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200 godina Friedricha Engelsa

Author(s): / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian

This anthology book is published on the occasion of the bicentennial of the birth of Friedrich Engels, an exceptional thinker and theorist of the revolution. Editors Maroje Višić and Miroslav Artić gathered renowned domestic and international scientists who tried to reevaluate Engels' works and his scientific contribution. The idea behind the book is to point out the everlasting value and significance of Engels’ revolutionary philosophy. Contributing authors offered analytical reading of Engels' ideas, addressing pressing issues in economics, politics, religion, feminism, ideology and in other segments of contemporary society. The papers in an anthology are organized under the chapters: The Reception of Engel’s Philosophy, Actuality of Engels Today with subchapters on working-class and precariat, peasantry as the subject of change, early Christianity as an inspiration; and the last chapter is Revalorization of Family and State. The first chapter tackles the questions if Engels was more than an interpreter of Marx or simply the first Marxist who contributed to the banalization of Marx. It then investigates reception of Engels’ philosophy in ex-Yugoslavia specifically and in philosophical theory in general. The second chapter demonstrates actuality and relevance of Engels today by discussing the topics of working-class and precariat, by making comparison between early industrial society and contemporary society and by tracking development of socialism from utopia to a science. Chapter also deals on the peasantry whose role as a subject of change is thoroughly problematized. Special part of the chapter is dedicated to the influence of the practice of early Christianity on the formation of Engels’ revolutionary idea and to what extent original Christian community served affected the development of Engels’ thought. Final chapter brings papers that, under new circumstances, re-examine the understanding of the state-family relation and their dynamic. This comprehensive anthology attempted to revalorize and appraise Engels’ own contribution to science and philosophy 200 years after his birth. For this it was necessary to “divorce” Engels from Marx so that the fallacy of statement that Engels was second violin to Marx becomes striking.Chapter one tackle the question of whetherEngels was more than an interpreter of Marx or simply the first Marxist to contribute to the banalization of Marx.= Engels' reception is then examined both in the former Yugoslavia and in philosophical theory in general.Special part of the chapter is dedicated to influence of the practice of early Christianity on the formation of Engels’ revolutionary idea. That is, to what extent the examples of the original Christian communities influenced the development of Engels' thought

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A Deleuzian Analysis of Capitalism in Scott Fitzgerald’s Novels

Author(s): Narges Bayat,Ali Taghizadeh,Nasser Maleki / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

This paper analyzes Scott Fitzgerald’s novels in light of Deleuze and Guattari’s critique of capitalism. While Deleuze and Guattari’s capitalist social machine is a break from Marxism, it decodes the traditions that define subjective desires or concepts like beauty and ethics. Under capitalism, subjective desire arises as a capitalist desire and reproduces the capitalist power. In his novels, Fitzgerald addresses the idea of the American dream in a similar way. His characters often embody the contradictions of American experience such as success and failure, dream and nightmare, illusion and disillusionment. This paper critically analyzes Deleuze and Guattari’s reading of desire within Marx’s work and the role of the American dream in a capitalist system as a sort of anti-production. It seeks to illustrate how the concept of love in Fitzgerald’s novels is tied to the idea of money and how their connection delineates, in the same way, the commodification of the desire that Deleuze traces in his reading of Marx. Accordingly, this paper also argues that similar to philosophy, fiction can be employed to provide a better understanding of our represented world.

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A DEMONIC CHRYSALIS: THE CONCEPT OF BOURGEOISIE IN POLAND

Author(s): Adam Kożuchowski / Language(s): English Issue: 122/2020

This paper investigates the history of the concept of bourgeoisie in Poland, emphasising troubles with its assimilation into the Polish language, and its special entanglement with the socialist and modernist discourse. The concept, it is argued, was borrowed in the late nineteenth century from France, where it concerned the urban upper-middle class; it arrived in Poland as part of the socialist discourse of the time, which gave it strong negative and derogatory connotations. The ambiguity that arose was further complicated by a number of other factors as well. First, the understanding of the term ‘bourgeoisie’ within the leftist discourse was itself ambivalent, combining the strictly theoretical definition encompassing the class of capitalist owners of the means of production, and the practical and emotional label attached to the urban classes. Second, also for the reasons indicated above, the concept of bourgeoisie was not able to replace the older Polish concepts regarding the urban population [mieszczaństwo], and the differences between them remained vague, and occasionally disputable. Third, not only did the term ‘bourgeoisie’ never fully emancipate itself from the domination of the indigenous concepts, but it also suffered from its translation into Polish, where it was regularly omitted when regarding Western European realities, but where it was a permanent fixture in the case of Russian and Soviet literature. Finally, the paper searches for the reasons behind the relative elimination of the concept from the Polish discourse, or at least large segments thereof, in the last half-century.

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A Glimpse into a True Democracy. An Interview with Luce Irigaray

Author(s): Luce Irigaray ,Aleksander Kopka / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

An Interview with Luce Irigaray. Interview conducted by Aleksander Kopka

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A marxi kritikai társadalomelmélet

Kialakulása, fejlődése, teljesítményei és érvényessége a globális kapitalizmus korában

Author(s): Péter Szigeti / Language(s): Hungarian Publication Year: 0

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A marxizmus a posztkommunista közép-európai történetírásokban

Author(s): Attila Pók / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 03/2015

Marxist historical writing in the countries of the former Soviet Bloc is frequently described as sheer communist propaganda. Challenging this view the present paper gives a short summary of the position and peculiarities of Marxist historiography in Eastern and Central Europe before and following the collapse of the Soviet Bloc. It argues that East European Marxist historiography (or in retrospect it might be perhaps more appropriate to call it historiography under Marxist philosophical and ideological influence) before 1989–1990 offered substantial contributions to modern historical scholarship. A primary example for that is how these historiographies addressed the issue of East European backwardness. The paper explains that in spite of the uniform ideological doctrines the historiography of the countries of the Soviet Bloc was far from being homogeneous. It defines three major changes that after 1989–1990 could open up new avenues for historians of these countries: the easier access to archives of modern and contemporary history, the disappearance of taboo topics and the completion of the process of the desideologization of scholarship. After taking stock of the few workshops and debates of Marxist historical scholarship in post-communist Eastern and Central Europe the paper concludes that as the Soviet Bloc disappeared from the political map, Marxism, as for now, disappeared from the intellectual map of Eastern and Central Europe. Still, those works in Marxist spirit that were trying to address key issues of the region’s history are indeletable, valuable parts of its historiographical legacy.

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A Ukrainian Interpretation of Chinese Philosophy in the Soviet Period: A Review of “Chinese Studies in Ukrainian Philosophy of the Soviet Period”

Author(s): Feng-Shuo Chang / Language(s): English Issue: 16/2021

Rudenko and Liashenko’s (2020) “Chinese studies in Ukrainian philosophy of the Soviet period” explores the philosophy and political thought of that time through the study of a Soviet-era book on Chinese philosophy. Their article argues that the content and structure of Dmytrychenko and Shynkaruk’s (1958) book “The development of philosophical thought in ancient China” reflects its authors’ political education intentions. This analytical argument is comprehensively presented in the paper and effectively articulates the particularity of this Ukrainian book on Chinese philosophy. In this article, I examine Rudenko and Liashenko’s paper from the perspective of positivism and of an individual who received a traditional Chinese education. Through a comparison with other books on Chinese philosophy, I discuss Rudenko and Liashenko’s argument regarding the materialist historical view of Dmytrychenko and Shynkaruk’s book. The lack of excerpts from the original Chinese texts affects the correctness of some interpretations in the reviewed article. Nonetheless, through a dialogue between the two authors and contemporary philosophers, the reviewed article touches upon many philosophical ideas and research topics that are worth reading and studying, especially in terms of socialist philosophy, the historical development of Marxism, and the study of Ukrainian philosophy.

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Against Hegel and Marx: In Favor of Danto’s, Benjamin’s, and Löwith’s Critiques of Universal History

Author(s): Rocco Astore / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

A commonality shared by Hegel and Marx is their belief in the existence of a collective destiny or universal history of humankind. Though compelling, it persists that there are major challenges to interpreting history as such. First, this piece will surmise each authors’ understanding of the common historical theme, and goal,they believe unites all people. Next, this essay will draw from philosophers Walter Benjamin and Danto, to challenge each theorists’ version of universal history.Lastly, this work will draw from Spinoza and Löwith, to further argue that the possibility of a common human history is almost nil, because of the conflicting influences unavoidably tainting the attempts of philosophers such as Hegel and Marx at universalizing history.

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AGENCY, STRUCTURE AND VALUES: A CRITICAL HUMANIST INTERVENTION

Author(s): Tibor Rutar / Language(s): English Issue: 86/2018

The main aim of the article is to suggest what and how a contemporary, revised version of humanism, inflected with critical realism and Marxism, can contribute to sociology. I focus primarily on two areas in which sociology is often found lacking today: theorizing the relationship between structure and agency, and deciding what to do with moral evaluations in sociological analyses. I argue that the solution to both lies in attempting to finally transcend the traditionally hostile and mutually exclusive paradigms of “humanist”or “cultural” Marxism on the one side and “anti-humanist” or “scientific” Marxism on the other. This enables us to carefully reinstate the agency of human subjects and the moral dimension, both of which were and still are dismissed by anti- or post-humanist social science,without neglecting the objective and causally relevant existence of social structures at the same time.

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AHMET ARİF’İN “ANADOLU” ŞİİRİNİN MARKSİST ESTETİĞE GÖRE ÇÖZÜMLENMESİ

Author(s): Adem GÜRBÜZ / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 19/2020

Ahmet Arif is one of the most important poets of Diyarbakır. He has given works in a socialist realistic line and has reflected his emotions into his works with an artistic sensation. He mostly concerns with infrastructural, oppressed and exploited peoples and the difficulties of living in the Eastern part of Turkey. He is one of the most important Marxist poets in Turkey. The most important aspect that distinguishes Ahmet Arif from the other Marxists is his focus on village life and mountain life instead of tending to city life. Ahmet Arif, son of a civil servant, describes the people and his sights in his poems, but reflects this reality in a unique and aesthetic way with unusual interlocks, local expressions and melodic lines of the East. This Marxist and aesthetic aspect makes the poet my subject matter.

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Aktualność krytyki ekonomii politycznej. Przyczynek do praktycznofilozoficznej dialektyki u Marksa

Author(s): Wolfdietrich Schmied-Kowarzik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 37/2016

Karl Marx is forgotten today as a philosopher, not because he had failed, but because of his critique of political economy, which is not understood based on its practical philosophical core. Critique of political economy is negative theory, which is committed to the task of unveiling the negativity of capitalist normative theory. It is not find justification in itself, but its justification lies exclusively in the preceding her early writings of Marx. At its foundation is not the way to build a solidaristic and ecological economy; the only its importance lies in the practical and philosophical awareness that the normative logic of capital, killing man and nature, we must overcome.

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Aktualnost Engelsovog teksta - Razvitak socijalizma od utopije do nauke

Author(s): Vera A. Vratuša Žunjić / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

This work examines the actuality of Engels’ text The Development of Socialism from Utopia to Science in the first fifth of the twenty–first century, taking into account the historical experience acquired within the hundred and forty years after its first release in 1880. The basic method used in the preparation of this work is the analysis of the content of Engels’ writings and its contextualisation within the historical specific social economic circumstances during the time of Engels’ life and today. The main finding of this work is that actuality of Engel’s text Development of Socialism from Utopia to Science rests on the continual existence of the capitalist mode of production internal contradictions, which, according to Engels, utopian socialism overlooked, but which scientific socialism has discovered through new historical materialist and dialectical study of class conflicts throughout human history. The main contradiction between the only socially usable production forces and private appropriation of the unapid for surplus labor of non possesing productive classes on the anarchic world market by the classes who posses the means of production, has not been overcome until our days. In the world proportions there still did not happen expected realisation of the revolutionary action of the exploited class of hired workers to create conditions for the leap into the realm of freedom, that is the taking of control of freely united producers over their own product. Elements of the utopianism of Engels’ writing originate from demoralizing pressure of the devastating consequences of the capitalist production mode, which reduces the conviction of potential subjects of revolutionary class alliance in the possibility of achieving the socialist “realm of freedom”. On the other hand, the author points out in this paper that in the case that there does not come to revolutionary leap from the realm of necessity of the anarchic capitalist merchandise production into the realm of freedom through the self–conscious and self organised revolutionary activity of all exploited and opressed classes, there wil come to the self–annihilation of the planet earth through human destructive, alienated and alienating action of acumulation of capital for the sake of acumulation, long before this annihilation was prediceted by Imanuel Kant and Laplace through the natural evolution of solar system.

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Albanien - Über die Zukunft des albanischen Sozialismus

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Albanien - Über die Zukunft des albanischen Sozialismus

Author(s): Arshi Pipa / Language(s): German Issue: 21/1985

Es gab Spekulationen darüber, ob sich die Situation in Albanien nach Enver Hoxhas Tod ändern würde. Da Albanien die letzte Bastion des Stalinismus in Europa ist, ergibt sich die Frage, ob das Land von jenem strengen orthodoxen Stalinismus abgehen wird, der im Augenblick noch charakteristisch ist.

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Alexandre Kojève: Moskovska mandarinska marksistička krtica u Francuskoj

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Alexandre Kojève: Moskovska mandarinska marksistička krtica u Francuskoj

Author(s): Keith Patchen / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 20/2015

Tko je bio Aleksandar Vladimirovič Koževnikov? Kako bismo shvatili Koževnikova, Rusa koji je preuzeo francusko državljanstvo i promijenio ime Aleksandar Koževnikov u Alexandre Kojeve, trebamo za misliti utjecajnoga agenta ruske obavještajne službe, KGB-a, koji je djelovao u središtu Europe i francuske ekonomske i međunarodne ekonomske politike.

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Alienacja: problem wciąż aktualny. W nawiązaniu do myśli Karola Wojtyły–Jana Pawła II

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Alienacja: problem wciąż aktualny. W nawiązaniu do myśli Karola Wojtyły–Jana Pawła II

Author(s): Andrzej Szostek Mic / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2018

The author presents a brief outline of Karl Marx’s concepts of economic alienation and social revolution (the latter conceived of as fight for human emancipation) in order to confront them with Karol Wojtyla’s theory of participation, which is the main focus of the considerations. Unlike Marx, Wojtyla holds that, rather than the economic relations, it is the category of the ‘neighbor,’ together with the derivative commandment of love (“thou shalt love...”), that provide the deepest ground for participation. Therefore, Wojtyla emphasizes that the Marxist theory of alienation is essentially the antithesis of the theory of participation, while the postulate of a class-struggle-based revolution, which follows from the theory of alienation, deepens the condition in question rather than contributes to overcoming it. In the concluding part of the paper, the author refers to the fact that Pope John Paul II did not consider overcoming the so-called socialist system, which began in 1989, as the end of working against alienation. Rather, he would stress that the problem of alienation is still acute, since alienation is now engendered by materialistic consumer attitudes which undermine the possibilities of participation. The author holds that the mark of the consumer mentality characteristic primarily of Western societies is that their members are no longer aware of the alienation they experience and, consequently, they no longer strive to overcome this condition.

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Alternativa i njeno značenje u kontekstu poznog socijalizma Jugoslavije

Author(s): Vanja Milovanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 06/2014

The term alternative can be theoretically interpreted in a broader cultural context, which refers to cultural otherness derived as opposed to a dominant populist framework of society. Period of the last decade of existence the great state or period of the late socialism in Yugoslavia, also was a time of frequent performance of alternative ideologies. Alternative cultural practices, which developed and operated in the eighties of the 20th century, can be determined in four typological identification models. These are: model of overidentification; model of identification in the field of ideology; model of simulacrum of popular culture; model of open identities as subcultural. Since there was no alternative ideology as ideology for themselves, the research is also indicated that the alternative language in the late socialist Yugoslavia was used, and thus neutralized by the new ideological inaugurated social institutional frameworks.

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ALWAYS ON THE RUN: THE VICISSITUDES OF REALISM IN HUNGARIAN CRITICISM

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ALWAYS ON THE RUN: THE VICISSITUDES OF REALISM IN HUNGARIAN CRITICISM

Author(s): Sándor Hites / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2014

In this article I offer an overview of the ways in which the term realism has been understood and used in Hungarian literary criticism, from the introduction of the term into Hungarian discourses in the middle of the 19th century to the post-1989 period, when the term had to grapple with the legacy of its appropriation by the Socialist regime. I examine three specific junctures in the critical trajectory of Realism: the introduction of the term in the 1850s, the uses and abuses of the term by Marxist ideologues, and finally the aversion towards the term that emerged in the post-Socialist era. In addition to examining pivotal moments in the history of this critical concept in Hungarian literary discourse, my inquiry also offers a critical perspective from which to consider an enduring anxiety concerning the achievements, past and future, of Hungarian literary culture, an anxiety that finds expression in a symptomatic concern with the ways in which tendencies in Hungarian culture do or do not relate to cultural developments outside of Hungary.

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An Ink–and–Paper Automaton: The Conceptual Mechanization of Cognition and the Practical Automation of Reasoning in Leibniz’s De Affectibus (1679)

Author(s): Dumas Primbault Simon / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

On ten loose handwritten folios dating back from April 1679, Leibniz gradually devised, in the course of three days, a full-blown theory of thought that nonetheless remained unpublished and still has received little attention from scholars. Conceiving of affectūs as the driving forces that set the mind in motion from one thought to another and passiones as the inertia opposing such movement, this manuscript results in a systematic psychology understood as a dynamics of thoughts modelled on the mechanical laws of motion for solid bodies. Delving into Leibniz‘s working papers to witness the unfolding of his thoughts, I propose to pay attention to the many intellectual operations that paved the way for his metaphysics. From his reading notes on Descartes to his syllogistically redefining a set of concepts and propositions, Leibniz here defines an affective theory of cognition and sets the first foundations of a combinatorial ontology: his socalled scientia generalis. Focusing on the material practices that govern his use of paper, I would like to show that Leibniz‘s conceptual mechanization of cognition is materially dependent on a practical automation of reasoning reduced to a propositional calculus on paper. Eventually, this contribution is a plea for a media-historical reading of Leibniz‘s working papers.

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Anarchist against Violence. Gustav Landauer’s Subversion of the Rational Paradigm

Author(s): Anatole Lucet / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

At the end of the 19th century, violent attacks by so-called anarchists gave the anarchist movement an increased amount of publicity. In the meantime, the success of “scientific socialism” promoted rationality to the rank of a new political doctrine. This article analyses the joint criticism of violence and materialism in the discourse of Gustav Landauer (1870-1919). The German philosopher and revolutionary made an original contribution to anarchism in theorising its incompatibility with violent means of action. He also made a crucial move for the theory of ideas in affirming that reason was not the solution, but often the cause of violence.

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Andrzeja Stawara Brzozowskiego portret podwójny

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Andrzeja Stawara Brzozowskiego portret podwójny

Author(s): Paweł Rams / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2017

Andrzej Stawar wrote two studies on Stanisław Brzozowski. The first appeared in the monthly Dźwignia in 1928, while the second was published as a single essay in 1961. Rams highlights the similarities and differences between these two texts. He also examines biographical and historical factors that influenced the two interpretations, linking them with the author’s social and personal experience.

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