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Сравнительный анализ религиозно-философских доктрин хуруфизма и единства бытия (вахдат ал-вуджуд)

Author(s): Zaur Rashidov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2020

Hurufism is an historical mystical-philosophical worldview, part of the Islamic spiritual culture. The founder of this teaching is Fazlullah Naimi (Astarabadi) (1339–1401). In his teaching, Fazlullah attached divine meaning to 28 Arabic and 32 Persian letters. According to Naimi, the letters, numbers, and also traits and features of human face have a hidden secret meaning. Divine signs (letters and numbers) are revealed in the human face (traits and features). Thus, through divine signs, he transferred divine qualities from God to man. Accused of spreading anthropomorphic and anthropocentric ideas that are unacceptable in Islam, Hurufism has been criticized and persecuted since its founding. Its founder, Fazlullah Naimi, and one of his most famous followers, Seyyed Imadeddin Nasimi (1369–1417), were brutally executed. The views of the Hurufites were declared heretical throughout the Islamic world. For this reason, in the following centuries, the Hurufites were forced to hide and their original ideas dnf teachings began to transform rapidly. During that process, Hurufism gradually dissolved in such mystical and philosophical teachings and trends as Bektashism, Alavism, Calendaring, the ideology of Kyzylbash. The ideas of Hurufism enriched the theoretical foundations of these Islamic teachings.

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Појам бесконачности и принцип довољног разлога у оквиру космолошког аргумента

Author(s): Siniša Simić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2019

In this paper I will discuss the notion of infinity (that is, the notion of infinite causal series) and the principle of sufficient reason, to determine the plausibility of cosmological argument. The problem of infinity started with Philoponus’ critique of Aristotle’s theses of the eternity of the world and impossibility of actual infinity. In a section about historical context I will present few interesting arguments. After I discuss some crucial points of these arguments, I will try to defend the principle of sufficient reason from classical objections, and then answer the question ‘Does the cosmological argument fulfill the requirements of the principle of sufficient reason?’. I think that we are witnessing the growth of cosmological argument due to theoretical and scientific improvements, and significant cosmological researches of today

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POJAVA ISLAMSKE FILOZOFIJE I DUH VREMENA

Author(s): Orhan Bajraktarević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 18/2014

The geopolitical position of the Mediterranean countries where Islam maintains considerable growth and influence, the countries where it establishes important cultural and civilizational focal points such as Egypt, Syria, Cyprus, Crete, North Africa, Sicily and Spain, the Indo-Pakistani subcontinent, as well as Turkey and a part of the Balkans, has enabled, since the days of yore up to the present time, the widest encounters between the East and the West. In war and peace, the influences of ancient Egypt, Greece, Persia, Carthage and Rome, have been confronting and replacing each other, which transfered to Christianity and Islam in the epoch of the early Middle Ages. Via Muslim Spain and Italy, Aristotle's philosophy, natural sciences and learning spread by Arab interpreters, translators and commentators of Aristotle, came in the form which has transformed European thought. There was a new influx of Greek ideas along with the arrival of the Neo-Platonists, after the closure of their schools in Athens, in 529. Muslim cities became centers of science in which Greek, Persian, Syriac, Jewish and Indian ideas intertwined. Islam, Islamic culture and philosophy, faced other religions and teachings, as well as a different understanding and adoption of its own theory and practice, while there were ongoing and developing polemics, dialogues, disputes with Jews, Christians, Buddhists, Zoroastrians, Mazdaists and the preservers of Greek philosophical teachings.

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IQBALOVA REINTERPRETACIJA SUFIJSKE MISLI

Author(s): Muhammad Suheyl Umar / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 17/2013

This paper presents Iqbal’s understanding of Sufi thought and his critique of it. For Rumi Sufism was a spiritual calling and system of recovery from illness and social deviation of his time. For Iqbal Sufism phenomenon is a foreign thing implemented in the teachings of Islam and nurtured in the lap of Persian culture. His critique of Sufism is not a sign of hostility, but only a response to the adopted theory and practice which is manifested in India and is attributed to the influence of pantheistic schools of thought as well as the influence of Persian thought. Iqbal’s criticism of the process of decadence and deviation was not guided only by Sufism, but the entire spectrum of Islamic civilization to rejuvenate the non-Arab Islamic world, which was hovering between hope and despair. The author of this paper argues that Sufism for Iqbal was a system of “repairs, means for correcting” the disease of modern society and deviations, including the criticism of some decadent aspects of Sufism.

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UTICAJ IBN RUŠDA/AVEROESA NA RAZVOJ ZAPADNO-EVROPSKE FILOZOFIJE

Author(s): Orhan Bajraktarević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 15/2011

New Aristotel, Rushdian-averroistic Aristotelianism and Ibn Rushd and their Arab and Latin interpreters, followers and protagonists, in spite of persecution, headed by the pope, inevitably have penetrated the European schools and universities (Paris, Oxford, Cologne, Bologna, Padua, Dubrovnik).

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Jedinstvo pojma i objekta Biti i svojstava Uzvišenog Boga u mišljenju Ibn Sinaa

Author(s): Muhammed Zabihi / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 21/2020

The paper aims to present Ibn Sina’s view of the relation between the attributes and the Essence of the Necessary Being. The issue of the attributes is of extraordinary importance,and it can be said that it is a part of the first and fundamental theological discussions in the Islamic world. Moreover, it can be considered an arena of conflict between the opposing and the affirmative views. There is no doubt that the extreme views on this issue had harmful consequences for scientific circles. In the wake of that, Ibn Sina’s theory (conceptual and objective unity of the attributes), which could be called a specific theory, is of extraordinary importance. The Ibn Sina’s view which opposes the known theory (objective unity and conceptual distinction between the attributes and the Essence) has not attracted much attention of scientific circles. Hence, by applying a new concept, the paper also aims to present Mulla Sadra’s view on the issue.

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Babil Felsefesi Üzerine Tezler

Author(s): Marc Van De Mieroop / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

Marc Van De Mieroop, “Theses on Babylonian Philosophy”, Journal of Ancient Near Eastern His-tory 5(1-2), 2018, ss. 15-39. Bu makale altı tez üzerinden 20. yüzyılın ortalarında kaleme alınmış ünlü Before Philosophy isimli kitaba rağmen Eski Babil’de felsefe olarak adlandırılabilecek bir düşünce sisteminin varlığını tartışmaktadır. The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man yoluna devam etti. Babillerin ve eski Yakın Doğu'da çivi yazısıyla yazan diğerlerinin kullandığı sayısız liste sayesinde onların sistematik düşünce ilkeleri keşfedilebilir. Felsefi bir anlayışın kilit noktası fiziksel gerçeklikte gözlemlenebilen şeylerden ayrı olarak çivi yazısının kendine has bir gerçeklik içerdiği düşüncesinde yatmaktadır.

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Ibn Sina, njegova djela i ideje u prijevodima na bosanski, hrvatski i srpski jezik

Author(s): Haris Dubravac / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 21/2020

The paper discusses Ibn Sina’s translated works, with brief notes about them when necessary. Also, works which discus Ibn Sina’s life and work are listed. With regard to translations and works about Ibn Sina, only those written in Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian language were included and chronologically listed. Certainly, it cannot be claimed that all the translated works of Ibn Sina and all works about Ibn Sina which were authored and translated in the aforementioned languages are listed here. However, the majority of them have been included in one paper. The works about Ibn Sina ranged thematically from philosophy through medicine to Sufism.

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O IBN TEJMIJI I NJEGOVOM RACIONALNOM PRISTUPU TEOLOŠKO-FILOZOFSKIM PROBLEMIMA

Author(s): Hasan Džilo / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 85/2021

The article analyses Ibn Taymiyyah’s logical and theological concepts which have philosophical aspects because they rely upon rational arguments which are free from any other external influence. Ibn Taymiyyah follows his own philosophical predisposition (fitrah), which he personally considered to be much more capable to relate about the truth than any other philosopher. His criticism is directed against theologians, philosophers and Sufis who were under the influence of Greek philosophers. The pivotal issue in all his theological-philosophical discourse is the transcendence of God and the relation between God and his attributes. He believes that God’s essence is one, and His attributes are plural. We cannot speak of God but only about His attributes and about His names that are mentioned in the Qur’an which are derived from the empirical world as a requirement of human mind. Thus, the discourse about God’s attributes includes the discourse about His essence.

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OMNISCIENCE, IMMUTABILITY AND TENSED FACTS IN AVICENNA AND AL-GHAZÂLÎ

Author(s): Abdulkadir Tanış / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

In Islamic thought, the question “How does God know tensed facts?” has been thoroughly discussed over a tension between the attributes of omniscience and immutability. Avicenna and al-Ghazâlî, who give wide coverage to this problem in their studies, propose different solutions to eliminate this tension. Avicenna acknowledges that a being who knows tensed facts is subject to change, therefore he claims that God knows everything in a universal way and excludes tensed facts from the extent of omniscience. On the other hand, al-Ghazâlî claims that God knows tensed facts, but He does not undergo any real change by knowing them. In this study, I will argue that neither of these answers are convincing in generating a solution to the expressed tension.

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მისტიკურ -ფილოსოფიური მიმდინარეობა სუფიზმი და რუმის შემოქმედებაში ღვინის სიმბოლიკა

Author(s): Nona Nikabadze / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 1/2019

Mystic-Philosophical direction Sufism and the work of the greatest Sufi poet Mawlana Jalal ad-Din Rumihas long been a sunject of discussion. Mystic-Philosophical direction Sufisms­trongly influenced Oriental poetry and Western scholars also became involved. In Sufism, there is only one authentic God with whom wine is combined with. With Sufi poets, wine is the source of the separation between the human being and the God. “Wine” itself, is a metaphor for the esoteric doctrines of Rumi and other Sufi poets. In spiritual ideology, one can find spiritual wine, this wine is love, and love is God.

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Müşâkele Sanatının Kavramsallaşma Sürecinde Fahreddin er-Râzî

Author(s): Mehdi Cengiz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 44/2021

Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d. 606/1210), one of the 12th century thinkers, who is known for his works in the field of al-kalām (Islamic theology), philosophy and fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), wrote a work called Nihāyat al-ījāz fī dirāyat al-iʿjāz on the ʿilm al belāgha (science of eloquence) consisting of the sciences of ʿilm al-bayān (the science of clarity of language), ʿilm al-maʿānī (the science of meanings) and ʿilm al-badīʿ (the science of ornamentation). al-Rāzī, who did not include the art of al-Mushākala (lexical simulation), which is defined as stating a word (lafẓ) by the form of another (word) in that book, used this art extensively in his tafsīr called Mefātīḥu'l-ġayb. However, since al-Mushākala was not yet termed in his time, he mentioned this art with different names. In fact, he did not explain while interpreting the verses and referred to another verse mentioned before. Since al-Rāzī’s thoughts about al-Mushākala could not be determined exactly and his statements were misunderstood, the subject of our study is the extraction of general rule from the small materials that al-Rāzī mentions about the art of al-Mushākala. In this direction, the conceptual framework of the art of al-Mushākala will be included in the introduction of the article. In the first part, the nature of the art of al-Mushākala according to al-Rāzī will be explained, and in the second part, it will be discussed whether this art is a metaphor or a reality for him.

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Söz Sanatları Açısından Mütenebbî’nin Şiirlerine Genel Bir Bakış

Author(s): Adnan Arslan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2021

One of the top names in classical Arabic poetry is undoubtedly Abū al-Ṭayyib Aḥmad al-Mutanabbī (d. 354/966), one of the poets of the ‘Abbāsid period. The poet, who molded his philosophy of life in a concise manner with his very concise and interesting couplets, gained a considerable place in the oral culture of the Arabs. In order to understand the poet's place in classical Arabic poetry, it is enough to know that there are about a hundred commentaries on his poems. In this study, the characteristics that make al-Mutanabbī’s poems qualified have been examined. As it is seen, the most important factor that makes the poet stand out is his skillful use of rhetoric, which is considered the lifeblood of the literary style. The poet's similes and metaphors, which show his success in embodying the abstract, his eulogy practices, his exaggerated descriptions that push the limits of imagination, and his use of diagnostic art, which we find most successful, are examined through remarkable examples. The study was narrowed down to the prominent arts, with the thought that examining all of the rhetoric would not be within the scope of an article in Arabic language and rhetoric. The originality of the poet is based on the titles and selected examples. In the selected couplets, criticisms have been made in terms of form and content whenever necessary. As a result, the elements that ensure the poet's success in rhetoric are listed, unnecessary repetitions, excessive exaggerations, inconsistencies in the eulogy, words that scratch the ear, etc. angles were evaluated as negativities in terms of the quality of the poem.

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Izvan metafizičke idolatrije: Mulla Sadra o mentalnim konstruktima Boga

Author(s): Mohammed Rustom / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 28/2023

The famous Islamic philosopher Mulla Sadra wrote numerous works on the interpretation of the Qur’an. In one of the works, entitled Tafsir of surah al-Fatiha, he contemplates the nature of idolatry, especially the metaphysical one, in the light of religious belief. There he actually discusses in details the deceptiveness of mental constructs that lead to idolatry. In the first part, he discusses the constructs, while in the second part he writes about the religion of a perfect man who is able to see God in every form, in every image and in every point of view. Sadra’s reflections often reveal Ibn Arabi’s influence. At the end, there is a selected glossary of key terms in the Mulla Sadra’s work.

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GÜNEYDOĞU ASYA DİNLERİNİN BÂTINİ BOYUTLARININ İRAN ÖRNEĞİNDE İNCELENMESİ: TASAVVUF, MİSTİSİZM VE MEHDİLİK

Author(s): Cenk Tamer / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2022

When we examine the Southeast Asian societies, it can be clearly seen that the customs, traditions, rituals, mystical beliefs and sufism that they inherited from history have strong effects on their beliefs. For this reason, it is not possible to sort out a unique understanding of Islam in the region. Traditional beliefs and shamanist beliefs in the Indo-Malay geography combined with the widespread Sufi-lore culture under Arab-Persian influence, resulting in a heterodox understanding of Islam with a strong esoteric aspect. This cultural belief has established a close relationship with Shiism, which is shown as the heterodox sect of Islam. The Islamic Republic of Iran, on the other hand, tries to use the esoteric dimensions of Southeast Asian religions for its own interests (Shiite-Mahdi politics).

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Fazlurrahman’ın Dini Literatüre Katkısı, Dini Kavramlara Yaklaşımı ve Dini Anlayışı

Author(s): Hamdullah Tan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 28/2023

In this study, Fazlurrahman's perspective on religious literature, his contribution, his approach to religious concepts and his views on religious understanding will be examined. Fazlurrahman argues that a great movement of thought should be initiated in order for the Islamic civilization to re-form and come to life. No distance can be made with the understanding of importing Western science and technology, which is seen in all Muslim societies today. Since this is, in a sense, an import of science and thought, the Islamic society cannot develop in this way, it can only flourish within itself. At this point, what needs to be done is to develop philosophy based on thought in the first place, as well as other human and social sciences based on the Qur'an, quickly. In order for the religious tradition to contribute to the healthy thinking and development of future generations, it needs to be revived and reformed in its own age. According to him, the Qur'an should be the mainstay of Islam at the point of finding solutions to today's problems. The references used and cited within the scope of the study will also not be shown in the text and will be given in the bibliography.

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KLASİK DÖNEM OSMANLI’DA FELSEFE KARŞITLIĞI

Author(s): İlyas ERSOY / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 58/2023

Ottoman thought is a structure that was built on the accumulation of Turkish-Islamic culture and civilization that existed before it, and carries traces of other civilizations and thought systems with the expansion of its borders. XII. The stagnation experienced in scientific circles due to the problems experienced in the Islamic geography in the century also affected the Ottoman thought of the classical period.. In this period, efforts were made to revive the life of thought, scientific studies were supported, and the tradition of Tehȃfut was continued. With the effects of the inherited climate of thought, the discipline of philosophy found a place for itself in the Ottoman Empire, in more philosophical vocabulary and Sufism. There were negative attitudes as well as positive approaches in Ottoman thought against philosophy, which was described as "love of wisdom" by Islamic philosophers. In this period, while there were those who expressed negative views on all philosophical views, there were also thinkers who did not mind to engage in philosophy in fields such as logic, ethic and politic apart from the principles of the religious convention.

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Universal Human Values and Religious Beliefs in a Globalizing World

Author(s): Osman Murat Deniz / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

In a globalizing world, the interaction between universal human values and religious beliefs becomes an important topic of discussion. While there can be overlap between universal human values and religious teachings, there are also instances where they may diverge or even conflict. In today’s world, where people from diverse cultures and religious backgrounds interact more frequently, the challenge lies in finding common ground and fostering mutual respect and understanding. The reinterpretation of religious teachings within human rights frameworks may provide a common language and set of principles that can be used to bridge the gap between religious beliefs and universal values. It is crucial to approach these discussions with sensitivity, open-mindedness, and a willingness to engage in respectful dialogue between Religion and Philosophy.

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The Impact of Islamic Ideology in the Society Based on Pottery Designs of Islamic Middle Ages

Author(s): Babak Behshid,Reza Rezalou,Karim Hajizadeh Bastani,Behrouz Afkhami / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The art of pottery in the Islamic Middle Ages along with other arts is one of the most beautiful and important manifestations of Islamic teachings that has affected all aspects of human life; theology, attention to the universe, goodness and humanity are constantly commanded. In this research, an attempt is made to determine the extent of the effect and type of those teachings by studying and classifying the motifs and decorations of pottery of the Islamic era based on the concepts of Quranic verses. The type of analytical-descriptive research and the method are field work and library research. After classifying the verses of the Islam, the designs and decorations of the art of the Islamic period and matching them with each other, a logical analysis of the findings is conducted. The aims of the research include: separating the types of motifs and decorations of works of art related to the Islamic period influenced by the themes of Islamic ideology and finding the extent of these effects. Questions such as the effect of the Islamic ideology on the pottery decorations of the Islamic era and their types will be addressed. The purpose of addressing the Islamic teachings on pottery was answered assuming religious beliefs, philanthropy and the taste of pottery artists.

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MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS OF PROMINENT MUSLIM SCHOLARS DURING THE GOLDEN AGE OF ISLAM

Author(s): Răzvan Dacian Cârciumaru / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2023

The Golden Age of Islam saw unprecedented advances across diverse fields led by eminent Muslim intellectuals and scientists. This paper examines the seminal contributions of thirteen prominent Muslim scholars from the 8th to 15th centuries CE who played pioneering roles in history, geography, mathematics, astronomy, optics, medicine, engineering, and other domains. Their groundbreaking work formed the foundations of modern disciplines while stimulating further growth of knowledge globally.

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