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A COMMENTARY UPON GADAMER’S INTERPRETATION OF HEGEL

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A COMMENTARY UPON GADAMER’S INTERPRETATION OF HEGEL

Author(s): Anton Crisan / Language(s): English / Issue: Sp.Iss./2015

A Commentary upon Gadamer’s Interpretation of Hegel. In light of a renewed scholarly undertaking of the Hegel‒Gadamer connection, the purpose of the present paper is to carry further this much needed re-approach of the issue by stressing yet another one of its aspects. I am referring to the scholarly insights that Gadamer himself provides us with in his interpretation of Hegel. Since many of Gadamer’s essays on Hegel are actually studies originally meant as contributions to major journals dealing with Hegel’s work, my claim is that we can retrieve from them answers to many ongoing debates in the Hegel scholarship. I will insist on only one of these issues, namely Gadamer’s account of Hegel’s relation to metaphysics.

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A Trial of Interpretation of Meister Eckhart’s Thought on God and Man through the Analysis of Its Paradoxes

Author(s): Zbigniew Kazmierczak / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2017

This article interprets Eckhart’s contradictions by presenting them as a result of an existential search for salvific power. It is shown that power is ambivalent in nature: it is the power of what is and the power of (self)overcoming (of what is). Just because power is in itself ambivalent and the process of searching for it existentialist (so not completely conscious), Eckhart’s mystical texts are full of contradictions and the German mystic is apparently not aware of it. The sample of them is shown in this article with regard to his ideas on God and man. Three other interpretations of Eckhart’s (“apophatic,” “educational,” “methodological”) are presented and argued against.

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Afterthoughts on Critiques to The Philosophy of Curiosity

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Afterthoughts on Critiques to The Philosophy of Curiosity

Author(s): Ilhan Inan / Language(s): English / Issue: 48/2016

In this paper I respond to and elaborate on some of the ideas put forth on my book The Philosophy of Curiosity (2012) as well as its follow-up “Curiosity and Ignorance” (2016) by Nenad Miščević, Erhan Demircioğlu, Mirela Fuš, Safiye Yiğit, Danilo Šuster, Irem Günhan Altıparmak, and Aran Arslan.

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AGAINST EXTRINSIC DISPOSITIONS

Author(s): Seungbae Park / Language(s): English / Issue: 16/2017

McKitrick (2003) proposes that an object has a disposition if and only if there are a manifestation, the circumstances of the manifestation, a counterfactual true of the object, and an overtly dispositional locution referring to the disposition. A disposition is extrinsic if and only if an object has it, but a perfect duplicate of the object might not have it. I present an alternative definition that an object has a disposition if and only if a counterfactual is true of the object that, under a certain condition, it would interact with another object in a certain manner. There are three reasons for thinking that my definition is better than her definition. 1. Ockham’s razor favors my definition over McKitrick’s definition. 2. My definition is consistent, while her definition is not, with Lewis’s and her definitions of intrinsic and extrinsic properties. 3. My definition goes well, while her definition does not, with our intuition that an object has a disposition even in a possible world where there is nothing but that object.

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Apčiuopti Neapčiuopiamą: Prisiliesti Ir Būti Palytėtam

Author(s): Rolandas Bartkus / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 87/2016

In this article experience of touch is discussed not so much in a sensual as in a spiritual sense. The distinction of touching and being touched unfolds in the opposites of active and contemplative attitudes, transcendental and ontological reflections and other contrapositions. In various contexts, the direction of intention is shown to be an essential condition of the experience of touch. Intention limits and assures the encounter with alterity and manifestation of transcendence. Finally, the article clarifies that faith, which opens the „vent“ of being, unifies touching and being touched. Through the gap which is scorched by the thirst of transcendence, the hunger of God and the desire of Infinity, the beyond penetrates by blessedly touching and transforming reality. Revived and gifted with hope and love, the heart rejoices in a simple truth hidden deeply and discovered anew: the one touching is touched himself.

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Apčiuopti Neapčiuopiamą: Prisiliesti Ir Būti Palytėtam

Author(s): Rolandas Bartkus / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 86/2016

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Apibrėžimas Kaip Medija Scholastinėje Mokslo Teorijoje

Author(s): Vytis Valatka / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 81/2014

The article investigates the second cognitive media of the scholastic theory of science, i. e., definition. The author of the article compares the scholastic and contemporary conceptions of definition, scrutinizes the distinction between the definition and the unmediated simple intellective apprehension of the universal nature, and also reveals the relation between definition and demonstration. The article concludes that within the framework of the scholastic theory of science, the definition was considered a more perfect scientific tool than demonstration. On the other hand, the scholastics emphasized that perfect scientific cognition requires both cognitive media. According to them, one can reach, retain and communicate the full-scale of scientific knowledge only by combining and connecting definition and demonstration.

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Apie Filosofines Dailės Terapijos Ištakas Ir Taikymo Galimybes

Author(s): Vaida Asakaviciute / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 89/2016

The article reviews the philosophical and psychological origins of Art Therapy and its practical application possibilities. A special focus is given to the influence of the views based on philosophical and psychological ideas of art therapy functions, methods and practical significance. The article aims to highlight the positive benefits of the adoption of art therapy techniques and their effects on health of a human soul and body as well as a self-cognition. The focus is on a creative process, which is considered to be one of the most important elements of art therapy. The advantages of art therapy, such as a self-expression through colours, the personality in self-creation, the education of the personal creativeness and spirituality, are concisely presented in the paper.

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Argumenty logiczne w średniowiecznej filozofii i teologii muzułmańskiej: Al-Ghazali, Awerroes, Ibn al-Munadżdżim

Author(s): Damian Kokoc / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2012

Philosophical legacy of ancient Greeks greatly influenced the shaping of Medieval Islamic thought. Especially popular were writings of Aristotle, particularly his logical works. Muslims very quickly noticed that logic is a very practical tool, both in discussions with non-Muslims, as well as polemics within Islam itself. This article focuses on three thinkers:Al-Ghazali, Averroes and Ibn al-Munajjim. Al-Ghazali’s ideas exemplify how logic was used in theological disputes within Islam itself. Averroes , in turn, in one of his major works „The Decisive Treaty”, tries to refute accusation aimed at impiety of philosophers. Ibn Rushd shows that philosophy is not contrary to the principles of faith but just opposite. He states that the Qur'an encourages to learn and deepen the philosophy, because it is the best way to cognition of the truth and it based on syllogistic deduction. Concluding, the article presents how logic was used in disputes with non-Muslims by referring to Ibn al-Munajjim letter.

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Aristotle: Thought and Language

Author(s): Marin Aiftincã / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2017

This paper aims to argue the idea that, by analyzing the relationship between thought and language, Aristotle decisively contributed to the foundation of the philosophy of language. Researching language in its relations with thinking and existence, the Stagirite demonstrated that the language is not just a communication tool, but a method of knowledge or of “deciphering” the world. The word reflects the reality thought and, in this situation, is not a slave of ideas or concepts. On the contrary, it even represents a decisive factor in their elaboration. Despite its authority, Aristotelian thinking about language, along with the whole tradition that it generated, met with a strong critical reaction among contemporary philosophers, especially among those of the analytic school. My conclusion is that even if some Aristotelian theses about language are criticized by modern thinkers, this falls under the normal evolution of science. It seems excessive to hold Aristotle responsible for not providing solutions to contemporary problems. As for the rest, the Stagirite continues to be present among us and teach us extremely difficult and enlightening lessons.

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Art and cultural institutions as social extensions of personal self-identity

Author(s): Jacek Olender / Language(s): English / Issue: 2-3/2015

The paper discusses artworks and artefacts considered as both cultural heritage and meaningful tokens for personal self-identity. The arguments come mostly from phenomenological understanding of self-identity and art, but the terminological toolkit comes mostly from the Extended Mind Thesis. While many museologists and theorists of culture argue that objects presented in a particular social context can shape group identity, I believe in taking this question to a lower, personal level. In this paper, I argue that we build our self-identity partially by anchoring our memories with significant art and heritage objects. I state that artworks, mediated by cultural context immersion of museums and galleries, serve as self-identity extensions. Since I find both selfidentity and art structured as sets of cultural meanings wrapped in material scaffoldings, I draw a relation between those two, showing the crucial meaning of material cultural objects for the formation of our self-identity.

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Artificial Consciousness or Artificial Intelligence

Author(s): Florin Spanache / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2017

Artificial intelligence is a tool designed by people for the gratification of their own creative ego, so we can not confuse conscience with intelligence and not even intelligence in its human representation with conscience. They are all different concepts and they have different uses. Philosophically, there are differences between autonomous people and automatic artificial intelligence. This is the difference between intelligence and artificial intelligence, autonomous versus automatic. But conscience is above these differences because it is neither conditioned by the self-preservation of autonomy, because a conscience is something that you use to help your neighbor, nor automatic, because one’s conscience is tested by situations which are not similar or subject to routine. So, artificial intelligence is only in science-fiction literature similar to an autonomous conscience-endowed being. In real life, religion with its notions of redemption, sin, expiation, confession and communion will not have any meaning for a machine which cannot make a mistake on its own.

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Bajki dla dialektyków. Kafka i Benjamin między mitem a wyzwoleniem

Author(s): Jakub Nikodem / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 37/2016

In this paper my goal is to examine and re-read these places in works of Kafka, in which Walter Benjamin finds hope and utopian promise of emancipation. I try to determine whether those places can possibly be able to provide individual or universal emancipation; whether they are just false promises or simply ineffective personal tactics – or, on the contrary, they can be comprehended as conditions of possibility for revolutionary politics of the oppressed. In order to do this I supplement Benjamin’s discourse with concepts and ideas of Adorno, Horkheimer and Brecht. My conclusion is that Benjamin’s reading of Kafka is too optimistic in finding hope and fight against oppression in such works as The Trial, The Castle, The America, and in short stories like The Silence of the Sirens or The Great Wall of China. Benjamin finds the source of hope and victory over the mythical fate in solely humane attributes of cunning and audacity, represented – according to him – in protagonists of fairy-tales (Benjamin describes Kafka’s stories as ‘fairy tales for dialecticians’). But he undervalues power of fate, which lies in its own cunning, not only in its physical strength. If we comprehend mythical fate in much more dialectical way – as our capitalist, alienating modernity – we can find that its powers lie in its own conatus, self-preservation aimed to conserve the reality of oppression. In this sense Kafka’s work – if we read it as a diagnose of modernity and some kind of prophecy of a near future – evinces a dual cunning, which mechanism is as follows: the more a protagonist tries to outsmart the system, the more the system outsmarts him and thereby enslaves him.

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BIASED RATIONALITY AND THE SYSTEMATIC THINKING ERRORS

Author(s): Lucia Ovidia Vreja / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2015

The problem of rationality as a faculty every human being should possess and the apparent irrationality of individuals manifested in numerous cognitive biases have been subjects of concern for specialists in different fields of study, such as philosophy, psychology, cognitive science, economic science, etc. Various authors have tried to offer different definitions of rationality and understand all the biases or judgement errors the human mind is systematically prone to. Individuals are equipped with a biased rationality, which does not mean or imply that they are unwise or injudicious. On the contrary, this biased rationality helps human beings make rapid, effortless, automatic, usually correct and beneficial decisions in vital situations, when they are confronted with a series of internal and external constraints. Although this biased rationality may not pass the test of logic, it seems to be good enough for humans' evolutionary goals.

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BÓG I RELIGIA CZŁOWIEKA OŚWIECONEGO WEDŁUG KANTA

Author(s): Ryszard Panasiuk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 21/2013

Having revealed an illusion of man’s cognitive efforts, Kant sealed the progress of enlightenment inscribed into a historical process, with a deep conviction that an ancient Greek prescription to „know thyself” was finally fulfilled. A man became aware of being equipped with a mind, and accordingly, with freedom as well as the ability to act morally, still of remaining a finite natural being with cognitive skills limited. This critical self-knowledge of an enlightened man relieved him of his nonage to open his eyes for a new vision of both the world and a man himself regarded as a self-conscious subject and active creator of his fate. The character and ontological status of religious beliefs the enlightened man confesses are in fact defined by the famous Kantian formula: as if (als ob.) Driven by moral reasons, they are distinguished with a rationality for which a fundamental value is the Highest Good, purely rationalistic construction, a kind of god thought to be an essential being and a ration for existence of the phenomenal world.

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CAN WE BUILD THEORIES OF UNDERSTANDING ON THE BASIS OF MIRROR NEURONS?

Author(s): Anita Pacholik-Zuromska / Language(s): English / Issue: 28/2015

The discovery of mirror neurons and the characterization of their response properties is certainly an important achievement in neurophysiology and cognitive neuroscience. The reference to the role of mirror neurons in ‘reading’ the intentions of other creatures and in the learning process fulfils an explanatory function in understanding many cognitive phenomena beginning from imitating, towards understanding, and finishing with complex social interactions. The focus of this paper is to review selected approaches to the role of mirror neurons in mental activity as understanding, and to conclude with some possible implications for researches on mirror neurons for philosophical theories of understanding.

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CAUSAL DETERMINANTS, REASONS, AND SUBSTANTIVE AUTONOMY: A CRITICAL APPROACH TO AGENCY

Author(s): Murat Baç / Language(s): English / Issue: 72/2007

Although the notion of agency presents itself as an attractive solution to the puzzle of free will, it faces a problem vis-ŕ-vis the nature of reasons that are purported to lie behind actions. In this paper, I first point out the significance of a paradigm shift that emerges with the agency view. Then I argue that the agency theories nonetheless fail in general to give a satisfactory account of various sorts of reasons underlying our actions and choices. In trying to enlighten the multi-faceted nature of actions and agency, I define a novel concept, “substantive autonomy,” and claim that it is a basic fact valid for all animals, not only humans, that are capable of initiating action. Reasons may indeed be lying behind our actions in a non-deterministic and ubiquitous manner, but agency often works in the absence of sophisticated (discursive) reasons which are evidently characteristic of humans.

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Causation and Explanation in Phenotype Research

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Causation and Explanation in Phenotype Research

Author(s): Özlem Yilmaz / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2017

A phenome occurs through the many pathways of the complex net of interaction between the phenome and its environment; therefore researching and understanding how it arises requires investigation into many possible causes that are in constant interaction with each other. The most comprehensive investigations in biology are the ones in which many biologists from different sub-areas—evolutionary biology, developmental biology, molecular biology, physiology, genetics, epigenetics, ecology—have collaborated. Still, biologists do not always need to collaborate or look for the most comprehensive explanations. A more standard investigation in biology occurs within a single subarea, and uses well-defined experiments with very specific conditions. This paper is about causation and related explanation in plant phenome research and its relevance to Aristotle’s Theory of Four Causes. I argue that there are causes which resemble Aristotle’s formal, material, and efficient causes in phenotype explanation and occurrence; but causes which resemble Aristotle’s final causes occur in phenotype explanation only, not in the occurrence.

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Comments on Inan’s Notions of Objectual and Propositional Curiosity

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Comments on Inan’s Notions of Objectual and Propositional Curiosity

Author(s): Mirela Fuš / Language(s): English / Issue: 48/2016

In this paper I comment on Inan’s notions of propositional and objectual curiosity. Even though Inan offers an interesting and intuitive distinction between propositional and objectual curiosity, I want to question two aspects of his theory of curiosity. One aspect concerns his thesis that propositional curiosity is interdependent on epistemic attitudes such as belief, certainty and interest. Another aspect of his theory that I discuss is his thesis that objectual curiosity is not reducible to propositional curiosity. In more detail, in the first part, I start off by explaining what propositional curiosity is according to Inan and I bring up two worries that I call: (i) over-complexity as a result of subjectivity and (ii) overcomplexity as a result of dynamics for the above mentioned epistemic attitudes. Both worries stress the problem of over-complexity of Inan’s theory of propositional curiosity. In the second part, I argue that objectual curiosity is, contrary to Inan’s hypothesis, reducible to propositional curiosity. I further argue that the object of wh- questions that, according to Inan, express objectual curiosity can either be about the truth value of general or singular proposition. In addition, I suggest that only the reading where wh- questions express curiosity in a form of de re reading and have a singular proposition as their content is the one that is compatible with Inan’s notion of objectual curiosity.

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CONCEPTUAL SPACES IN OBJECT-ORIENTED FRAMEWORK

Author(s): Aleksander Gemel,Tadao Ishii / Language(s): English / Issue: 35/2016

The aim of this paper is to show that the middle level of mental representations in a conceptual spaces framework is consistent with the OOP paradigm. We argue that conceptual spaces framework together with vague prototype theory of categorization appears to be the most suitable solution for modeling the cognitive apparatus of humans, and that the OOP paradigm can be easily and intuitively reconciled with this framework. First, we show that the prototype-based OOP approach is consistent with Gärdenfors’ model in terms of structural coherence. Second, we argue that the product of cloning process in a prototype-based model is in line with the structure of categories in Gärdenfors’ proposal. Finally, in order to make the fuzzy object-oriented model consistent with conceptual space, we demonstrate how to define membership function in a more cognitive manner, i.e. in terms of similarity to prototype.

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