A „politikai” és a „kivétel” kategóriája Claude Lefort politikafilozófiájában

Author(s): Lajos András Kiss / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 4/2019

The present paper focuses on a central issue of the political philosophy of Claude Lefort, namely the special forms of the formation and functioning of modern democracy. Lefort distinguishes clearly the ontic level of politics (parties of the parliament, government and other institutions, etc.) and the ontological level of the political (the symbolically constructed forms of rule). According to Lefort, the rule moves to an empty place, as a consequence of the modern democratic revolutions. From this moment, the rule belongs to those who speak on behalf of the people, but the people is actually formed from the mass of the residents, by their speeches. Therefore, the modern democracy lives under conditions of constant uncertainty, because of its continuous pressure of legitimacy. Sometimes, it can bring modern democracy close to the edge of a precipice; and a kind of totalitarianism seems to be a solution.

A Community of the Shattered: Patočka, Havel, and the Philosophy of Charter 77

Author(s): Jonas Brodin / Language(s): English / Issue: 01/2002

The review of: Aviezer Tucker. The Philosophy and Politics of Czech Dissidence from Patočka ta Havel. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000. 295 pp.

A kérdezés, a tagadás és a semmi

Adalékok Sartre semmi-elemzéseinek értelmezéséhez

Author(s): Pál Petki / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 4/2019

Opposite to common thinking and mainstream scientific and philosophical paradigms, Sartre – in agreement with Heidegger ‒ considers nothing as “something”, the interpretation of which can only be conceived within the universality of the category of being, but which has at the same time a constitutive role in its semantic field. These two categories can only be conceived in a kind of onto-logical correlation. The present thesis proposes an interpretation of Sartre’s meaning of nothing, correlated to certain fundamental ways of man’s rapport to being, such as questioning, denial, reduction to nothing etc., conceived ontologically, based on analyses conducted in the introductory part of his work entitled Being and Nothing.

A nyelv formális megközelítésének a korlátai

Author(s): P. Alpár Gergely / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 4/2019

Within the philosophy of language there is a distinction between the natural language philosophers and the ideal language philosophers. The distinction is drawn based on the way these philosophers reflect on language and the world. Natural language philosophers stress the context-based feature of meaning, while the ideal language philosophers emphasize the context-free feature of meaning. In my study I want to show that even within the formal study of language, in the apparent absence of any context, the notions of valuation and interpretation help us to understand the meaning of sentences.

A populizmus és a népszuverenitás paradoxonja

Eszmetörténeti vázlat

Author(s): Botond Bakcsi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 4/2019

In The Social Contract, Rousseau outlined very accurately the problem of the foundation of the social order, a problem that was rather revolutionary in its era from a theoretical point of view, and since then has had several significant implications in modern political thought: “before we examine the act by which a people elects a king, it would be good to examine the act by which the people is a people.” Examining this very act has not lost anything of its relevance, particularly if we imply that contemporary populism brings again into the foreground the question referring to the concept of the ‘people’, which has serious political implications and which could have even more ones worldwide in the future. An analysis of Donald Trump’s inaugural address may raise some fundamental issues relevant to the connection between populism and democracy. The concept of the ‘people’ generated by the performative speech act of “You the People” renders a particular interpretation to the idea of popular sovereignty. The present essay attempts to consider the topic of populism setting off from the paradox lying within the concept of popular sovereignty.

A propos de la décision chez A. Badiou ou peut-on être atheiste

Author(s): Jelica Riha / Language(s): French,Macedonian / Issue: 1/2006

Je ne me propose pas d’éclairer la pensée d’A. Badiou. Le sujet est trop vaste pour être abordé de manière exhaustive. Il est nécessaire donc de trouver une approche, un angle d’attaque, si je puis dire, plus restreint. Le propos qui suit vise un point et un seul: le point où se dessine la ligne de partage entre la philosophie et l’antiphilosophie: la décision.

A sokféleség két formája és a homogenizáció

Author(s): János Tóth I. / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 4/2019

Diversity is the unity of sameness and non-sameness (difference). In a basic situation, the more significant the difference, the greater the diversity. However, the organic systems based on relatively homogeneous groups, sub-units and structures are governed by special rules. The heterogenization of groups, that is, their dissolution decreases diversity. I propose to present this paradox effect of homogenization through examples taken from biology and social studies. The structural diversity of humanity is closely linked to the objective and subjective sameness and identity of individuals. There are three fundamental, political approaches to relate to human diversity: hierarchy, the approach that emphasizes difference; equality that emphasizes sameness, and equality that emphasizes difference. The first approach belongs to the outworn past, therefore the battle for defining the future takes place between the remaining two approaches. The aspect that these approaches are debating is whether it is the individual form of diversity (globalization, deconstruction) or its structural form (emancipation, sovereignty) that must be promoted.

A Virtue-based Model for Medical Ethics and Practice in Edmund Pellegrino

Author(s): Philemon Ayibo / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

This paper deals with the resurgence of interest in virtue ethics in professional ethics, specifically as it applies to Edmund Daniel Pellegrino’s account in medical ethics. Pellegrino investigates in a clear manner the ethical problems of contemporary medicine from a virtue ethics point of view and offers a virtue-based ethic for medicine as an effective tool and a practical guide for confronting the challenges of modern medicine. His account builds on a thesis of the indispensability of virtuous character traits for a sound medical practice. Pellegrino’s virtue ethics offers a plausible and distinctive alternative to utilitarian and Kantian (principle-based) approaches to understanding and evaluating professional roles. It is hoped that our exploration of Pellegrino’s account will underline the place of a virtue ethics in medicine and stimulate a similar inquiry into social welfare, and into other forms of human professions and disciplines.

ABSTRACTIZARE ȘI FILOSOFIE LA A.N. WHITEHEAD

Author(s): Claudiu Baciu / Language(s): Romanian,Moldavian / Issue: 5/2020

Although Whitehead acknowledges the importance of abstraction in philosophy, he criticizes modern philosophy's bias to consider scientific abstraction as reality itself. This article discusses some of Whitehead's views regarding aspects of the evolution of modern science that influenced modern philosophy

Actualization of Axiology Development: Problems, Searches, Solutions

Author(s): Lyubov’ Shabatura,Anton Yazovskikh / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2020

The article examines the concept of “value” in the context of the general planetary process of anomie at the level of local cultures and subcultures, when the possibilities of value-normative regulation of social processes are reduced to a minimum. Under these conditions, the predictive function of axiology has become particularly relevant, and the authors raise the question of the basis for the values evolution reproduction. The search to this answer involves the application of system analysis and retrospection. The study of the main axiological concepts based on the connection between objective and subjective in this perspective allows to identify the main contours of value consciousness that coincide with the dominant concepts: biological (objective-naturalistic concept), social (dialectical-materialistic concept), individual (subjective-psychological concepts) and existential (objective-transcendental and ontological ideal realistic concepts). The material summarizes the main methodological and cognitive limitations of these concepts, which are in fact natural, since they belong to specific contours of value consciousness. At the same time, a number of provisions can be considered as general ones. As a result, the authors hypothesize the possibility to develop a synthetic concept of axiology allowing predicting the development of cultural value core as an imperative of socio-cultural processes.

Alasdair MacIntyre jako krytyk oświeceniowego projektu uzasadnienia moralności (II): Dzieje degeneracji etyki nowożytnej

Author(s): Sebastian Gałecki / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 14/2017

In the famous “disquieting suggestion” Alasdair MacIntyre has written a hypothetical state of modern ethics as a set of mutually antagonistic, chaotic, irrational and ultimately arbitrary positions. The late work of this extremely popular contemporary Scottish philosopher (although for many decades living in the United States), sometimes referred to “an interminably long history of ethics”, is devoted to mainly two purposes: to prove the arguments put forward in the “disquieting suggestion” and to overcome this crisis. This series of two articles is devoted to the presentation of the first, negative aim of MacIntyre. MacIntyre summarizes the main reasons of the contemporary crisis into the three slogans: incommensurability of terms and languages, the conceptual incommensurability of the rival arguments, and the ostensible impersonal, objective rationality. These three elements are characteristic of all modern ethical theories realizing “the enlightenment project of justifying morality”. As the example, MacIntyre has shown two post-Enlightenment ethical traditions: liberal individualism (negating the social dimension of the person and the communal base of practical rationality) and emotivism, which is based on the negation of rational discourse, leading to persuasion and propaganda in the moral sphere.

An Ink–and–Paper Automaton: The Conceptual Mechanization of Cognition and the Practical Automation of Reasoning in Leibniz’s De Affectibus (1679)

Author(s): DUMAS PRIMBAULT Simon / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2019

On ten loose handwritten folios dating back from April 1679, Leibniz gradually devised, in the course of three days, a full-blown theory of thought that nonetheless remained unpublished and still has received little attention from scholars. Conceiving of affectūs as the driving forces that set the mind in motion from one thought to another and passiones as the inertia opposing such movement, this manuscript results in a systematic psychology understood as a dynamics of thoughts modelled on the mechanical laws of motion for solid bodies. Delving into Leibniz‘s working papers to witness the unfolding of his thoughts, I propose to pay attention to the many intellectual operations that paved the way for his metaphysics. From his reading notes on Descartes to his syllogistically redefining a set of concepts and propositions, Leibniz here defines an affective theory of cognition and sets the first foundations of a combinatorial ontology: his socalled scientia generalis. Focusing on the material practices that govern his use of paper, I would like to show that Leibniz‘s conceptual mechanization of cognition is materially dependent on a practical automation of reasoning reduced to a propositional calculus on paper. Eventually, this contribution is a plea for a media-historical reading of Leibniz‘s working papers.

ANTROPOCENO ESTETIKA: TARP ANESTEZIJOS IR AESTHESIS

Author(s): Vaiva Daraškevičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 14/2019

The article presents two approaches towards the aesthetics of Anthropocene in contemporary philosophy, which are based on different concepts of aesthetics itself. The first one is analyzed referring to the position of visual theorists T. J. Demos and Nicholas Mirzoeff, who focus on the controversial functioning of the visual media, through which the representation of the Anthropocene is usually constructed. This approach assumes the reductional character of aesthetics, seeing it as a form of anesthesia. The second approach towards the aesthetics of the Anthropocene returns to the link between aesthetics and a dimension of aesthesis, where the former is treated not as an anaesthetic, but as a fundamental perception. The difference between these positions is explained applying Maurizio Ferraris’ theoretical framework of rational aesthetics. The third part of the article analyzes the correlation between the aesthetics of the Anthropocene as aesthesis and the art. In this part, the article focuses on the potentiality of the art to represent the Anthropocene. These aspects are explained employing Timothy Morton’s concept of hyperobject and the example of the Lithuanian artistic project “Sun and Sea (Marina)”.

Are Heidegger o ontologie politică?

Author(s): Gelu SABĂU / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 8/2019

Book Review

Arhitektura i filozofija: paradoksi i metamorfoze njihova susreta

Author(s): Chris Younès / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 05+08/2019

Dobro je poznato da je Jacques Derrida isticao ideju o suštinskom suživotu filozofije i arhitekture, te je rekao: »Collège international de philosophie treba osigurati mjesto susreta (rencontre), susret mišljenja, između filozofije i arhitekture. Ne zbog toga da se konačno sukobe, već da promisle što ih oduvijek drži zajedno u najbitnijoj kohabitaciji.«

Authenticity and Will: A Critical Approach to Ortega y Gasset’s Philosophy of Education

Author(s): José María Ariso / Language(s): English / Issue: 28/2019

The author notes that José Ortega y Gasset’s philosophy of education revolves around the imperative of authenticity which he extends to cover educational institutions, teachers and first of all students. He censures the main points of Ortega’s philosophy of education highlighting its strengths and weaknesses as well as its potential application in school education. He is specifically critical of how Ortega’s earlier philosophy sought to achieve authenticity through notions of ‘circumstance’ and ‘decision’. He subsequently analyzes what Ortega regarded as a constitutive tragedy of pedagogy and the mission he assigned to university. As regards Ortega’s philosophy in his later years, the author examines his proposal to reach authenticity by listening to one’s own voice of call stemming from each individual belief to suggest how to help students in becoming aware of their own beliefs. The author agrees with Ortega that students’ happiness largely depends on how much they are in agreement with themselves or their own beliefs.

Az élet és a formák – megváltoztatni az életet?Találkozásaim Heller Ágnessel a filozófiában és az életben

Author(s): Barbara Smitmans-Vajda / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 3/2019

Az összetartozáson innen és túl

Parmenidész 3. fragmentumának heideggeri interpretációi

Author(s): Dávid Horváth / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 4/2019

In my paper, I investigate Heidegger’s Parmenides-interpretations. My question is: what is the relation between them and the Heideggerian interpretation of the so called Likeness Principle – like is understood only by like – which is known especially from hermeneutical texts. I analyse the interpretations of the 3rd fragment of Parmenides in a chronological way and I attempt to accompany the German thinker on his thinking path leading to the German terms Selbe and Zusammengehören that are probably untranslatable within the Heideggerian context. Meanwhile, I intend to reveal the turns and the junctions, which characterise Heidegger’s point of view relating to both Parmenides and the Likeness Principle, and also the differences that could be detected between their Heideggerian reading and an idealistic one. Moreover, the less explicit intention of this paper is the following: helping with the preparation of a future, deeper account regarding the Likeness Principle.

Bajki dla deleuzjanistów

Kilka uwag zanotowanych na marginesie książki Michała Pospiszyla "Zatrzymać historię. Walter Benjamin i mniejszościowy materializm"

Author(s): Adam Lipszyc / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 16/2019

BEING AT HOME IN SOLITARY QUARANTINE. PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYTICS AND EXISTENTIAL MEDITATIONS

Author(s): Nader El-Bizri / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2020

This ontological investigation is mediated via multifaceted phenomenological analytics and existential mediations over the architectural mode of being at home in solitary quarantine under communal global lockdowns. The present line of inquiry is undertaken by way of probing the attuned metamorphoses in solitude of the lived experiencing of the intertwined phenomena of space-time, embodiment-in-the-flesh versus being-with-others via cybernetic and telecommunication technologies, dwelling amidst things and paraphernalia, and the underlying affectivities of the mode of being-toward-death.