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Понятието „възможност“ и новата метафизика на Джон Дън Скот – чрез „невъзможност“ към онтология
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Понятието „възможност“ и новата метафизика на Джон Дън Скот – чрез „невъзможност“ към онтология

Author(s): Gergana Dineva / Language(s): Bulgarian,Latin Issue: 20/2014

The text will try to show that the concept of “possibility” by John Duns Scotus plays a major role in the new way in which metaphysics begins to be considered, namely its transformation from ontotheology to ontology. Scotus is focusing his argument of God’s existence on the cross point between logic, ontology and the limits of natural reason. The stress that the Doctor Subtilis puts on the boundary of natural human intellect becomes later a major philosophical problem, reconsidered by the Scotistic metaphysical tradition and later by the critical theory of Immanuel Kant. We aim to demonstrate, that the epistemological teaching of Scotus should not be reduced simply to logics, because it has “ontological implications”, that are allowing him to make metaphysical conclusions with the help of arguments, based only on natural reasoning. We examine the usage of the concepts possibility and necessity, the logical law of Scotus and his argument on existence of God and show, that the ontological implications within the logical argumentation of the Scottish master allow him to make metaphysical conclusions, which results into the shift between ontotheology to ontology, where the first known by the intellect is maintained to be the univocal concept of being qua being, that is marking the positive boundary of human natural intellect, where logic and ontology coincide and build the ground for metaphysics, understood as scientia transcendens.

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Žižekovo zbiljsko kao supstancija što izmiče hegelovskom subjektu

Žižekovo zbiljsko kao supstancija što izmiče hegelovskom subjektu

Author(s): Željka Matijašević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 02/2003

This essay interprets the work of Slavoj Žižek from the perspective of his reliance on philosophical categories in explaining key concepts of Lacanian psychoanalysis which is a tendency that Žižek inherits from Lacan. A particular emphasis is placed on Žižek's interpretation of Hegel, and of his idea that Lacanian concepts can be found in the midst of transcendental philosophy, starting with Cartesianism.

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Żałoba i rewolucja. Refleksje heglowskie

Żałoba i rewolucja. Refleksje heglowskie

Author(s): Bartosz Wójcik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2 (7)/2015

The article takes up a problem of a complex relationship between Hegel and the French Revolution, of which the philosopher was both a great enthusiast and a brilliant critic. The point of departure for the analysis is a critical reading of the traditional interpretations of Hegel’s relation to the Revolution (J. Ritter and J. Habermas), which enables the author to develop a “speculative interpretation of the Revolution” on the basis of “Phenomenology of Spirit”. The key to the understanding of the dynamics of the Enlightenment, which found its culmination in the Revolution, is the inner dialectic of knowledge and faith which constitutes this epoch. The ideas of the Enlightenment become undermined by the opposition between the German (reformation) process of working through the relation between faith and knowledge and the French (revolutionary) repression of its mutual relationship. This paradox recognized by Hegel (in R. Comay’s interpretation) leads the philosopher to formulate a dialectic position: revolution with reformation would be the work of mourning (the process of working through) on this lost object (the world of faith), whereas revolution without reformation would remain only futile melancholy of terror, compensating for the lack of reformation. The paradoxical lesson for the present times (inspired by S. Žižek’s reading) which arises from Hegel’s interpretation is the following: cultural revolution (revolution in thinking itself, in utopian dreams) is the condition of possibility of the success of social revolution.

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Recepcija Hegelove društveno-političke misli u djelu Charlesa Taylora

Recepcija Hegelove društveno-političke misli u djelu Charlesa Taylora

Author(s): Vladimir Nocić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 04/140/2015

This paper considers the role that Hegel’s social and political philosophy plays in modern Anglo-American philosophical tradition. The author accordingly begins with the criticism of Charles Taylor by Richard J. Bernstein, regarding the former’s study on Hegel’s philosophy. By analyzing two fundamental concepts on which Taylor’s reception of Hegel is based – expressivist definition of the self and ethical life – the author shows that these problems are essentially inseparable and that they are nothing but two manifestations of one core problem, which pertains to the definition of the subject within the community in which it is shaped during interaction with others. The author concludes that Bernstein’s criticism of Taylor’s study is mostly limited to the noetic and theoretical aspects of Hegel’s philosophy, while neglecting the social and political ones. Consequently, it fails to satisfactorily establish the significance of Hegel’s philosophy of objective spirit in a modern socio-political context. In the Anglo-American tradition, this significance is most adequately established and represented by Taylor.

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Postvarenje povijesnog svijeta

Postvarenje povijesnog svijeta

Author(s): Raul Raunić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 02/138/2015

The central intention of this paper is to shed light on the contemporary ideological processes that lead to re-naturalization of the man-made world. These ideological processes are reductive forms that curtail human and historical possibilities of man. The first part of the paper discusses the concept of reification. Through the expansive power of capital as the basic form of sociability, all human relations are reduced to relations between things. Therefore the concept of reification, from the methodological perspective of concrete totality, is the starting point for understanding the social ontology of modern times. The second part of the paper deals with the ideological reduction of various faculties of the mind to the instrumental rationality. Both forms of structural reduction – reification and instrumental rationality – carry out ideological role of displacement: quid pro quo and pars pro toto. This denies: a) the role of the mind that sets the purposes of human activity; b) direct recognition of man as a person and holder of the sense; c) instances of generality and the public that is transformed in an aggregate of asymmetric partiality and privacy; d) the power of joint action and the maintenance and creation of human, temporal and historical open world. The third part outlines the three slogans of our time which illustrate the central thesis of the closing and re-naturalization of historical world. These are: a) the end of ideology, which challenges the political ideals and utopian consciousness, but itself becomes a mega-ideology of the quasi-unchangeable facts of life; b) the end of history, which in the form of teleological rationality advocates perfection of the human world and ideologically eliminates any reasonable alternative; c) the end of politics, which justifies non-political form of government and the power of joint action boils down to management, and the end of philosophy, which aims to scientistic disciplination and repression of humanist perspective. The conclusion summarizes the three-point resistance to the dominant spirit of the times: a radical reflection, pluralism of values, and humanistic philosophical perspective.

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Univerzalna povijest kao dijalektika uključivanja i isključivanja

Univerzalna povijest kao dijalektika uključivanja i isključivanja

Author(s): Alen Tafra / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 02/138/2015

The all-pervasive disappointment and the discourse of crisis might be understood as a consequence of the disclosure of the segregational dialectic of inclusion and exclusion. The latter is otherwise hidden within a more complex discursive structure, designated by Wallerstein as the “centrist liberal geoculture”. The issue is the process of maturation that with good reason calls for an appropriate anamnesis and an explanation of the genesis of modern world-system. In the perspective of the philosophy of history, we should ask: what the future’s past can tell us about our present? Although Voltaire’s combination of the faith in moderate progress with the selective type of sinophilia indicates the birth of the modern philosophy of history and its universality, the latter is by the same token compromised as the symptom of eurocentrism. Still, the modern affirmation of historical science marks the fatal disintegration of universal time into the number of separate temporalities and historicities. It is for this reason that the advocacy of “total history” is conceivable only within the transgressive and holistic constellation of research which is unimaginable without the philosophy of history. The paper seeks to demonstrate this through the use of the deconstruction of still dominant periodization and cultural-historical epochs that are traditionally derived by means of exclusion of the contributions of different cultures and epochs.

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ARISTOTLE – KANT CANON

ARISTOTLE – KANT CANON

Author(s): Mihai D. Vasile / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2016

There is much talk about “Plato-Kant canon”, but it is no less legitimate discourse about the “canon of Aristotle-Kant”. This communication aims to support the thesis about “Aristotle-Kant canon” with arguments from Aristotle’s work influences history on European metaphysics.

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Poznámky ku klasickej estetike percepcie a vkusu

Poznámky ku klasickej estetike percepcie a vkusu

Author(s): Jozef Žilinek / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2012

The aim of my paper is to show how to perceive the art and the influence of perception of it on human’s taste in so called standard aesthetics. I start with discussing levels of human’s perception. Then I turn to the question what is practise and theory contributing to the (aesthetic) taste. I distinguish between aesthetic pleasure and aesthetic experience. Next I argue that the (aestehtic) taste has subjective content. The taste is a complex or collection of aesthetic judgements (reasons).

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Future Conflicts Are Inevitable: Causes of Interpersonal Conflicts According to Immanuel Kant and Thomas R. Malthus

Future Conflicts Are Inevitable: Causes of Interpersonal Conflicts According to Immanuel Kant and Thomas R. Malthus

Author(s): Zdzisław Kieliszek / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2019

The paper entitled “Future Conflicts Are Inevitable: Causes of Interpersonal Conflicts According to Immanuel Kant and Thomas R. Malthus” is composed of four parts. The first part outlines the validity and importance of the issue of interpersonal conflicts, as well as the need to unveil their deepest causes. The second fragment is devoted to the vision of discord between people, developed by Immanuel Kant. The author emphasizes that, in the opinion of the German philosopher, due to the “unsociable sociability” of people, one has to take into account the impossibility of eliminating conflicts from interpersonal relations. The next part presents the concept proposed by Thomas R. Malthus concerning the causes of conflicts. The author observes that the Anglican cleric, supplementing Kant’s reflections, identifies non-human conflict-generating factors, among which the key factor is an indelible shortage in the environment of goods and values desired by people. To summarize the reflections made, in the last part of the paper, the author emphasizes that in the light of Kant’s and Malthus’ observations, it seems easier to understand why the dream of building a world entirely free of interpersonal conflicts is a utopian idea.

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Human Education towards Goodness. The Potential of the Kantian Concept of “Perpetual Peace” in Shaping Future Peaceful Relations among Nations

Human Education towards Goodness. The Potential of the Kantian Concept of “Perpetual Peace” in Shaping Future Peaceful Relations among Nations

Author(s): Zdzisław Kieliszek / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2020

Immanuel Kant is the author of the project of “perpetual peace” as a concept for a global federation of states remaining in peaceful relations towards each other. According to the philosopher, in order for such a federation to be possible at some time in the future, individual states need to be institutions which respect their citizens’ right of self-determination. An additional necessary condition for the future implementation of “perpetual peace” is the appearance of at least one state with a republican system of government. The German thinker saw that as the first step towards realising “perpetual peace”.According to Kant, “perpetual peace” is not only limited to the existence of a certain set of institutions,appropriate laws, or external relations among states and individual people. “Perpetual peace”chiefly demands that people internalise the following obligations: 1. peaceful conduct towards others; 2. hospitality; 3. fairness; 4. respect towards the self-determination of others; 5. self-sufficiency; 6.respecting the freedom of others; 7. refraining from actions which might raise distrust in others. Based on those requirements, the philosopher suggests that the fundamental condition for a future existence of “perpetual peace” is the proper moral education of people.

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Феноменология пластического образа: Как возможна философская притча в скульптуре?

Феноменология пластического образа: Как возможна философская притча в скульптуре?

Author(s): IVAN APOLLONOV / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2024

The article examines the question posed in the title, which implies the consideration of sculpture as a method of sense making by plastic means, revealing the truth of being in spatial form. The study of the phenomenological perspective of this method is built upon I. Kant’s conception of art as a free play of genius, based on reason. The apparent contradiction between the spontaneity of the subjective assumption of an image, which implies the impossibility of its being deduced, and its rationality, assuming an extra-subjective universalism of meaning, is resolved based on the F. Schelling’s doctrine of creation as “a pure being who escapes to any thought” (unvordenkliche) act of the subject positing something in the conceptual horizon of the logical possibilities of its existence uncertainty. The act of vivid imagination and the coherent process of creating art work presupposes not only the subjective arbitrary will of the artist, but also the “intelligence of vision,” connecting the intentional act constituting the image and the counter-intentional act, in which the image created manifests its own teleology, clarifying and elaborating the author’s idea. The sculptor’s consciousness acts as a kind of tuning fork, capable of capturing the accuracy of the sound of the image, its harmony with aesthetic sensibility. At the same time, the expressiveness of the art work, its beauty is the non-verbal aspect of meaning, capable of signifying and expressing the author’s vision of the ideological depth of the chosen theme, which allows the sculptor to create original philosophical parables that heuristically complement verbal forms of thought. These provisions are considered in the context of the sculptural series “Masque Theatre” created by Alexander Apollonov, whose plastic images show various scenarios and complex drama of the relationship between the subject and his personal objectifications, manifested in masks-personalities.to create original philosophical parables that heuristically complement verbal forms of thought. These provisions are considered in the context of the sculptural series “Masque Theatre” created by Alexander Apollonov, whose plastic images show various scenarios and complex drama of the relationship between the subject and his personal objectifications, manifested in masks-personalities.to create original philosophical parables that heuristically complement verbal forms of thought. These provisions are considered in the context of the sculptural series “Masque Theatre” created by Alexander Apollonov, whose plastic images show various scenarios and complex drama of the relationship between the subject and his personal objectifications, manifested in masks-personalities.to create original philosophical parables that heuristically complement verbal forms of thought. These provisions are considered in the context of the sculptural series “Masque Theatre” created by Alexander Apollonov, whose plastic images show various scenarios and complex drama of the relationship between the subject and his personal objectifications, manifested in masks-personalities.

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Empirizam kao prekretnica: Hjumova uloga u Kantovom filozofskom buđenju

Empirizam kao prekretnica: Hjumova uloga u Kantovom filozofskom buđenju

Author(s): Marica Rajković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 41/2024

This paper explores Hume's philosophy of empiricism and its impact on philosophical concepts that emerged in the following centuries. The central theme of the research is the philosophy of David Hume, whose ideas paved the way for romantic, idealistic, and contemporary philosophy, as well as an understanding of the complexity of human knowledge and experience. Hume's understanding of human nature's complexity, which encompasses both emotional and social aspects of human experience, transcends the limitations of traditional metaphysics. The idea that evaluative judgments cannot be derived from indicative ones awakened Kant from his "dogmatic slumber" and enabled one of the greatest events in the history of philosophy: the shift from "being" to "ought". Hume's discussions of taste, value, and the subjectivity of artistic experience influenced the direction in which aesthetics, as an independent discipline, would develop in both the immediate and distant future of the era of empiricism. Hume's skeptical approach also influenced Marx's critique of social and economic structures based on concrete conditions and historical contexts, extending to critical theory and contemporary political philosophy, remaining relevant in modern discussions about human rights and democracy. Through all these aspects, it becomes evident that Hume's influence transcends his individual achievements, laying the groundwork for the further development of philosophical and social thought.

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O verovanju i veri: Hjum i Jakobi

O verovanju i veri: Hjum i Jakobi

Author(s): Stanko Vlaški / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 41/2024

In German Modern Philosophy at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century, the prevailing view was that Kant, with his critical idealism, both fulfilled and overcame Hume's skeptical philosophy. This paper begins by exploring Jacobi's motivation to revisit the meaning and value of Hume's philosophy—particularly Hume's concept of belief—at a time when Kantian thought was emerging as the dominant philosophical paradigm. The central part of the paper examines Hume's understanding of belief. The author considers how Hume's problematization of the causal relation, which underpins knowledge about matters of fact, leads to a broader inquiry into the basis of belief. For Jacobi, however, the recognition that knowledge is founded on Glaube (a term encompassing both faith and belief) does not merely expose its uncertainty as rooted in the subject's habitual tendencies. Drawing on recent interpretative perspectives, the author argues that Jacobi's concept of faith seeks to disclose an attitude of mind that transcends the fixed dichotomy between subject and object, as well as their abstract unity. Instead, Jacobi envisions their unity in difference, emphasizing an immediate actuality of this dynamic, living relationship. This notion of faith, as developed by Jacobi, emerges as one of the most significant inspirations for post-Kantian philosophy.

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Brajičićev i neoskolastički »promašaj cilja« u pogledu Kanta

Brajičićev i neoskolastički »promašaj cilja« u pogledu Kanta

Author(s): Željko Pavić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01/173/2024

In seinem Beitrag analysiert der Verfasser den Artikel „Kants Verfehlung des Zieles“ Rudolf Brajičićs SJ, wo man Kant vorgeworfen wird, dass er durch die Postulierung des „Unerkennbarkeit von Ding an sich“ Tür und Tor dem neuzeitlichen und besonders aufklärerischen Agnostizismus und seinem grenzlosen Vertrauen auf die Vernunft geöffnet hat. Durch die Analyse der Kant’schen Schrift Prolegomena zu einer jeden künftigen Metaphysik, die als Wissenschaft wird auftreten können“ (1783) und sich auf einen Kant-Aufsatz Alois Halders berufend versucht der Verfasser zu zeigen, dass der Glaube in seinem Gott-Verhältnis autonom und frei ist – im Unterschied zur Vernunft, die sich selbst als „Objekt“ seiner Überlegungen stellend zur diejenigen Art des „transzendentalen Solipsismus“ gelangt, die in unlösbaren Antinomien führt. Da Kant zufolge das Sein „kein reales Prädikat“ ist, kann man ihn als den Vorläufer der späteren existenzphilosophischen Kritik traditioneller Ontotheologie, von dem übrigens dieser Begriff überhaupt stammt.

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Svijet kao ideja u Kantovoj filozofiji

Svijet kao ideja u Kantovoj filozofiji

Author(s): Stanko Vlaški / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01/173/2024

That the human reason cannot gain knowledge of the world as a totality – is one of the main results of Kant’s critical philosophy. By the concept of the world – and Kant understood the world primarily as one of the reason’s concepts, an idea – one cannot gain any knowledge because nothing from the sphere of human experience corresponds to this concept. According to Kant, the author tries to show that striving towards transcendent and unconditioned as such is not the crucial problem of metaphysical cosmology but the assumption that one can realize such striving within a theoretical area. Kant, on the contrary, claims that we can fulfill it only practically, so the question concerning the world as a whole for him is a practical question, too. The task of establishing the world as intelligible, as it should be or as a kingdom of ends, is the basis of Kant’s doctrine of the categorical imperative. Kant understands this establishment as an endless task. The author also considers political-historical and religious aspects of Kant’s understanding of the world as an idea, as well as Hegel’s claim that Kant’s thought of the world finally capitulates to the finiteness.

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Personalistička percepcija filozofije Immanuela Kanta

Personalistička percepcija filozofije Immanuela Kanta

Author(s): Ivan Čulo,Ivan Šestak / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01/173/2024

The paper analyzes the personalist view of Kant’s thought in general and the personalist criticism of Kant’s understanding of human dignity and natural law. It is pointed out the way in which the results of that criticism were realized as a personalist concept of human dignity, which was also reflected in the fundamental legal acts on human rights. Concluding considerations are presented in the light of contemporary discussions of the reception of the origin of the legal foundation of human dignity.

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Transcendentalne dinamičke sheme vremenskog poretka u svjetlu Zenonove aporije »leteća strijela«

Transcendentalne dinamičke sheme vremenskog poretka u svjetlu Zenonove aporije »leteća strijela«

Author(s): Goran Ružić,Strahinja Đorđević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01/173/2024

In Zeno’s “proof” of the immobility of the flying arrow, something that many centuries later Kant will call the dynamic transcendental scheme of the time order is omitted. We will investigate the connection of the time order scheme with the categories of relations and analogies of experience. The problems produced by Zeno’s kinematic paradox are being reformulated and accordingly solved in a particular way. The error in Zeno’s conclusion is that one dynamic phenomenon (i. e., flying arrow) that is subsumed under the transcendental scheme of time sequence is viewed as being subordinate only to the mathematical schemes of time series and time content.

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Nietzsche Vs. Kant O Mogućnosti Racionalne Samokritike

Nietzsche Vs. Kant O Mogućnosti Racionalne Samokritike

Author(s): Markus Kohl / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 17/2024

Izvješća o relacijama između Nietzschea i Kanta uobičajeno se fokusiraju na moral i povezane metafizičke probleme poput kategoričkog imperativa, moralne odgovornosti i slobodne volje1 , ili na epistemološke teme poput Nietzscheove kritike Kantovog gledišta da imamo konceptualne resurse za smislenu reprezentaciju stvari po sebi.2 Suprotno tome, u ovom eseju ću razmatrati epistemološki i metodološki razdor između ovih dvaju mislilaca o mogućnostima racionalne samokritike: aktivnost u kojoj um refletira o svojim kognitivnim moćima, odvaja pravilnu upotrebu i ograničenja te moći i prema tome postiže sistematično potpun uvid u ono što možemo i ne možemo znati. Kant potvrđuje dok Nietzsche poriče da možemo uspješno provesti takav prema sebi usmjeren racionalni upit. Moja namjera je da razumijem njihove argumente i korijenje njihovog razilaženja.

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ИЛУМИНАЦИЈЕ

ИЛУМИНАЦИЈЕ

Author(s): E.M. Sioran,Trevor Kverk,Žan-Filip Ucel,Salman Rushdie / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 551/2025

Emil Sioran: SVESKE; Trevor Kverk: SVOD NEBESKI: BEG OD NIHILIZMA DžONA BARTA; Žan-Filip Ucel: KANT I DRUŠTVENI KARAKTER UKUSA; Salman Rušdi: O FOTOGRAFISANjU

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Eleusis

Eleusis

Author(s): Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2025

This article contains a philosophical poem of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, translated by Dragoș Popescu.

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