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Melitón filozófus beszédének eszmetörténeti kontextusa

Author(s): István Bugár / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2015

In the present paper I am investigating the probable context of the ‘apology’ of Melito the philosopher, as preserved in Syriac. Since there is no sign that the author named in the titulus is meant to be identical with Melito of Sardis, or Melito the Bishop, I prefer to keep his name as ’Melito the philosopher’. While I am prepared to accept the traditional dating (between 180 and 220 CE) of the text – which is a protreptic treatise, rather than an apology – and while I have, in spite of advancing some new suggestions, generally refrained from arbitrating in the speculation about the possible addressee, I am turning to aspects hitherto largely ignored by looking at the text’s theological-philosophical horizon and its preserved context (Ms. BM 14,658). The analysis yields some results. First, that the text is purposefully overt about Christianity, trying to convince the public about monotheism as a first step to full conversion. This scope is shared by other documents in the same collection (among others, the Oratio ad graecos by Justin/Ambrose), and matches the general aim of the collection to provide a curriculum for a Christian philosophy, including arguments against contemporary ‘pagan’ Platonism. Second, its theological-philosophical stance links the document to Alexandrian thought, to which Justin/Ambrose also appears to belong. This, at the same time, involves sharp contrasts with the anthropological-theological horizon of Melito of Sardis. The study is accompanied by a partial translation of the treatise into Hungarian.

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Görög teológia a Scipio-körben

Author(s): Gergely Mohay / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2016

Some members of the Scipionic circle have a common theological theme: it concerns the features of chance or luck and the correct behaviour towards it. There is a marked difference between how members of the Scipionic circle and Romans before the 2nd century BC conceived of casus/ fortuna/tyche. It is possible that this important Greek theme found its way to Rome through the Scipionic circle. In order to confirm this hypothesis, I first reconstructed all the theologically relevant notions of the two Greek members of the circle, i.e. Panaetius and Polybius. Then I investigated the theological concepts of the Roman members of the circle.

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Платон о човековом „наликовању богу“

Author(s): Irina Deretić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 22/2014

Taking into account the general philosophical and cultural framework, the author will attempt to discuss the meaning and significance of Plato’s Deus-mensura statement and its various implications. The fundamental claim of God as the measure of all things is closely connected with what Plato considers to be “becoming as like God as possible (ὁμοίωσις θεῷ)”. The Homo-mensura statement derives from Plato’s insight that there are the ideal ethical paradigms, according to which one can righteously determine the human relations. Additionally, the Homo-mensura statement is Plato’s response to Protagoras’ divinization of the man, who claims that man is the measure of all things. Plato’s response does not mean the return to the old theology of Homer and Hesiod, but it implies the utterly new understanding of the relations between the humans and God.

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Од ασεβεια до ακρασια – Сократова и Платонова реинтерпретација појма безбожности

Author(s): Nikola Tanasić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 21/2014

The author examines a shift in Ancient Greek notion of a “wanton” or “godless crime”, starting from the point in which a political notion of “ungodliness” (ἀσέβεια) has taken over the sense and the role in society, which was earlier played by the notion of “hybris” (ὕβρις), as described by the epic and tragic poets, and leading to a philosophical and strictly ethical notion of akrasia (ἀκρασία), reflecting a similar shift of authority of the laws of the state (derived from divine authority of the gods) to a form of autonomy of a virtuous individual. The trial of Socrates is discussed as a shattering point of the authority of Athenian laws and religious customs, and the first step towards the founding of ethics as an answer to an increasingly deteriorating morality of the Greek city state. It is argued that Socrates’ famous claim for all virtue to be knowledge leads to Plato’s formulating of the ethical concepts of akrasia and akolasia, seen as a form of internal psychological heteronomy of the affective part of the human soul. Finally, Aristotle’s views on these notions are discussed.

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Na raskrižju naslade i duha

Author(s): Aras Borić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 21/2014

The review of: Željko & Lejla Škuljević, Rebellio carnis: pohvala Afroditinim sveštenicama,Udruženje Hijatus, Zenica 2011.

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Zoon Technikon

Author(s): Marica Rajković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 20/2013

The author discusses the concept of technology within the frame of Aristotle’s triad of theoretical, practical and poietical, with the intention to clarify the relation of the ancient techne and modern technology, on the one hand; as well as the actuality of such a „triple” understanding of man, on the other hand. Theoretical context considers the relation between technology and science, poietical context examines the relation between technology and art, and practical context clarifies the relation between technology and ideology, i.e. politics. The aim of this examination is to question the sustainability of the modern age request that a man should be defined as „zoon technikon” rather than „zoon politikon”, which essentially opens even more important philosophical question: is Aristotle’s definition of man „out of date”, or does its structure already alerts of possibility of future relativization of purpose and means which will declare this very definition obsolete?

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Shvatanje pravde u Agamemnonu, Pokajnicama i Eumenidama

Author(s): Željko Kaluđerović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 18/2012

The author in this paper analyses dike as the central concept of Aeschylus’ Oresteia, being on the standing point that this trilogy, in rudiment form, represents almost the entire evolutionary path of the Hellenic understanding of justice. The regularity and rhythm of this evolution can be followed starting from the occurrence of morality-based justice in Agamemnon and The Libation Bearers, where it is manifested by the means of lex talionis. In The Libation Bearers and The Eumenides it is shown, however, that there are also different understandings of justice. The judgment i.e. justice is made through cooperation of gods and humans, following a trial in front of Areopagus. Aeschylus does not deprive justice entirely of divine legitimization, however it is still established based on the voting of jury members after both sides have presented their arguments, which indicates that there are elements of the legal form of justice. In general, the author concludes, the overall atmosphere in The Libation Bearers, and particularly in The Eumenides, in which personal decision making and reasoning is emphasized, indicates the forthcoming pointing out of the principle of human subjectivity, which will subsequently bring about the so called individual justice.

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Ontologija kao ciklično mišljenje. Levinas i Platon

Author(s): Dragan Prole / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 13/2010

In opposition to the founder of phenomenology Edmund Husserl, who claimed that Plato’s thinking should be recognized as paradigmatic for the all-encompassing rationality and genuine social ethics, Levinas identifies in Plato’s ontology the fatal suspension of authentic humanity. Interpretation of the antic ontologist by Levinas culminated in insight that Husserl, similar to the majority of interpretative approaches to Plato after Hegel, overlooked a pagan origin of the constitution of ontology. If we accept that the concept of being was deeply platonized, as Levinas’ teacher in philosophy Rosenzweig claimed, does it mean that the true ontology could be made possible only after we break with the pagan heritage? The core of Levinas’ critique is built on indications that rationality of ontology consists in the transcendence of the self for the sake of identity with the eternal forms, which stabilizes both the thoughts and the thinkers. From this perspective, Plato appears as the thinker whose ontology is nothing else but the constitution of the cyclical thinking. The second part of the article discusses the limits of Levinas’ critique, keeping in mind his idea regarding the possibilities of the reconciliation of »Athens« with »Jerusalem«.

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Platon i kvantna fizika

Author(s): Mirko Aćimović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 13/2010

Philosophy of nature, as a theological system of knowledge on what φύσις is, was developed within Plato’s Timaeus. It starts with ontology that paves the way towards mathematical cosmology and cosmogony, then to physics and zoogony, anatomy and empirical psychology, noetics, or logic of mind, which is demonstrated trough the work of mind and necessity, from being and becoming, creating of cosmos, planets, matter and living beings, to rational soul that understands that the soul of the world makes cosmos a living being. Therefore, Timaeus and Parmenides were the actual philosophycal inspiration of the arguments on the origin and nature of elementary particles in modern theories of quantum physics.

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Problem koherentnog razumevanja pojma umetnosti u Platonovoj filozofiji

Author(s): Marica Rajković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 13/2010

Autor’s main intention is contained in an attempt to show that the main source of problemacy of coherent understanding of the idea of art in Plato’s philosophy lies in interpretators resistance to deduce this idea from the entity of Plato’s philosophy – since the idea of art is primarely ontological, and derivately aestethical, educational and cultural phaenomenon. The paper contains an explication of distinction between the modern perception of the idea of art (which alows the elevation of particular area of mimetic poetry to the level of the idea of art) and Ancient Greek’s idea of art, which is understood as the „highest form of spirit“ in Hegel’s philosophy. It is the overlook of that distinction that lead to the modern understanding which inadequately cosiders Plato’s critic of poetry as Plato’s attempt to „forbid“ or „dispossess“ the art out of the polis. The autor’s intetion is – reviving the Plato’s thought – to show that this kind of attempt in context of Ancient Greece is not only arbitrary, but also impossible, because the context of Ancient Greece epoch isn’t and couldn’t be anything else than – art!

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Платонова критика уметности из перспективе образовања

Author(s): Una Popović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 13/2010

This essay is an attempt to examine the relationship between art and education in Plato’s philosophy considering the perspective of aesthetics. The first part is dedicated to inquiry of several key concepts, which determine our understanding of this relationship: concepts of art, poetry and τέχνη. The second part of essay more closely reveals Plato’s arguments against poetry and visual arts by connecting the arguments from the second, the third and the tenth chapter of Politeia with arguments from his other dialogues, which should reveal the educational function of art and its limits. Finally, relying on these classic arguments, author is offering some possible perspectives for their further understanding and development, emphasizing the implicite considering of specifically aesthetic aspect of art.

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Razumevanje pravde u Εργα Και Ημεραι

Author(s): Željko Kaluđerović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 8/2007

As one of the most important principles of forming of social relations, Hesiod emphasizes the principle of justice. He places the idea of justice into the very core of life, because it is in this idea that he finds the root out of which a different world and a better one is to be born. Hesiod’s idea of justice is manifested as a need for strengthening the relation of equivalence when it is stable and adequate, and for its establishing in case it is disbalanced and inadequate. Th e presence of justice at all levels, from the highest metaphysical one, all the way to the relations within the practical sphere, shows that it can be considered as a mighty deity, as a cosmic principle, but also as a legitimate basis of comprehensive human praxis. In Hesiod’s writings it is finally suggested that there is a difference between the order of causality of irrational nature and the order of duties of morality, actually between bia on one hand and nomos and dike on the other. Believing that living beings can not disturb the order of bia, while humans can disturb the order of dike, Hesiod postulates the difference which will be crucial for the later philosophical consideration of the field of praxis.

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Aristotelovo i Marksovo reflektovanje atomističke fizike

Author(s): Željko Kaluđerović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 7/2007

In this paper the author analyses Aristotle’s and Marx’s explanations of the basic parameters of atomistic physics, particularly Democritus’ specific theory of atoms and void. Actually, different historical and spiritual views of the two philosophers also determine their differentiated attitudes towards major segments of atomism. When Aristotle’s insights are concerned, it can be concluded that on the one hand necessity and eternity of the motion of atoms, as well as the emancipation of Leucippus and Democritus from animistic and teleological interpretations characteristic for some of their predecessors, would make looking for the efficient and final cause in their learning unnecessary, but, on the other hand, their mentioning of atoms and void, especially of the dual and mixed nature of atoms, enables the Stagirites to look at the doctrine of the atomists from a perspective of his own material as well as the formal cause. In his thesis Marx, then, by comparing Democritus and Epicurus, destroys the common opinion that there is no essential difference between the physics of the two philosophers, and at the same time emphasizes what they have in common and that the principles, atoms and void, are undoubtedly the same. The author, finally, is on the standpoint that Marx’s dissertation is crucial for studying the philosophy of nature of the two thinkers, especially the part on Epicureans, primarily because it elaborately presents the major results of investigation of complex issues, and, secondly because it seriously and scientifically discloses the relation between Democritus and Epicurus, as well as the uniqueness and originality of the latter philosopher.

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Sokratovsko psyche i pojam samosvijesti

Author(s): Zoran Arsović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 5-6/2006

In the middle of the twentieth century, especially in K. Oelher’s papers, a different treatment of the concept of self-consciousness was announced; this treatment, contrary to the dominant concepts, obliged to the interminent view of this issue from the ancient times till nowadays. In this sense Socrates’ standpoint: ‘The man is his soul’ gets its remarkable status, which is the theme to be scrutinized in this paper.

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Szóbeliség, írásbeliség és filozófia

Author(s): Tamás Ullmann / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2018

Within the context of linguistic relativity there is a special theoretical question: did the appearance of literacy in the 6. century b.c. Greek culture transformed the way of thinking or not? According to a theoretical approach in the sixties and seventies (Havelock, Ong, McLuhan) literacy has not only influenced the culture, but also caused the emergence of philosophy and theoretical science. The article aims to analyze in detail this theoretical possibility, presenting the arguments for and against it.

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Hazugság és politika

Author(s): Sándor Laczkó / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2018

Lying is an immutable part of human nature, thus a natural occurrence of life. The existence of political lies stems from the self-deceptive nature of humans. Norms of political ethics laid down successively by Sophocles, Plato and Machiavelli allow and require perverted speech, that politics blends with the wrong, given that right can only be protected from wrong with the use of some wrong. Conversely, István Bibó claims that lying in politics is forbidden under all circumstances. But in today’s mass society, in the era of fake news we can hardly distinguish fact from fiction. Technological advancement has made it possible to present basically anything as truth or a falsehood. Under such circumstances, it is much harder for a political lie to get exposed. New technologies are successful at spreading falsehoods because of that same self-deceptive nature of humanity. Politics is still the art of making the people believe in something, be it true or false, but the range possibilities for doing so are far wider today than ever before in our history, see the technique referred to as the firehose of falsehood.

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Izokrates na temat etycznej wartości przekazu retorycznego

Author(s): Zbigniew Danek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2019

The subject of the article is the theory of ethically-based rhetorics of Isocrates, rightly regarded as the precursor of the idea of lingustic communication ethics. The author of the article focuses on the following aspects of the issue: the question of truth and taking responsibility for one’s words, the ethical conduct of rhetorician, his political involvement, his sympathy towards other people, his self-imposed regular mental activity and finally his care for stylistic and eufonic quality of his message. The final remarks concern the problem whether Isocrates actually followed the rhetoric principles he proclaimed.

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Apie „Dorybingojo miesto" gyventojų pažiūras

Author(s): Abu Nasr Al-Farabi / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 36/2004

In this part al-Farabi presents the classification of non-virtuous and corrupt cities, later goes on to an analysis of the way of the soul towards the immaterial state and the state of the soul after death, compares the way towards the perfection of the soul with the way of a craftsman or artisan, and compares the state of the non-virtuous soul to that of bodily sickness.

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Apie „Dorybingojo miesto" gyventojų pažiūras

Author(s): Abu Nasr Al-Farabi / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 34/2003

In the part of his book published in this number, al-Farabi presents a classification of non-virtuous and corrupt cities, and later goes on to an analysis of the way of the soul towards the immaterial state and the state of the soul after death, compares the way towards the perfection of the soul with the way of a craftsman or artisan, and compares the state of the non-virtuous soul to that of bodily sickness.

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Apie „Dorybingojo miesto" gyventojų pažiūras (26-27 skyriai, tęsinys)

Author(s): Abu Nasr Al-Farabi / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 33/2003

In the chapter 26 al-Farabi shows the parallelism between God and the Universe, the Man and the Virtuous City, and in the second part of the same he expounds his theory about the degrees of the Intelligence and about the pecularities of the intellect of the Chief of the Virtuous City. In Chapter 27 the philosopher speaks about the qualities of the Chief of the Virtous City, what should be done if there is no person with all required qualities etc. The Chapter also shows that despite his strong reliance on Aristotle and Plato, al-Farabi is nevertheless a son of his own culture seeking solutions for its problems.

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