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„Na (…) tym niebie omdlewającej, kończącej się Europy”. O możliwych źródłach środkowoeuropejskiej melancholii

Author(s): Łukasz Książyk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article aims to show that the sources of Central European melancholy stem from the very indefinability of the notion of Central Europe. The author, reconstructing, among others, Joseph Brodsky’s polemic against Milan Kundera’s concept of Central Europe, formulated in the 1980s, attempts to prove that Central Europe, which, on the one hand, is “imaginary geography” and, on the other, in Gombrowicz’s words: “(a place) somewhere between the East and West, where Europe is killing itself, (…) where the East and West are weakening each other”, is a melancholic figure itself.

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„Chcemy wolności”. Pisma chorwackich modernistów

Author(s): Małgorzata Vrazić / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the main trends in literary life in Croatia at the beginning of the 20th century, when the new generation feels the need to create art and literature. The author focuses on the specific nature of the local form of modernism, connected with political and artistic atmosphere of the region. The formation of Croat modernist ideas, aimed at the integration with new European trends, is shown on the example of such journals as: “Hrvatska misao”, “Mlada Hrvatska”, “Mladost”, “Hrvatski salon”, “Život”.

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Kilka spojrzeń na sprawy bałkańskie, czyli jak i po co w drugiej połowie XIX wieku czyta się Bałkany

Author(s): Dawid Maria Osiński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The study looks at the specific nature of reading the Balkans in the second half of the 19th century and harmonizes with the author’s text Towards Croatia, which was published in The Problems of Literature and Culture of Modernism in Central Europe (1867–1918), in Volume I, edited by E. Paczoska, I. Poniatowska, M. Chmurski, Warsaw 2017. In the article, the author shows why the understanding of Balkan issues in the second half of the 19th century, identified accurately by Krzysztof Stępnik and Monika Gabryś-Sławińska, as well as the Serbo-Croat questions and the interest in this geopolitical region are of such importance to Polish identity at the time. The author analyses: a memoir Three Months in Croatia. Reminiscences of A Journey in Austria and Hungary (as well as other examples of travel discourse showing Western interest in the Balkans); a several-episode critical review by Alexander Świętochowski, concerning two books on Serbia (here the author of the article also refers to other texts referring to Balkan issues); six letters from Bronisław Grabowski to Eliza Orzeszkowa: excerpts from Eliza Orzeszkowa’s letters to Teodor Tomasz Jeż; the correspondence between Wincenty Pol and Józef Ignacy Kraszewski; historical novels on Southern Slavia by Teodor Tomasz Jeż; The Doll by Bolesław Prus and his chronicles devoted to Balkan issues.

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Mieszkańcy masowej wyobraźni w Europie Środkowej w drugiej połowie XIX wieku

Author(s): Izabela Poniatowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Thanks to technological advances and the development of the media (the press, film and photography), in the second half of the 19th century, the world became smaller in a sense: cultural texts from different countries and continents started to interpenetrate. Not only were they translated (like Sherlock Holmes stories), but they were also adapted and travested to suit the readers they were addressed to, which was an important factor in the homogenisation of culture. This is how the heroes of mass imagination found themselves in Central Europe: Sherlock Holmes known here as “Szerlok”, Tarzan and “the invisible man” appeared in crime magazines and serial literature. The article attempts to describe how such mass imagination characters were adapted for Central European readers.

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Ze Wschodu na Zachód: intelektualiści i pisarze żydowscy z Europy Wschodniej i ich niemieckie doświadczenie

Author(s): Delphine Bechtel / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article focuses on cultural life of the Jews from the East in exile in Berlin during the interwar period. The author looks at migrations of Jewish intellectuals and their life in exile, paying particular attention to the relationships between newcomers and the Jews living in Germany for years. The second topic of the article is the portrayal of Jewish immigrants in Germany in Yiddish literature by authors such as Lejb Kwitko and Dawid Bergelson. The author is particularly interested in the confrontation between the migrants and the new world, as well as their search for their own identity.

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Mickiewicz – przewodnik w sporze o pochodzenie języka

Author(s): Olaf Krysowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In the 18th century two main theories on language perception emerged which Johann Gottfried Herder juxtaposed with each other in his Treaties on the Origin of Language (1772), rendering them as contrary. The first theory assumed that language had been God – sent and granted to the mankind in the very act of creation. The other theory believed that language was an invention of a human being as he possessed this natural inclination to explore and describe the surrounding world in terms of reflexive and conceptual categories. Both suppositions on language origins had their followers among philosophers, linguists and poets as well. Herder was the advocate of the latter one which suggested that the origins of language lay in human beings’ inventive nature and thereby he withstood Condillac, Süssmilch and Hamann’s way of thinking who favoured the conviction that language had come into being due to divine interference. Mickiewicz referred to this dispute in his lectures on Slavic literature (Slavic Literature, Course I, lecture 7), shedding light on these two schools of thought which dominated the 18th and the first half of the 19th century philosophy of language. As opposed to Herder, Mickiewicz did not submit to any of the two theories because he recognised the early Slavic language in terms of dialectics as a product within which mystical and sensible, ideal and real, divine and humane elements confronted. As a consequence, Mickiewicz could discern traces of both theories in the Slavic language – the one that advocated divine revelation of language as well as the one which supported the idea that language derived from human beings.

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Mickiewicz wobec przekładów Biblii na języki narodowe

Author(s): Jarosław Mariusz Ławski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author of the study debates on the importance of the 16th and 18th century Bible translations into national languages from Adam Mickiewicz’s perspective, which was widely reflected in his lectures he had been giving for four year as a professor at College de France in Paris. Mickiewicz took this phenomenon with a great dose of reserve as he examined it in the context of two Renaissance movements: Reformation and humanism regarded as ambiguous. These two movements equipped a human being with both independence as well as arbitrariness which influenced the act of interpretation. According to Mickiewicz, the revival of the Church authority resulted in religious, civilization and political divides in Europe. The religious divide had deeply affected the Slavs in particular as they had already been divided into the followers of the Orthodox Church, Catholic Church and Protestantism. Mickiewicz acknowledged Psałterz Dawidów [David’s Psalter] by Jan Kochanowski as artistically most valuable translation which incorporated the three elements: the nature of the 16th century, poetic genius and piousness.

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Obraz barbaricum w I kursie Literatury słowiańskiej i Pierwszych wiekach historii polskiej

Author(s): Dariusz Seweryn / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The dissertation, which constitutes a fragment of a broader study in preparation, reverses the traditional perspective applied in research on Mickiewicz’s Paris lectures by means of analysing the influence of Mickiewicz’s Slavocentrism on certain aspects of the picture of the pre-Christian barbaricum, which he formulated in Course I of Literatura słowiańska [Slavonic Literature] and in Pierwsze wieki historii polskiej [First Centuries of Polish History]. One of the premises of the assumed approach is to challenge the precipitant idea to equate historiography with literature on the basis of their shared constituent part that is literariness. In fact, research on historiography is based on different methodological foundations and provides different cognitive benefits, for instance, traditionally present in historiography loci communes distort the image of communities that functioned outside the Latin circle, and subsequently outside the Latin-Christian ecumene, yet they do not entirely invalidate the value of the source of information. The dissertation brings forth the fundamental inconsistencies of Mickiewicz’s lecture on nomadic peoples, the Mongols in particular, who are taken advantage of by Mickiewicz to sort out the debate on the heritage of the Enlightenment. On the other hand, the dissertation points at Mickiewicz’s potential, yet underestimated, comparative predispositions, which he exposed in a reference to the role of Numa, the successor of Romulus, in the history of Rome.

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Adam Mickiewicz – słowiański improwizator

Author(s): Zbigniew Kaźmierczyk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses Mickiewicz’s understanding of what improvisation is – not only a display of rhetorical dexterity but also a speech inspired by God. The article presents a poet who was a personification of a Slavic improviser who, struck by an inspiration, spoke in a Slavic manner of a historic discord deep inside the Slavdom. The author of this article points out that Mickiewicz, composing his improvisations, embodied a mental Slav as he submitted to religious dualism which was based on a belief that promoted equality between the autogenous, perennial and independent principles of Good and Evil and what is more, proclaimed the reign of an evil Tsar-like God or the Slavic peoples’ Black God over the world or Russia.

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Struktura wiedzy ludzkiej według Mickiewicza

Author(s): Magdalena Saganiak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The essence of the knowledge Mickiewicz projects is the inner experience presented from a hermeneutical perspective that is as a process of welding the sphere of inner experience with the outside reality as a whole. This particular approach to knowledge makes it a harmonious unity that results from the potential of the spirit which pervades spiritual as well as physical matters, blending at the same time the cognition of the spiritual and material world, and so merging two academic disciplines: humanities and science. The knowledge Mickiewicz craves for proves in action. According to him, anything that can be put in practice is true, hence Mickiewicz's concept of poetry steadily transforms into philosophy of action.

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Czy Mickiewicz był „mistycznym politykiem”?

Author(s): Jerzy Fiećko / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author of the article argues the thesis, which has been widely accepted in the research tradition, on mystical irrationality of Mickiewicz’s actions in the area of politics. Analysing the matter from this point of view, the author investigates Mickiewicz’s activity in the period of the Revolutions of 1848, trying to reconstruct poet’s concepts in terms of strategy and here and now tactics. The author of the study proves that the idealism and religion factors, visible in Mickiewicz’s political reasoning and actions, were at the same time well balanced by other equally important ideas and assumptions which Mickiewicz regarded as rational and which took into account the reality and mechanisms that governed the world of politics.

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Polska czyli Europa. Rzecz o Księgach narodu polskiego i pielgrzymstwa polskiego

Author(s): Marek Nowak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

After the failure of the November Insurrection (1830–1831), Adam Mickiewicz wrote the Księgi narodu polskiego i pielgrzymstwa polskiego [Books of the Polish Nation and Its Pilgrimage], in which he included the messianic vision of Polish history and some moral guidelines. The reason for writing the booklet were disgraceful disputes that divided the participants of the November Insurrection in exile. According to some scholars, one can see the similarity between Mickiewicz’s Księgi narodu polskiego i pielgrzymstwa polskiego [Books of the Polish Nation and Its Pilgrimage] and Novalis’s essay Christendom or Europe.

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Rozsądek i szaleństwo około 1833 roku

Author(s): Jan Tomkowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Adam Mickiewicz wrote an article O ludziach rozsądnych i ludziach szalonych [On Men of Reason and Madmen] in May 1833. It was published in the emigration journal Pielgrzym Polski [The Polish Pilgrim]. In the article, he distinguished two different groups of people: men of reason, who were inclined for compromise and used the language of treason, and “madmen”, who were devoted patriots – that is to say, ‘mad patriots’. Perhaps patriotism is a kind of madness. At the same time Mickiewicz worked on Pan Tadeusz, the national epic poem which was first published in June 1834. In my opinion there is no contradiction between a realistic, ‘reasonable’ poem and a prophetic journalism included in Pielgrzym Polski [The Polish Pilgrim]. From a patriot’s standpoint it is impossible to be reasonable.

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Zadanie profesora. Dydaktyczny i perswazyjny wymiar I kursu Literatury słowiańskiej Adama Mickiewicza

Author(s): Magdalena Woźniewska-Działak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The purpose of the article is to take a closer look at Mickiewicz’s portrait of a professor and a lecturer. Its aim is also to emphasise his exceptional abilities to bond and relate with his students at the University of Lausanne and Collège de France. Also, the paper highlights Mickiewicz’s power of authority that resulted from his considerable knowledge, genuine enthusiasm for the subject he discussed and his passionate role of a committed pedagogue and a formation teacher of the Polish people, which he both regarded as a mission. The thesis statement postulated in the article assumes that Course I of Mickiewicz’s lectures on Slavonic literature proves that the author of Pan Tadeusz had gone through a thorough historiographic analysis of extensive research on the history of Slavonic cultures what makes this part of the lectures a valid and valuable reading.

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Polska na krzyżu

Author(s): Michał Masłowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The presentation highlights Mickiewicz’s never-fading yet suppurating metaphor of the cross from the Vision of Father Peter. By means of the portrait of a crucified Poland Mickiewicz triggers messianism which is sometimes understood as an eschatological hope for political liberation, a Christian mission to transfigure the world in a Promethean manner, acting in accordance with the Gospel, or as a curse of Catholic nationalism (‘Smolensk religion’). The metaphor, brought into existence in the period when a common denominator between politics and religion was in hot pursuit, can today be interpreted as a utopia that activates society or as an ideology of alliance between throne and altar. One of the crossreferences to this way of thinking is a recently published book by Paweł Rojek on Polish messianism popularised by John Paul II – the Pope who referred to Norwid’s idea of ‘messianic labour’. Norwid’s influence on the Pope reached its climax in the period of early Solidarity movement and the publication of Etyka Solidarności [The Ethics of Solidarity] by Józef Tischner (1981). However, Rojek’s approach poses a significant theoretical difficulty, yet inspiring one, which reflects in the fact that the author treats a nation as a collective individual (‘theology of nation’) as well as in the attitude of ‘messianism’ to modernity. On the whole, the metaphor of a cross and the messianic legend constituted or better still boosted the best and the worst attributes of Polish Romanticism – the ideal of spiritual development and solidarity on one hand and Catholic nationalism and national egoism on the other.

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Cypriana Norwida trudny dialog z mistrzem Adamem

Author(s): Grażyna Halkiewicz-Sojak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The regard Norwid paid to Mickiewicz has long been the subject of academic research but it generally focused on the ideological differences the two poets represented rather than on poetological aspects of their literary work. The subject matter of this article draws attention to the latter. On the basis of Harold Bloom’s methodological inspiration [The Anxiety of Influence] the author of this study demonstrates how Norwid’s poetic perception of Mickiewicz – the pioneer and master model – alters. Also, in Norwid’s juvenilia she identifies the discord of melancholic imagination advocated by Malczewski and optimistic axiology advocated by Mickiewicz. This lack of consistency gradually led to Norwid’s growing reserve to Mickiewicz [Zwolon]. But not until the publishing of poems composed in 1856, which were produced soon after the older fellow poet’s funeral in Paris, did Norwid establish his mature and comprehensive statement on the poetry of the Master and the arguments proving this thesis can later be found in the collection of his poems Vade-mecum.

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Mój płaszcz Antoniego Edwarda Odyńca – głos w sprawie Mickiewicza przewodnika

Author(s): Maria Makaruk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The following article analyses literary strategies applied by Antoni Edward Odyniec in his Listy z podróży [Letters from a Journey] and Wspomnienia z przeszłości [Recollections from the Past] in reference to Adam Mickiewicz. The author takes a closer look at the tricks Odyniec delivered in his poetry in order to establish a remarkable friendship with Mickiewicz, referring to the poem Mój płaszcz [My Coat] included in Wspomnienia z przeszłości [Recollections from the Past]. The aim of this analysis is to unveil Odyniec’s literary mystification he committed by giving the early 1830s as the time of writing the poem. The author of this article explains why Odyniec camouflaged traces of his literary mystifications and shows that for a conscientious and perceptive reader they were obviously comprehensible tokes of a literary convention.

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„Filomat-Konrad”. Komentarze do Nieznanych pism Adama Mickiewicza wydanych przez Józefa Kallenbacha

Author(s): Urszula Kowalczuk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This article examines literary critical comments as well as journalism commentaries that appeared in 1909 soon after Józef Kallenbach published Nieznane pisma Adama Mickiewicza [Adam Mickiewicz’s Unknown Texts] which was a natural consequence of 'discovering' The Philomaths' archive. The study reconstructs the complexities of the discourse which aims, on one hand, at revealing Mickiewicz’s obscure adolescent activity but on the other, at proving his already well-acknowledged image of a poet. Also, the analysis of literary critical texts points at the sources of difficulties in re-establishing what we already know about this widely recognised and most remarkable Polish poet and at the individual nature of the language which made it easier to tackle Mickiewicz’s cultural phenomenon.

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Przybyszewski czyta Mickiewicza

Author(s): Ewa Hoffmann-Piotrowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article explores the issue of how Przybyszewski – one of the most remarkable representatives of Young Poland movement – responded to Mickiewicz’s literary creation. The artist approached Mickiewcz’s literary work in a very subjective, self-identifying and interventional manner, which gives evidence as to what type of a person Przybyszewski, the author of Dzieci Szatana [Satan’s Children], was. On the basis of how Przybyszewski translated Mickiewicz’s notion of a ‘naked soul’, which he eventually adopted and recognised as one of the primary ideological and aesthetic categories, I intend to present Przybyszewski’s attitude to the legacy of Romanticism.

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Aksjologia Mickiewicza z perspektywy XXI wieku

Author(s): Bernadetta Kuczera-Chachulska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The issue of Mickiewicz’s axiology is still an open question. The 21st century perspective makes Vladimir Solovyov’s short statement on Mickiewicz’s ‘personal structure’ extremely accurate. The Russian philosopher speaks of an exceptional power of love which facilitated Mickiewicz to reach steadily higher and higher levels of morality and spirituality. It turns out that Solovyov’s words become clarified if we use categories that were developed on the basis of Max Scheler or Dietrich von Hildebrand’s phenomenology. What is especially vital to grasp the nature of Mickiewicz’s love is, e.g. fidelity, which is present in a number of lyrical texts written by Mickiewicz, and blends with elegiac nature of the poetry in question – its dominant aesthetic feature.

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