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Korku Sinemasının Cazibesi Üzerine Felsefi Ve Psikolojik Bir İnceleme

Author(s): Ebru Aydin Çağliyan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 9/2020

Horror cinema is a genre that is popular in every period of cinema history. This study explores the reasons and results of attraction of fear. For this purpose, the subject of tragedy, which is an example of horror-related works in Ancient Greece, is discussed and then Aristotle’s view of tragedy is explained. In this study, it is discussed whether such a purification is possible for the audience watching horrorthriller films. Aristotetle says in his book Poetics that the purpose of the tragedy and the tragic is to purify the soul by acting from the feelings of fear and pity (catharsis). The concept of catharsis, which Aristotle used when examining the tragedy, means that cleansing man from passions and fears, purifying his/her soul. According to Aristotle, the purpose of the art is not only to create an aesthetic pleasure in the person. The work of art should also purify one’s soul and make it achieve a higher mental and moral insight. Thus, works of art and especially tragedy is a means for the audience to reach their own consciousness (γνῶθι σεαυτόν, gnothi seauton, know thyself). Some determinations about the tragedy audience by Aristotle can lead us to investigate one aspect of the human-nature: What is the reason of attraction of the people to the works that are filled with pain, fear, tension and some disgusting elements? Is it the purification by watching them made the horror-thriller and melodrama movies very popular today? In this study, we examine the psychological process of fear in the body and investigate its relationship with psychology and neuropsychology for researching the horror movies aforesaid context. According to this research, it is revealed that the fear created by horror films is not real. The main reason for the intense interest in such films is the result of social -and existential- life of human. Suffering from existence and dealing with the troubles in daily life, turns mankind to watch some other’s pain and fear, thus they can get rid of theirs. The audience actually tries to get rid of the state of existence that creates the crisis by watching the horror movie. For the audience, purification means forgetting their own existence and life. It is not a catharsis in the sense that Aristotle mentioned, This is forgetting yourself through the pain and fear of someone else.

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Physiognomy with Philosophy Perspective

Author(s): Abdullah Demir / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2019

Physiognomy is a Greek term composed of, which are “physis” means nature and “gnomon” means judgement, knowledge. Physiognomy is the ancient science of determining someone’s character on the basis of their bodily features. Physiognomy, which has thousands of years of knowledge and experience, has been used since ancient societies such as China, Hind, Greek. Throughout history, every philosopher is based on his views on materialistic or idealistic philosophy. While the idealist philosophers put forward ideas according to metaphysics (the mental dimension of being), the materialist philosophers have had opposing ideas. Therefore, a metaphysical subject, physiognomy, is accepted by idealist philosophers, but rejected by materialist philosophers.

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Platon’un Kamerası

Author(s): Berna Akçağ / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 9/2020

Review of: Churchland, Paul M. (2017). "Platon’un Kamerası", Translation: Murat Can Mutlu, İstanbul: Alfa. Review by: Berna Akçağ

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Gölge Felsefe Platon’un Mağarası Ve Sinema - Nathan Andersen

Author(s): Başar Öztürk / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 8/2019

Review of: Nathan Andersen „Shadow Philosophy: Plato's Cave and Cinema“, Ayrıntı Yayınları, İstanbul: 2019, 208 s. ISBN: 978-605-314-380-2. Review by: Başar Öztürk

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Aristoteles Nikomakhos’a Etik: Ahlak Ve Siyaset Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Author(s): Ebru Aydin Çağliyan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 8/2019

Review of: Aristotle „Nicomachean Ethics“, Translation: Saffet Babür, Bilgesu Yayınları, 2009, İstanbul, 240 p. Review by: Ebru Aydın Çağlıyan

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Arketipsel Eleştiri BağlamındaTender Mercies Filminde Bireyleşme

Author(s): Murat Küçükhemek,Meral Serarslan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Sp. Iss/2020

According to Jung, the term archetype is synonymous with Plato's 'original ideas' and plays a key role in understanding mythological images. Archetypes, which are special psychic phenomena that bring body and psyche together, are not vivid images, such as images of memory, the product of a person's past lives. With their unique energies, archetypal patterns wait to be released in the psyche, and they are released in the form of creative acts, symbols, myths, dreams, and films. An archetypal form, if it is released, takes the form of symbols and images, and acts through the unifying opposites. This may be one of the reasons why cinema is considered an effective the analytical psychology tool. In cinema based on a fictional fantasy, a symbolic state in a formal and structural position can create a meaning equivalent to our spiritual state. The archetypal images of individuation, which are persona, shadow, anima-animus, and the Self, and which play a very important role in the formation of personality, have a central place in Jungian analytical psychology. Jung uses the term ‘individuation’ to illustrate the process by which a person becomes a psychologically indivisible unity or wholeness. The aim of this study is to determine the appearance of archetypal images within Bruce Beresford's Tender Mercies and their role in the process of individuation. In Tender Mercies, which was analyzed by archetypal criticism, it was seen that the main character Sledge's search for meaning and the psychological transformation that he began to live in coincided with Jung's concept of individuation.

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The Philosophical Basis of the Method of Antilogic

Author(s): Zbigniew Nerczuk / Language(s): English Issue: 42/2019

The paper is devoted to the sophistic method of "two-fold arguments" (antilogic). The traditional understanding of antilogic understood as an expression of agonistic and eristic tendencies of the sophists has been in recent decades, under the influence of G.B. Kerferd, replaced by the understanding of antilogic as an independent argumentative technique, having its own sources, essence, and goals. Following the interpretation of G.B. Kerferd, according to which the foundation of the antilogic is the opposition of two logoi resulting from contradictions or opposites, necessarily associated with contradictory character of the sensual world, in the paper it is argued that the philosophical basis of antilogic should be sought in the presentation of the views attributed to Protagoras and "adherents of flux" in Plato's dialogue Theaetetus.

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The Propedeutic of the Theory of Judgment in Ancient Philosophy from the Sophists to Plato’s Theaetetus

Author(s): Janina Gajda-Krynicka / Language(s): English Issue: 42/2019

In the ancient epistemology, precisely stated definition of judgment (axioma) appears only in the 3rd century B.C. It was formulated by Chrysippus of Soli, the founder of the Stoic logic. However, on the other hand, the analysis of the extant utterances in which the knowledge had been objectified since the first Greek thinkers, allows us to state that the evolution of the theory of judgment was a long process. In this development, Greek epistemology had to deal with a number of problems connected with the object of the judgment –– knowledge, with the form of its objectification –– predication, and also with the predicates of the true and false judgment –– categories of “truth” (aletheia) and “falsehood” (pseudos). The first definition of the false judgement (logos pseudes) and the true judgment (logos alethes) can be found only in the late dialogue of Plato, Sophist, which delivers precisely established terminology of the theorem. Yet, such a definition could be formulated only when Greek epistemology re-defined the scope of the meaning of the key terms-concepts, aletheia and pseudos. The term-concept aletheia was identified with the term-concept being, functioning in the ontological-axiological sphere. On the other hand, pseudos did not mean false in the sense of negating the truth, but something, which is different than truth, is its imperfect copy. Thus, the pre-Platonic philosophy has not yet formulated the terminology in which predication of something inconsistent with the actual state of being, with the truth, could be verbalized. Often to express such a form of predication, a phrase “to utter things, which are not” was used. The other problem was connected with –– characteristic ofthe Greek language –– dual function of the verb to be/einai, which included both existential and truthful function. Accordingly, every utterance, in which the predicate was the verb einai or its derivates, was ex definitione a true predication –– “it spoke beings (things, which are).” In such a situation, there was noneed in epistemology to precisely define judgment as such, and to state the conditions which the true judgment hadto meet. The problem is definitely solved by Plato in his dialogue Theaetetus, in which the philosopher defines the object of the judgment, which is knowledge (however, its object is not stated yet) and introduces the project of verification of the utterances/opinion, thanks to which an opinion ––doxa can reach the status of judgment ––logos. An opinion needs to be verified with the dialectical procedures.

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Lies and Fabrications. The Cognitive Potential of Pseudos in Plato’s Republic

Author(s): Dorota Zygmuntowicz / Language(s): English Issue: 42/2019

In this article, I pose the question of what the role of the pseudos theme is in the entire argument of the Republic, which is motivated by a challenge from Thrasymachus, who defined justice as “the advantage of the stronger/ruler.” How can the “beautiful polis” (Kallipolis), based on a “noble falshood” addressed to its rulers in particular, be a good counterargument to the realist Thrasymachus? I show that Plato, wanting to prove that Thrasymachus’s thesis is too narrow and only seemingly realistic description of political reality, explicitly uses the same tool that implicitly lies at the root of the worldview expressed in the rhetorician’s thesis: ideological falsehood. He opposes the ugly ideology (the advantage of the stronger) with a “noble falsehood” (the dogma of love), since falsehood as such is an indispensable structural element of the polis itself, resulting from the weakness of the faculty of reason proper to the human condition. The pseudos theme has a dual function in the Republic: heuristic and structural. First, Plato exposes the implicit ideological falsehood underlying Thrasymachus’s realistic thesis using a falsehood that he [Plato] himself has explicitly proposed. Second, he presents falsehood as a component of the political, which compensates for human ignorance and exploits human susceptibility to normative and cultural implementations.

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PAIDEIA JAKO UPRAWA POTENCJALNOŚCI CZŁOWIEKA ZMIERZAJĄCA DO PEŁNI JEGO CZŁOWIECZEŃSTWA. WPROWADZENIE DO KLASYCZNEJ FILOZOFII EDUKACJI

Author(s): Mikołaj Krasnodębski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2019

Thomistic pedagogy (classical, realistic) has received numerous studies in recent years and as such is a serious alternative to many branches of the contemporary philosophy of education. Its attractiveness results from the realism of being and cognitive realism as well as a negative attitude to various ideologys and utopias, including those in the field of education. It places education and training on strong anthropological and moral foundations, indicating that education is the cultivation of humanity’s potentiality. In a classic paideia, a man is lifted “up”, directed to perfection. This way, the “culture” of use, consumption, utilitarianism, hedonism, ignorance is distanced and as Plato once well stated “it is not worth living a thoughtless life for a man” (Plato, Socrates Defense, 38a).

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Marsyas und Apoll Über den Schmerz und die Entstehung der Kunst

Author(s): Jörg Magenau / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2020

The myth of the confrontation between Apollo and Marsyas, as described in Ovid’s Metamorphoses has created a long history of diverse interpretations and works of art. The paper follows this history, including its reception in contemporary literature. Further, it tries to fill the gap between visual arts, which are primarily focused on showing the pain of the skinned satyr, and the literary tradition, which is interested in the political and social aspects involved in the genesis of art. The different approaches of the theme are being discussed under one central question that revolves around an unsolved mystery capable to explain the long list of answers throughout art history and the literary tradition of interpretation: Is it the artist the one who creates art, or is it art, the one who creates the artist? Both of the creation processes seem to presuppose a series of painful transformations which lead to a particular kind of knowledge.

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Płynność – od Heraklita do Baumana

Author(s): Monika Błaszczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/2019

The text concerns liquidity understood as an extremely extensive category containing the aspect of changeability and blurring boundaries. It covers an extremely wide spectrum of phenomena. Liquidity is a physical category that refers to the element of water and the senses of touch and taste. It became extremely popular in sociology as an epistemological category thanks to Zygmunt Bauman. This category should be applied much more widely in analyzing phenomena in the field of literature, art, theater, performance, but also going beyond practical analytical use and transferring this concept to the level of theory. The term „liquid” refers to many associations, which in turn allow us to recall different orders and perspectives, at the same time incorporating the current argument into a broader discourse on the moving, fluid nature of the concepts of „wandering” between disciplines. These considerations are also part of the author’s concept of amorphous aesthetic categories, which include liquidity.

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Tragizm losów i charakteru Ismeny z „trylogii tebańskiej” Sofoklesa jako realizacja Arystotelesowskiej teorii katharsis

Author(s): Zdzisław Kieliszek,Ewa Gocłowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 56/2019

The article is dedicated to the comparative analysis of the concept of perfect tragedy presented by Aristotle in Poetics with the pathos of the fate and character of Ismene from the Three Theban Plays by Sophocles. The authors remark that the figure of Ismene sketched out by Sophocles and the course of events in which she participates correspond with the Aristotelian concept of the cathartic function of tragedy in two concurrent dimensions. The spectator is “healed” from the feeling of pity through following the sequence of consecutive events involving Ismene, as well as their directly expressed or possible consequences. By contrast, the spectator is “cleansed” of the terror through the adequate characterological features of the protagonist.

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The Transformation of a Cultural Ideal in the Theories of Education According to Plato’s Line

Author(s): Oleg Bazaluk / Language(s): English Issue: 56/2019

In the paper, we considered the cultural ideal as the basic feature that distinguishes the theories of education according to Plato’s line from the theories of education according to Isocrates’ line. By example from the history of culture, we have shown the significance of cultural ideals in the theories of education of Antiquity, the Middle Ages and the Modern Age. In paper, authors tried to solve two objectives: firstly, to consider the consistency of the cultural ideal of an “intelligent person” with modern knowledge of the experience of being of Dasein-the-One; secondly, to propose a new cultural ideal, as a lighting, as a way to build an ideal Earth’s Republic. The authors stand on the point of view, that at the beginning of the 21st century, the Earth’s civilization for the first time manifested as a planetary force and this tendency should be correspondingly reflected at the philosophy of contemporary education. The authors considered the criticism of the Modern Age ideal of an “intelligent person” and proposed a new cultural ideal, which we called the metaphor “Those Who Transform the Universe.” Mentioned ideal is lighted the chasm that is between the authenticity and inauthenticity existence, between the Selbst and the das Man.

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Pristup problemu maske

Author(s): Gianni Vattimo / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1-2/2020

Nit vodilja ovoga čitanja Nietzchea jest pojam maske. Termin se ne pojavljuje u Nietzscheovu djelu tako često poput ostalih, no na njega mogu uputiti mnogi drugi pojmovi, kao što su pretvaranje, pričin, istina koja je postala bajkom, pojmovi koji se općenito rabe kako bi definirali i raspravili problem odnosa čovjeka sa svijetom simbola.

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Tri sinteze (ili "šta se dogodilo?")

Author(s): David Lapoujade / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1-2/2020

Kod Platona postavljanje temelja neodvojivo je od selektivnog iskušavanja, otkrivenog i opisanog u mitu. To iskušavanje pretpostavlja preobražaj pretendenata kroz krug metampsihoza i njihovu hijerarhijsku razdiobu unutar tog kruga. Ali prema modernoj zamisli funkcija temelja se mijenja; on ne djeluje više kao iskušavanje. Je li to znak prelaska s mithosa na logos, ili s metafizike na ono transcendentalno? »Evo kako se uzdižemo do temelja, ali utemeljeno ostaje ono što je bilo, neovisno o operaciji koja ga utemeljuje i njome je nedirnuto« (LS, 30/22). Temelj više ne preobražava ono što utemeIjuje. Zar on ne potvrđuje svoju sterilnost ili nemoć ako samo reflektira ono što utemeIjuje, ako se uzdiže samo u formi mogućnosti onog utemeljenog, kao kod Kanta? Kakva može biti realnost, djelotvornost, vrijednost nekog temelja ako on ne mijenja ništa u mišljenju ili u životu? Čemu takav jedan krug?

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Deleuzeov obrat platonizma, iz drugog kuta

Author(s): Marco Altamirano / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1-2/2020

Platon se obično shvaća kao duaIist i netko tko postavlja inteligibilni svijet formi, koji nadilazi osjetilni svijet pojava, pukih kopija idealnih modela. Stoga se Deleuzeov »obrat platonizma«, koji koristi simulakrum kod Platona kako bi ukinuo status modela, obično shvaća kao kritički projekt. Ipak, provokativna uloga koju simulakrum ima u Deleuzeovom obratu platonizma, različito se vrednuje. Na primjer, Smith otkriva »podmlađeni... pa čak i potpuni platonizam« unutar Deleuzeovog poimanja simulakruma, dok Beistegui u simulakrumu nalazi uglavnom anti-platonizam.

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Ciceros Beitrag zur politischen Debatte über ager Campanus

Author(s): Michal Habaj / Language(s): German Issue: Supplement/2020

The author of the study notes the importance of ager Campanus in political life at the end of the Roman Republic and reconsiders Cicero’s importance in the discussion around it. At the end of the year 64 BC tribune Publius Servius Rullus presented a substantial agrarian proposal, and Cicero successfully responded to it, as the proposal was rejected due to his rhetoric and political influence. Cicero insisted that it was not usual to successfully oppose an agrarian proposal directly in front of the people, and the less so in the case of ager Campanus, because it had not been officially touched by any political group in Roman politics for a long time. Cicero thus formed a new discussion and determined its key points, but it was not entirely ex nihilo creation, because the discussion about land reforms had been going on for decades and had a rich tradition. The study notes, therefore, that Cicero followed up on the usual arguments in the political debate on agrarian reforms and analyzes how he changed them, applied them and brought them into the Campanian discussion. Cicero’s contribution to this discussion is all the more significant, because his arguments were followed in the later period. It was probably due to the success of his rhetoric that the proposal to divide the ager Campanus did not appear in the next two agrarian proposals and was approved only by Caesar second agrarian law. However, Caesar had to deal with the arguments that Cicero introduced into the discussion as well. Therefore, Cicero’s contribution to the topic cannot be overestimated.

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The Reception of Sappho in the Italian Renaissance: Biographical Tradition and Early Editions of the Sapphic Works

Author(s): Anna Griva / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

In this article the survival of the sapphic fragments of the ancient times in Renaissance period is examined. More specifically the reappearance of the sapphic verses is presented concerning the first publications (editio princeps) and the most widespread texts of ancient authors during West Renaissance. These texts were the primary sources, on which the later publications of the sapphic work were based, while they also had a great influence on the reception of the ancient poet by the Renaissance writers.

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Erósz városa. Két temetési beszéd az athéni demokráciáról

Author(s): Lóránd Rigán / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1-2/2006

Through the comparative study of the Periclean Funeral Oration and the Menexenus of Plato our study tries to evidenciate a metaphorical shift thus far overlooked by various reconstructions of ancient Athens’ democratic ideology. In its first part it explores the possible background and implications of a rhetorical device applied by Pericles that presents the citizen as lover of the polis. In the second it focuses on those specific stylistic and contentual changes of the polemical Platonic text, which differentiate it from its model. The result of this confrontation, i. e. the substitution of the erotic theoretical model for democratic relations with the patterns of family ties could serve as a starting-point for the interpretation of Plato’s critique of democracy.

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