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A COMMENTARY UPON GADAMER’S INTERPRETATION OF HEGEL

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A COMMENTARY UPON GADAMER’S INTERPRETATION OF HEGEL

Author(s): Anton Crisan / Language(s): English / Issue: Sp.Iss./2015

A Commentary upon Gadamer’s Interpretation of Hegel. In light of a renewed scholarly undertaking of the Hegel‒Gadamer connection, the purpose of the present paper is to carry further this much needed re-approach of the issue by stressing yet another one of its aspects. I am referring to the scholarly insights that Gadamer himself provides us with in his interpretation of Hegel. Since many of Gadamer’s essays on Hegel are actually studies originally meant as contributions to major journals dealing with Hegel’s work, my claim is that we can retrieve from them answers to many ongoing debates in the Hegel scholarship. I will insist on only one of these issues, namely Gadamer’s account of Hegel’s relation to metaphysics.

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A Different Take on Humanities

Author(s): Wlodzimierz Bolecki / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2015

The foreword to this issue focuses on the core functional differences between the humanities and hard sciences (i.e. different approaches to such phenomena as language, translation, teamwork, writing, discipline.s history, publishing, tradition, innovation). Yet, this dichotomy is questioned in the conlusion. The author argues that whenever human artifacts are at stake, both the humanites and experimental sciences are equally hard, because they inquire the same matter, ie. how the products of human cognitive activities were created and what are their social functions. Therefore, the author calls for a new model for interdisciplinary studies.

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A Trial of Interpretation of Meister Eckhart’s Thought on God and Man through the Analysis of Its Paradoxes

Author(s): Zbigniew Kazmierczak / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2017

This article interprets Eckhart’s contradictions by presenting them as a result of an existential search for salvific power. It is shown that power is ambivalent in nature: it is the power of what is and the power of (self)overcoming (of what is). Just because power is in itself ambivalent and the process of searching for it existentialist (so not completely conscious), Eckhart’s mystical texts are full of contradictions and the German mystic is apparently not aware of it. The sample of them is shown in this article with regard to his ideas on God and man. Three other interpretations of Eckhart’s (“apophatic,” “educational,” “methodological”) are presented and argued against.

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Afterthoughts on Critiques to The Philosophy of Curiosity

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Afterthoughts on Critiques to The Philosophy of Curiosity

Author(s): Ilhan Inan / Language(s): English / Issue: 48/2016

In this paper I respond to and elaborate on some of the ideas put forth on my book The Philosophy of Curiosity (2012) as well as its follow-up “Curiosity and Ignorance” (2016) by Nenad Miščević, Erhan Demircioğlu, Mirela Fuš, Safiye Yiğit, Danilo Šuster, Irem Günhan Altıparmak, and Aran Arslan.

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Against Deflation of the Subject

Author(s): Janko Nešic / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2017

I will argue that accounts of mineness and pre-reflective self-awareness can be helpful to panpsychists in solving the combination problems. A common strategy in answering the subject combination problem in panpsychism is to deflate the subject, eliminating or reducing subjects to experience. Many modern panpsychist theories are deflationist or endorse deflationist accounts of subjects, such as Parfit’s reductionism of personal identity and G. Strawson’s identity view. To see if there can be deflation we need to understand what the subject/self is. One aspect of consciousness left unexplored and unappreciated by panpsychist theories is pre-reflective self-consciousness/self-awareness. Theories of the self, inspired by phenomenology, that are serious about subjectivity, could be of use in arguing against the deflationary reductionism of the experiencing subject. These theories show that there is more to the subject of experience than just its experiences (qualities). Even without arguing for any precise account of the nature of the self, it can be shown what phenomenology of subjective character of consciousness and pre-reflective self-awareness contributes to the combination problem debate.

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AGAINST EXTRINSIC DISPOSITIONS

Author(s): Seungbae Park / Language(s): English / Issue: 16/2017

McKitrick (2003) proposes that an object has a disposition if and only if there are a manifestation, the circumstances of the manifestation, a counterfactual true of the object, and an overtly dispositional locution referring to the disposition. A disposition is extrinsic if and only if an object has it, but a perfect duplicate of the object might not have it. I present an alternative definition that an object has a disposition if and only if a counterfactual is true of the object that, under a certain condition, it would interact with another object in a certain manner. There are three reasons for thinking that my definition is better than her definition. 1. Ockham’s razor favors my definition over McKitrick’s definition. 2. My definition is consistent, while her definition is not, with Lewis’s and her definitions of intrinsic and extrinsic properties. 3. My definition goes well, while her definition does not, with our intuition that an object has a disposition even in a possible world where there is nothing but that object.

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An Essay on the Mind-Brain Problem and Legal Proof

Author(s): Drozdstoy St. Stoyanov / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018

The aim of this paper is to highlight the rationale behind the use of data from neuroscience, particularly neuroimaging, in psychiatric legal expert procedures and their interference with the mind-brain problem. The critical argument is that the employment of mental health evaluation of the defendants and/or witnesses as collected with clinical assessment methods in court proceedings should not be considered irrespective to the data from neuroscience. Essentially, neuroscience methods belong to the domain of nomothetic (natural explanatory) knowledge, whereas clinical evaluation methods in psychiatry belong to the domain of intra- and inter-subjective narratives. There exists an explanatory gap between those two groups of disciplines which concerns the ability to translate and integrate data across diverse methodological and terminological systems. Furthermore, it depends largely on the implicit positions in the mind-brain debate and the brain-to-behavior connections, which reflect on the professional and legal reasoning in terms of prioritizing certain solutions or approaches over another in the expert judgements. There are described those tacit positions adopted in the mind-brain debate by different traditions in psychiatry, with special emphasis on reductive and non-reductive forms of physicalism. In conclusion, a cognitive pluralist stance is adopted which sets priority for the supervenience theory of mind.

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Anaxagoras and human rationality

Author(s): Adam Drozdek / Language(s): English / Issue: 55/2010

In Anaxagoras’ system, cosmic Mind is one, indivisible and immutable and thus cannot be divided into parts, into individual minds residing in living beings. The same Mind is in one living being as it is in another. Also, the soul is an individual entity, one soul in one living being. Mind does manifest itself in a living being, not as the soul, but through the soul. Mind must be constantly present in the individual soul for the soul to be capable of thought. Only in this sense could the soul’s dormant cognitive ability be called an individual mind. However, for man, only this life remains, although man is highest in the hierarchy among existing beings. Mind seems to make man alive and rational so that man can admire its handiwork, the order and harmony of the world. But this is where man’s cosmic role ends.

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Apčiuopti Neapčiuopiamą: Prisiliesti Ir Būti Palytėtam

Author(s): Rolandas Bartkus / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 87/2016

In this article experience of touch is discussed not so much in a sensual as in a spiritual sense. The distinction of touching and being touched unfolds in the opposites of active and contemplative attitudes, transcendental and ontological reflections and other contrapositions. In various contexts, the direction of intention is shown to be an essential condition of the experience of touch. Intention limits and assures the encounter with alterity and manifestation of transcendence. Finally, the article clarifies that faith, which opens the „vent“ of being, unifies touching and being touched. Through the gap which is scorched by the thirst of transcendence, the hunger of God and the desire of Infinity, the beyond penetrates by blessedly touching and transforming reality. Revived and gifted with hope and love, the heart rejoices in a simple truth hidden deeply and discovered anew: the one touching is touched himself.

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Apčiuopti Neapčiuopiamą: Prisiliesti Ir Būti Palytėtam

Author(s): Rolandas Bartkus / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 86/2016

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Apibrėžimas Kaip Medija Scholastinėje Mokslo Teorijoje

Author(s): Vytis Valatka / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 81/2014

The article investigates the second cognitive media of the scholastic theory of science, i. e., definition. The author of the article compares the scholastic and contemporary conceptions of definition, scrutinizes the distinction between the definition and the unmediated simple intellective apprehension of the universal nature, and also reveals the relation between definition and demonstration. The article concludes that within the framework of the scholastic theory of science, the definition was considered a more perfect scientific tool than demonstration. On the other hand, the scholastics emphasized that perfect scientific cognition requires both cognitive media. According to them, one can reach, retain and communicate the full-scale of scientific knowledge only by combining and connecting definition and demonstration.

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Apie Filosofines Dailės Terapijos Ištakas Ir Taikymo Galimybes

Author(s): Vaida Asakaviciute / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 89/2016

The article reviews the philosophical and psychological origins of Art Therapy and its practical application possibilities. A special focus is given to the influence of the views based on philosophical and psychological ideas of art therapy functions, methods and practical significance. The article aims to highlight the positive benefits of the adoption of art therapy techniques and their effects on health of a human soul and body as well as a self-cognition. The focus is on a creative process, which is considered to be one of the most important elements of art therapy. The advantages of art therapy, such as a self-expression through colours, the personality in self-creation, the education of the personal creativeness and spirituality, are concisely presented in the paper.

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Apie Neklasikinę Filosofijà Neklasikiniu Stiliumi (Leonardos Jekentaitës Kûrybos Interpretacija)

Author(s): Bronislovas Kuzmickas / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 60/2009

Thie paper is dedicated to the interpretation of the works of Leonarda Jekentaitë (1946-2008), in which she analyses the views of non-classical philosophers. They speak about the reality and the human existence and the style of their writings is more artistic than theoretical. The first article is about the philosophy of Kant. Although it has been two hundred years since this thinker, the main ideas of his anthropology continue to be urgent, makes us to go back to the categorical imperative of Kant and rethink it in the epoch of jazz. The impact of A. Schopenhauer's philosophy is felt in the writings of contemporary French postmodernists, particularly in those of Gilles Deleuze. As most important among the non-classical philosophers is considered S. Kierkegaard. One of the most significant trends of Lithuanian art can be characterised using Kierkegaardan terminology, as demonic aestheticism. The force of expression rises from mental experiments and self-destruction which are signs of longing after the lost sense of the certainty of reality and faith in God. Interpreting F. Nietzsche's philosophy she emphasizes the uncompromising critique by him of the theoretical attitude to life and proclamation of the will to power. Nietzsche saw a descrepancy between two levels of consciousness in European mentality: the superficial level of Judeo-Christian virtues and Pagan values, authentic but condemned.

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Ar „sielos hipotezė“ laikytina moksline hipoteze?

Author(s): Tomas Saulius / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 93/2017

There is a popular idea that science is based on the “trial and error” method. therefore, no widely recognized scientific theory is protected from falsification in the face of new facts. science does not possess any absolute truths. apparently, from this we can conclude that “the hypothesis of the soul”, proposed by current dualists, cannot be rejected a priori, even if it contradicts respectable scientific theories. The paper argues that the postulation of a substance that underlies human mental activity is not a hypothesis in the scientific sense. Questions of its epistemic status and philosophical reasonableness are submitted for analysis. it is concluded that dualists only create an appearance of explanation, which is quite convincing unless one pays attention to the distinction between argumentation and explanation. the second conclusion is that the circulation of the soul concept in contemporary scientific discourse does not imply that it works as a regulative idea; it is just a contextual category.

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Archetipas Muzikologijos Akiratyje

Author(s): Jurate Landsbergyte / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 77/2013

The archetype rises in the philosophical ideas of the XX c. as an especially important paradigmatic dimensional connection of the past, nowadays and future. According to I. Froud and C. G. Jung’s theories of psychoanalysis, and especially the influence of depth psychology on the creation of art, the conception of archetype is more often evoked in art study. It helps to go deeper into the motivation and into the resources of the creation of artistic ideas. It opens the depth of their archaeological layers. Musicology here has got many possibilities: to look at the archetype as a universal, the model of the process of world formation (Karbusicky, Mache), to look from the perspective of psychoanalytical “archaetology“ – as the symbol of myth, dramatic gesture of the turn of the history of humanity, the signal of the rise (Maché, Kutavičius), as the demiurge of nature, cosmos and human processes and as the model of musical dramaturgy – canon, “eternal circle“, from the repetitions of which there begins the universal sequence of the fluctuation, the paradigm of creation (Kutavičius, Pärt).

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Are Non-Human Primates Gricean? Intentional Communication in Language Evolution

Author(s): Lucas Battich / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018

The field of language evolution has recently made Gricean pragmatics central to its task, particularly within comparative studies between human and non-human primate communication. The standard model of Gricean communication requires a set of complex cognitive abilities, such as belief attribution and understanding nested higher-order mental states. On this model, non-human primate communication is then of a radically different kind to ours. Moreover, the cognitive demands in the standard view are also too high for human infants, who nevertheless do engage in communication. In this paper I critically assess the standard view and contrast it with an alternative, minimal model of Gricean communication recently advanced by Richard Moore. I then raise two objections to the minimal model. The upshot is that this model is conceptually unstable and fails to constitute a suitable alternative as a middle ground between full-fledged human communication and simpler forms of non-human animal communication.

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Argumenty logiczne w średniowiecznej filozofii i teologii muzułmańskiej: Al-Ghazali, Awerroes, Ibn al-Munadżdżim

Author(s): Damian Kokoc / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2012

Philosophical legacy of ancient Greeks greatly influenced the shaping of Medieval Islamic thought. Especially popular were writings of Aristotle, particularly his logical works. Muslims very quickly noticed that logic is a very practical tool, both in discussions with non-Muslims, as well as polemics within Islam itself. This article focuses on three thinkers:Al-Ghazali, Averroes and Ibn al-Munajjim. Al-Ghazali’s ideas exemplify how logic was used in theological disputes within Islam itself. Averroes , in turn, in one of his major works „The Decisive Treaty”, tries to refute accusation aimed at impiety of philosophers. Ibn Rushd shows that philosophy is not contrary to the principles of faith but just opposite. He states that the Qur'an encourages to learn and deepen the philosophy, because it is the best way to cognition of the truth and it based on syllogistic deduction. Concluding, the article presents how logic was used in disputes with non-Muslims by referring to Ibn al-Munajjim letter.

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Aristotle: Thought and Language

Author(s): Marin Aiftincã / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2017

This paper aims to argue the idea that, by analyzing the relationship between thought and language, Aristotle decisively contributed to the foundation of the philosophy of language. Researching language in its relations with thinking and existence, the Stagirite demonstrated that the language is not just a communication tool, but a method of knowledge or of “deciphering” the world. The word reflects the reality thought and, in this situation, is not a slave of ideas or concepts. On the contrary, it even represents a decisive factor in their elaboration. Despite its authority, Aristotelian thinking about language, along with the whole tradition that it generated, met with a strong critical reaction among contemporary philosophers, especially among those of the analytic school. My conclusion is that even if some Aristotelian theses about language are criticized by modern thinkers, this falls under the normal evolution of science. It seems excessive to hold Aristotle responsible for not providing solutions to contemporary problems. As for the rest, the Stagirite continues to be present among us and teach us extremely difficult and enlightening lessons.

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Art and cultural institutions as social extensions of personal self-identity

Author(s): Jacek Olender / Language(s): English / Issue: 2-3/2015

The paper discusses artworks and artefacts considered as both cultural heritage and meaningful tokens for personal self-identity. The arguments come mostly from phenomenological understanding of self-identity and art, but the terminological toolkit comes mostly from the Extended Mind Thesis. While many museologists and theorists of culture argue that objects presented in a particular social context can shape group identity, I believe in taking this question to a lower, personal level. In this paper, I argue that we build our self-identity partially by anchoring our memories with significant art and heritage objects. I state that artworks, mediated by cultural context immersion of museums and galleries, serve as self-identity extensions. Since I find both selfidentity and art structured as sets of cultural meanings wrapped in material scaffoldings, I draw a relation between those two, showing the crucial meaning of material cultural objects for the formation of our self-identity.

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Artificial Consciousness or Artificial Intelligence

Author(s): Florin Spanache / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2017

Artificial intelligence is a tool designed by people for the gratification of their own creative ego, so we can not confuse conscience with intelligence and not even intelligence in its human representation with conscience. They are all different concepts and they have different uses. Philosophically, there are differences between autonomous people and automatic artificial intelligence. This is the difference between intelligence and artificial intelligence, autonomous versus automatic. But conscience is above these differences because it is neither conditioned by the self-preservation of autonomy, because a conscience is something that you use to help your neighbor, nor automatic, because one’s conscience is tested by situations which are not similar or subject to routine. So, artificial intelligence is only in science-fiction literature similar to an autonomous conscience-endowed being. In real life, religion with its notions of redemption, sin, expiation, confession and communion will not have any meaning for a machine which cannot make a mistake on its own.

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