Sinteză a modificărilor și completărilor aduse Codului fiscal prin O.G. nr. 8/2021
On August 31, 2021 it was published in the Official Gazette O.G. no. 8/2021 for the amendment and completion of Law no. 227/2015 on the Tax Code.
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On August 31, 2021 it was published in the Official Gazette O.G. no. 8/2021 for the amendment and completion of Law no. 227/2015 on the Tax Code.
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The purpose of this article is to examine the issue connected with the European proposal to regulate minimum wages in the EU. In October 2020, the European Commission presented a draft directive on the EU minimum wage, which aims to ensure decent wages for workers. The article’s tasks are to assess the current situation with the minimum wage in the EU, the expected effects of the directive and the main challenges related to its implementation. The methodology includes comparative analysis, statistical analysis, induction and deduction. The main results include an analysis of the proposal for regulation, presentation of different approaches for defining the minimum wage, and forecasts for the effect of its implementation.
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A premise of the normalization accounting, the globalization is characterized by the interaction of financial, material and human resources at international level. It develops and diversifies the transactions produced by economic entities, which influences the opportunity of processing and communication of information. A normalization of the synthesis situation (financial reporting) concerning the comprehensive income which would replace or complete the traditional format of the income statement has become a permanent joint project initiated by IASB and FASB to achieve convergence between the standards of IFRS and USA GAAP.
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Several features of the digital economy underline the evolution of this new phase of industrial and innovation policies. As data become an essential input in every aspect of economic activity, many digital technologies have the potential to alter economies and redefine innovation, and they are thereby considered to be general-purpose technologies. In particular, digital technologies foster collaboration and help to form innovative ecosystems. Firms in the digital economy rely less on physical assets and more on intangible assets. This makes firms much more scalable (i.e. capable of expanding), allowing them to reach global markets, and some market players have come to hold dominant positions in the digital sector.
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The analysis of equity information submitted by entities in the annual financial statements allows information users to assess the objectives and policies adopted by entities on capital management. Equity information is presented in the Statement of Financial Position, the Statement of Change in Equity and the notes accompanying the financial statements. While matters relating to the recognition, valuation and presentation of assets and liabilities in annual financial statements are subject to specific accounting standards, equity issues are not subject to a specific standard, which are dealt with in the General Conceptual Framework and in some accounting standards. The General Conceptual Framework defined the concept of capital and the maintenance of financial capital, and in IAS 32"Financial instruments: presentation", IAS 29"Financial reporting in hyperinflationary economies", IAS 1"Presentation of financial statements" and other standards are prescribed criteria for the recognition, valuation and presentation of equity items. Some equity items such as equity and repurchased reserves, own shares are subject to national legal regulations. Information on the existence of reserves recognised under the legal provisions or restrictions on the distribution of equity items to owners is of interest to users. After Romania's accession to the EU, there was an extensive process of modernisation of legislation covering both company law and accounting rules in terms of eliminating any legal provisions that would have limited the functioning of companies in a competitive environment. Entities whose securities are traded on a regulated market and some entities with full or majority state capital apply the International Financial Reporting Standards as an accounting basis. With some exceptions, the transition of these entities to International Financial Reporting Standards has not significantly affected the total equity highlighted under accounting rules in line with European directives. The main changes in the equity structure were determined by the adjustment to inflation according to IAS 29"Financial reporting in hyperinflationary economies" and adjustments made as a result of the first application of the International Financial Reporting Standards. The interpretation of the equity information presented in the financial statements should be carried out in the context of the provisions of the relevant accounting standards and national legislation.
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Applying reliable mechanisation, automation, and/or autonomy in well-understood domains (mostly critical non-operational functions) can help to significantly save from expenses and improve efficiency. In some cases, an application of various autonomous systems could improve and enhance the capability of conventional systems used in the operational domain. However, if we only considered saving on personnel and equipment then changes in environmental conditions, the weather, operating theatre factors such as the terrain, and operational tasks would mean that, currently, it is very difficult to fully replace the capabilities of conventional systems with an autonomous alternative. Therefore, it should not yet be considered an option to save on resources. Technology is constantly evolving and should regularly be revisited. Cost is not the only reason for automating systems. Technology could decrease casualties and save lives in many areas, for example in autonomously resupplying the troops on the front line. It is important to continue researching and developing the area of autonomy. The developed methodology enables us to compare existing systems with autonomous alternatives. It is advisable to adopt this approach as a standard for comparing systems. Over time, it will provide us with a more comprehensive understanding of the cost implications of developing autonomy. This study focuses on the cost-related aspects of implying autonomy by using a system of systems approach. We adopted a scenario-based method and considered (1) changes in expenses and (2) changes in performance under circumstances where an existing system is replaced with an autonomous system, noting that automation is not always applied directly in the place of a conventional system. The expenses include second and third order effects. The organisational changes considered herein range from removing human operators from a platform to the potential defence capabilities in the case an autonomous resupply system is used on the front line.
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The objective of this article is to introduce the fundamentals and basic elements of life cycle costing. Collecting historical and theoretical background information, including the development process of life cycle costing is essential in the Defence Forces because it helps to recognise the importance of assets and benefits that the organisation may gain. The concept of life cycle costing got wider attention in the mid-sixties when the US Department of Defence (DoD) acknowledged that a mere justification of lowest price tendering on governmental procurement programmes is misleading. The DoD found themselves in a situation where financial resources for maintaining the equipment were starting to run out and the funds assigned for acquiring new equipment needed to be reallocated to compensate for the deficiency. The administration of President Kennedy ordered the Logistic Management Institute to establish the methods and principles of life cycle costing. Consequently, the theory and practices of life cycle costing got transferred to major industrial countries and used as a basis for establishing national rules. Although life cycle costing is considered an interdisciplinary subject that combines the practices of management, engineering, and finance, its primary area of support is financial accounting. Why is life cycle costing essential? Defence equipment is designed for specific purposes and probably not for mass production. These systems are complex; they contain high-tech components and require constant modifications during their entire lifespan which can last for up to fifty years. Considering all that, the life cycle cost estimation process is complicated, involving elements of risk and uncertainties, and, therefore, considered a challenge for analysts. Undertaking life cycle costing helps to identify key cost drivers and provide better insight of expenses related with program planning and budgeting.
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The paper is an English translation of Skojarzenie się astronomii z ekonomią by Roch Knapowski published originally in Polish in Opuscula Casimiro Tymieniecki septuagenario dedicata in 1964. The text is published as a part of a jubilee edition of the “Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review. 100th Anniversary of the Faculty of Law and Administration” devoted to the achievements of the late Professors of the Faculty of Law and Administration of the Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań.
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The article seeks to highlight the issue of the essence of freedom to conduct a business and the possibility of its prohibition. This work presents the constitutional basis for freedom of establishment, indicating what economic activity idea actually is. It also points out how and on what basis it can be limited. The author focuses foremost on the purpose of any business restriction while analyzing the issue based on individual legal sectors.
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The article aims to show the next points of contact between public law and private law by presenting the civil and administrative legal effects of the decision on the permit for the implementation of a road investment (including its amendment and repeal), referred to in the Act of April 10, 2003, on special rules for the preparation of and implementation of investments in the field of public roads. The reason for the author to analyze the topic was the fact that the author has noticed the increasingly stronger interpenetration of the areas of public law and private law and problems encountered in legal practice. The article is a synthesis of the civil and administrative legal consequences – sometimes unintentional – of issuing and changing the decision on the permit for the implementation of a road investment, which have their source in the unilateral, imperative action of a competent public administration body. It is also another voice in the discussion on the advisability of the classic division into the two oldest branches of law.
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The high level of complexity of financial services means that the need to protect the interests of clients of financial market entities is an important social issue. The disproportion in the level of knowledge of products available on the financial market between professionals and their clients and the lack of standardization of detailed rules for examining complaints by financial market entities were the basis for establishing the Office of the Financial Ombudsman. The aim of the study is to present and evaluate the legislative process accompanying the adoption of the Act of August 5, 2015 and to express a position on the legitimacy of establishing and functioning of the Financial Ombudsman institution in the Polish legal system. To achieve the assumed goal, the method of analyzing parliamentary documents was used, illustrating the complexity and detailed nature of parliamentary work aimed at the comprehensive formation of an institution guarding the interests of clients of financial market entities.
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The mountain population living in the most relevant mountain areas of the world is organized in various social forms, its principles and development being different in time and space. The organization of the mountain population in a certain area depends on factors such as the altitude at which certain activities take place, the degree of social cohesion of people in an area, the systems of socio-cultural and religious values of the studied group, etc. However, the mountain population of the world can be seen as a whole as it is defined by features common to this area. Among these characteristics can be listed the principality, social and mental verticality, independence and autonomy - attitudes developed by the roughness and harshness of mountain life. Even after leaving the mountain space, the inhabitants of these lands remain steadfast to the characteristic mountain principles and consciousness.
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This article studies Nord Stream 2 by analysing Russian and German discourses within a combined approach of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) methodology, strategic communications, and Russian ‘informatsionnaya voyna’ (information war) theories. It argues that the holistic approach of strategic communications and its closely corresponding Russian concept of ‘informatsionnaya voyna’ help to explain Nord Stream 2 as a project that, alongside its economic goals, aims to increase schism in the West. Using CDA the article presents an analysis of official Russian and German media discourses which points to a discursive dynamic between them. Ideas that were promoted by Russia were aimed at inducing divisions and discord in the West. This makes a novel contribution to the understanding of Nord Stream 2 as a confrontation in media space. Furthermore, it contributes to the understanding of how the Russian concept of ‘informatsionnaya voyna’ is applied in practice.
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In the last 10 years, the sovereign debt crisis and its effects have made certain concepts, reserved until then only to specialists, to become elements of current language – public debt, sovereign debt, default, over-indebtedness, structural deficit, monetary policy, indebtedness ratios, sovereign debt effects, IMF intervention, willingness to pay… The indebtedness and over-indebtedness generated negative effects that affected not only the public finances, but also the economic agents (businesses) and the population, fueled by the lack of vision and responsibility of some governors. After the global economic crisis of 2008 and that of sovereign debt after 2010, a better control of indebtedness was tried, a more rigorous approach was implemented, but the Coronavirus pandemic that manifested itself in 2020 (and continues to do so) brought back to the forefront the problem of sovereign indebtedness and sovereign default.
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This paper deals with the topic of European non-reimbursable subsidies. In the current context of the European Union, it is important to analyze to what extent the objectives of the European Cohesion Policy are fulfilled in Romania. In this sense, the aim of the research is to identify, through the analysis of experts’ opinions, the single factors that are decisive for the success or failure of the funding programs. Moreover, there is a unified conclusion that both the internal project environment, defined by the relationship between consultant and beneficiary, and the external legal and procedural framework at European and regional level should be improved for a better achievement of objectives. The results are useful both for current and potential beneficiaries of European funding, but also for consultants, regional officials of development agencies and authorities at European level, as they provide a dissection and analysis of the dynamics between the involved stakeholders.
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The article presents the results of forecasting indicators that characterise the economic development of Ukraine with the help of an artificial neural network developed by the author. For this purpose, a fully connected artificial neural network of direct signal propagation with a sigmoidal activation function was used. An inverse error propagation algorithm was used to train the artificial neural network. Used to assess the quality of the neural network Mean Squared Error and Mean Absolute Percentage Error. According to the forecasting results for the period 2022–2023, we have: a slight decline in Ukraine's GDP (US dollars), the growing role of the private sector in the structure of fixed assets of the country, and investment growth and growth in export earnings. At the same time, it is possible to reduce the amount of investment by the state and reduce the average salary (US dollars). Within the forecast period, the number of employed people in Ukraine will remain stable.
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The article substantiates the need and importance of digital transformation of tax administration in response to the challenges of deepening digitalization processes in all sectors of the economy and responding to epidemiological threats. The current trends of digital transformation of tax administration according to the subjective approach with the definition of additional economic and social effects for the development of public administration, business environment and welfare of society are identified and characterized. Based on these transformational trends, the qualitative level of digital maturity of tax administration in the world is generalized, which allowed concluding the active form of the global digital space of tax administration, which integrates digital infrastructure and digitalization of taxation processes, information interaction, information resources and tax data and norms of tax regulation, mechanisms of organization and management, as well as to form the tasks of digital transformation at the level of taxation processes. Given that the digital transformation of tax administration does not fundamentally change its essence and elements but concerns procedural issues, the potential of digital technologies is demonstrated in the example of foreign and Ukrainian practices of implementing Blockchain and smart contracts based on Blockchain, Big Data, Artificial Intelligence Technologies, Machine Learning, cloud technologies, the Internet of Things (IoT) as technological tools for the organization of tax relations and tax administration.
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In the last decade, several transformations have occurred at the level of governance systems within the six states included in the Eastern Partnership (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine), in order to respond to multiple challenges, either endogenous, or exogenous. Against this background, the question that arises is whether this reconfiguration of the systems meant positive effects or, on the contrary, on certain directions, an involution can be highlighted. Thus, our methodological approach takes into account a multidimensional perspective related to democracy, governance and socio-economic aspects, which emphasize whether progress has been made in 2020, compared to 2010, in terms of the mentioned components. The research results underline if the measures implemented by these countries were in accordance with the pro-market and pro-democracy principles, based on good governance. In addition, the identification of some vulnerabilities might allow the outlining of policy recommendations, for an increased adaptability of these economies to future crises.
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Aplicarea începând din anul 2005 a Standardului de Raportare Financiară 4 – Contracte de asigurare (International Financial Reporting Standard 4-IFRS 4) a adus prin obiectivele sale, îmbunătătiri, clarificări, dar şi cerințe privind prezentările financiare detaliate ale contractelor respective. Cu toate acestea, standardul respectiv a reprezentat doar o primă fază a unui proiect mai vast al abordării domeniului asigurărilor şi prezentării în raportările financiare a contractelor de asigurare, fiind doar un standard interimar, care permitea societătilor de asigurare un cadru nou, de calitate, al utilizării diferitelor practici de contabilitate specifice. Această aplicare, însotită şi de faptul că respectivul standard nu aborda aspectele legate de contabilizarea şi prezentarea activelor financiare detinute şi, respectiv, a datoriilor financiare emise de către asiguratori, a făcut tot mai dificilă înțelegerea şi compararea rezultatelor raportate de către societătile de asigurări, destinate diferitilor utilizatori finali. Pe de altă parte, aplicarea din anul 2016, ca prim an de raportare a Directivei Solvency II, de către piața europeană de asigurări, a determinat majoritatea jucătorilor acestei piețe să adopte măsuri suplimentare în legatură cu managementul activelor şi pasivelor bilanțiere, cu riscurile asumate în eligibilitatea fondurilor proprii şi, nu în ultimul rând, în politica de investiții. În consecintă, apariția în martie 2017 a noului Standard de Raportare Financiară 17 – Contracte de asigurare (International Financial Reporting Standard 17-IFRS 17), aplicabil începând cu 1 ianuarie 2021, aduce schimbări importante, noul standard propunându-şi să trateze într-un mod unitar contractele de asigurare, indiferent de jurisdictiile aplicable, asigurând totodată utilizatorii situațiilor financiare de efectul pe care contractele în cauză îl au asupra calitătii şi relevanței poziției şi performanței financiare, precum şi a fluxurilor de trezorerie. Studiul de fată își propune să analizeze, pe de o parte, modul în care noul IFRS 17 se armonizează cu modalitătile de evaluare şi raportare impuse de Solvency II dar şi tratamentul specific şi măsurile preparatorii adoptate de către principalii jucători ai pieței europene de asigurări în această perioadă de tranziţie în raportarea financiară din această industrie, pe de altă parte.
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