišljenost kako smo, istovremeno, sve samodovoljniji unutar svijeta kome pripadamo. To direktno protivriječi prirodi ljudskog roda. Jer, koliko god je važna individualnost, tj. unikatnost svakog čovjeka, pa čak i kada je tzv. sijamski blizanac, jednako tako je bitna i društvena komponenta njegovog bića. Zapravo, osim zadovoljavanja svega nekoliko čisto egzistencijalnih potreba, sve drugo što činimo tokom svoga života smisleno je samo u sadjejstvu sa drugim ljudima. Ali, to je već tema za sebe kojom se nećemo baviti u ovom tekstu.

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Official Multilingualism as a Public Policy: The Case of the Republic of South Africa

Author(s): Bilal Yalçinkaya,Mehmet Ali Göngen / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Public policy analysis is a social science discipline applied to better understand the policy-making processes and their consequences. In this study, it is aimed to reveal the analysis of the official multilingualism policy by examining the reasons, stages and results of the applied policy. Language policy is a component of public policy studies, and country-by-country review and planning of language policy make an important contribution to this topic. This study firstly addresses the classification of language policy tools and how they are used as a public policy tool. Then come its examination, classification in the public policy of the Republic of South Africa and the interpretation of its results. This article contributes to research on the development, implementation and consequences of language policy by discussing the place of the concept of official multilingualism in public policy and how it can be adapted to research. In other words, it is about examining the concept through a case analysis after the thematic analysis performed in the study. Then, a method is created to compare and examine language policies through the example of the Republic of South Africa. Max Weber suggests that language invites to unification but does not enforce it in the process of nation formation. The South African Republic, described as ‘Rainbow Nation’, accepted the invitation of various languages and combined it in the constitution as the common text. In addition, official languages were established in the provinces in proportion to their populations and became practicable in the entire state apparatus including the fields of education, health and communication. The language(s) harboring diversity and secessionism thus became the cement for the coexistence of various communities. The main objective with the recognition of 11 official languages is to prove that language would grow secessionist once ostracized, but associative once included in the state. Official multilingualism is the greatest inspiration for various communities to live in the same country without losing the sense of belonging and to hold on to the commitment for coexistence in spite of all the problems experienced in society.

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Liderlik Temsili Perspektefinden Türk Basınında Haydar Aliyev’in Ölümü

Author(s): Elif Yıldız,Yasemin Durmuş / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Tarih boyunca, bireylerin bir arada yaşamalarına öncülük eden, farklı zamanlarda veya şartlarda ortaya çıkan ve içerisinde bulunduğu grup ya da toplumu ardından gelmeye ikna eden “lider” kişiler olmuştur. Değişen şartlara karşı, liderlik ettiği toplumu kontrol edebilecek, bir arada olmanın gereklerini takip edebilecek ve bunun devamlılığı konusunda stratejiler üretebilecek bir lider ideali tüm toplumların ortak beklentisi olarak görülmüştür.

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İletişimde Vizyoner Liderlik Dili: Haydar Aliyev’in Yaptığı Konuşmalar

Author(s): Zeynep Ateş,Hüdai Ateş / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Geçmişten günümüze sosyal bir varlık olan insan, varlığını sürdürebilmek ve diğer insanlarla etkileşim kurabilmek adına iletişim faaliyetlerine büyük önem göstermiştir. İnsanların sosyal bir varlık olduğunu ve bireyin sosyalleşmesinde iletişimin önemli ve etkin bir araç olduğunu tarih boyunca pek çok düşünür çeşitli şekillerde ifade etmiştir. Dolayısıyla tarih boyunca çeşitli şekillerde devam eden iletişim biçimleri, insanlar arasında bir ortaklığı da beraberinde getirmiştir. Ortaya çıkan bu ortaklık neticesinde, bir arada yaşayan bireylerin oluşturduğu toplum ve toplumsal düzenin oluşmasının kaçınılmaz olduğu söylenebilmektedir. Bu bakımdan, insanın oluşturduğu toplumsal düzen içerisinde, bir aradalığı sağlamak ve toplulukları kontrol edebilmek için bireyler kendi aralarında bir lidere veya yöneticiye ihtiyaç duyduğu görülmektedir.

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Medya, Habercilik Alanı ve Sosyal Sermaye İlişkisi: Tocqueville, Putnam ve Bourdieu Bağlamında Kuramsal Bir İnceleme

Author(s): Ahmet Biçer,Mustafa Koçer / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Media and the field of journalism are dynamically interconnected with other social structures and actors from a sociological perspective. It is possible to address this relationship at the macro or micro levels from the perspective of the social capital approach. Social capital has social implications as potential resources embedded within actors' communication networks, serving as a cohesive element that holds society together, such as individual trust levels. Regardless of the perspective from which it is taken, the social capital approach has a direct and reciprocal relationship with the fields of communication, media and journalism. Important theorists examine these relationships. The study aims to reveal the connection points between the field of media and journalism and the social capital approach on the axis of the evaluations of Tocqueville, Putnam and Bourdieu. Firstly, the topic is approached in the context of Tocqueville's evaluations on the relationship between civil society and the press in his work 'Democracy in America'. Then, Robert Putnam's perspective in line with the work of communication theorist George Gerbner, especially in the context of television viewership and its effects on social capital, was analyzed. Thirdly, an association was made between Pierre Bourdieu's idea of 'journalism and the media field' and his unique capital approach. The following conclusions were reached within the framework of the views of the three theorists: 1) The media can contribute to social capital by enabling civil and political components of society to dialog. 2) Media and journalism production practices affect social capital to the extent of their determining influence on people's perceptions. 3) The fact that media viewing is one of the most important leisure time activities leads to changes in civic and political participation. 4) Actors/perpetrators working in the media benefit from their social capital in their productive activities in the field. 5) Journalist actors/perpetrators perceive social capital within their own sociality and their journalistic perceptions and practices are shaped accordingly.

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Post-Truth Pazarlama

Author(s): Ahmet Tan,Barış Armutçu / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

The concept of post-truth, which is among today's political discourses and has rapidly spread in many languages, has now entered our lives as an indispensable element of popular politics. Among the main factors in the emergence of the concept of post-truth is the increasing number and use of false / incomplete / false news that politicians say to market themselves during election periods. The concept of post-truth has been frequently discussed in the international literature in recent years and has entered the political life and literature of Turkey today. In this respect, it can be stated that post-truth is still in its infancy in the national and international literature in terms of word and content. In this context, when the word post-truth is analyzed conceptually, it is translated and used in Turkish as 'post-truth', 'post-real' or 'post-truth'. Trump's victory in the elections held in the United States of America in 2016 and the campaign conducted during the Brexit referendum in 2016 are important factors in the emergence and frequent use of the concept of post-truth in political life. In addition, another important factor is the fact that the Oxford dictionary chose the concept of post-truth as the word of the year in 2016. All these factors have paved the way for the effective use of the concept of post-truth in political life and today's era has begun to be defined as a post-truth era. Undoubtedly, the role of social media applications brought about by digitalization is undeniably important in a post-truth era where lies are no longer distinguishable. When the role of social media is evaluated in terms of manipulative content in favor of political leaders, it reveals the reality of the post-truth concept. In this context, a study conducted by PolitiFact research company found that 69% of Trump's statements and posts during the election process and 26% of his rival Clinton's statements and posts during the same election were found to be lies and false. The production and frequent use of content that does not reflect the truth enables politicians to gain a superior competitive advantage over their rivals. This shows the power and effectiveness of the post-truth concept. In this respect, it is expected that the concept of post-truth marketing, which is in its infancy, will make significant contributions to the national and international literature by addressing all aspects of the concept. In this study, the definition of the concept of post-truth, its importance, historical development, its role in political marketing and digital marketing, and a general review of studies in the field of post-truth will be made.

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Point of departure: The evolution of understandings of strategic communications

Author(s): Martha Stolze / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This chapter seeks to capture the different perspectives on strategic communications (StratCom) that have appeared in the first ten volumes of the Defence Strategic Communications academic journal. This emergent field will always be a work in progress and opinions will remain contested as befits any academic and praxis-oriented area of study. From seventy-eight articles the following discussion draws on twenty-five, in addition to the editor’s forewords in several volumes.

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RUSSIAN FEDERATION OFFICIAL STATEMENTS AND MEDIA MESSAGING ANALYSIS

Author(s): Laima Venclauskienė,Karina Urbanavičiūtė,Viktoras Daukšas / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Strategic use of information is a long-term practice of the Kremlin. Concepts and methods which originated in the Soviet Union, though growing more sophisticated over time, became a blueprint for the current Russian government. Past and present leaders residing in Moscow have never been shy in calling information what it is to them—a weapon. Lenin’s Decree on the Press from 1917 warned that the press is one of the most powerful weapons, ‘no less dangerous than bombs and machine-guns’. In 2015 Russian minister of defence Sergey Shoigu repeated the same statement, saying that ‘the day has come when all of us recognize that the word, the camera, the photograph, the internet and information in general have be-come yet another type of weaponry, another branch of the armed forces’. The strategy is even more apparent when we look at the situation of the press in-side Russia (which, based on the level of restrictions and control, is not that far off from the Soviet past). As Vladimir Putin came to power in 2000, through a series of not so subtle operations (such as the takeover of the NTV channel3) and well-thought-out legal traps (the case of TV Dozhd’), media outlets which had even a fraction of independence fell under the control of the state.4 And since then the chokehold around the press has be-come tighter and tighter.

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PHANTOM PILLARS OF PRO-KREMLIN DISINFORMATION: A CASE STUDY OF RUSSIAN JOURNALISTS COVERING THE TOPIC OF WAR IN UKRAINE

Author(s): Jakub Kubś,Aleksandra Michałowska,Viktoras Daukšas / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

An analysis of the profiles of 27 Russian journalists who have published the largest number of articles about the war in Ukraine reveals serious doubts if those people even exist in real life. In the case of the Lenta.ru outlet, the investigation revealed the use of generative adversarial network (GAN) generated images as profile pictures of the journalists. Most of the authors could not be identified due to the lack of confirmed information about them, both on the agency’s websites and on the web in general. In the case of most of the journalists analysed, serious doubts about their credibility were raised, prompted by an unusually high number of daily publications and timestamps, i.e., very short intervals between consecutive content pieces. In some instances performance outpaced the human capabilities of the writer, suggesting that the journalistic profile is a sock puppet for a group of writers or an automated bot. It is also interesting to note the common practice in Russian outlets to remove names from visible parts of the article, but still leave the author in ‘front-end source’ code. One of the possible explanations for this is that real people prefer not to be identified with the content they spread.

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The unexpected effects of Jair Bolsonaro’s anti-vaccination and alternate reality rhetoric in Brazil

Author(s): Vinicius Mariano De Carvalho / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

On 24 October 2021, Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro, said in a live broadcast that ‘official reports from the UK government suggest that fully vaccinated people [...] are developing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome much faster than anticipated’. Immediately thereafter, several of his followers posted this declaration on social media despite it being a scientific and empirical absurdity. This was only the most recent of his statements during the pandemic that denied the reality and risks of the virus or promoted mis- and disinformation about Covid-19. This contributed to the creation of an alternative reality concerning the impact of the virus in Brazil. The president and many government actors discredited any scientific data or empirical evidence regarding its spread in the country. Given this context it is perhaps not surprising that Brazil became the country with the second highest Covid-19 death rate worldwide.

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CE QUE PESE UN MOT

Author(s): Jaroslav Putík / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

J’ai entendu et j’ai lu la déclaration des partis frères réunis à Bratislava, et à l'endroit où le joaillier stylistique a placé les participes découlant de et considérant, la mélancolie est tombée sur moi. Les gens qui se parlent à cœur ouvert, qui discutent ou qui se disputent ne peuvent pas recourir à des expressions aussi mortes. Les participes présents, les épithètes, les adjectifs exubé­rants sont par nature les briques avec lesquelles, depuis la nuit des temps, on édifie les déclarations. Et comme autrefois les bulles papales et les brefs, elles veulent retentir majestueusement et fran­chir leur époque ; elles ne cherchent pas la vérité, mais elles la proclament.

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Gjuha shqipe përballë sfidave të lirisë Pararealitet gjuhësor

Author(s): Mehmet Elezi / Language(s): Albanian Publication Year: 0

U duk sikur bora e bardhë, e bukur, mik fort i rrallë për një qytet bregdetar si Durresi, filtroi edhe më ajrin e detit dhe bëri më të tejdukshme konferencën shkencore që organizonte Qendra e Studimeve Albanologjike (Shqipja në etapën e sotme, politikat e përmirësimit dhe të pasurimit të standardit, Durrës, 16-17 dhjetor 2010). Pjesëmarrësit qenë hulumtues e dijetarë me emër prej të gjitha trojeve shqiptare dhe prej mërgatës.

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