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Historically, technology was always a key differentiator and an enabler for business or societal developments. With the rapid advancements in technology, businesses have been able to increase their efficiency, productivity, or profitability through automation and digitization. The European Union elaborated clear strategies that aims overall economic development trough digital transformation, one of the core technology components being Artificial Intelligence (AI). While the added value of AI technologies, in terms of optimization, efficiency, automation is clear and undeniable, there are different challenges related to the ethical aspect of AI use. Hence the AI ethics discussions are currently very present in the public space. A collection of different AI ethical frameworks was redacted either by the researchers or by governments or by the tech industry, but developing consistent AI ethical system is still a grey area. Some of the main challenges revealed by different researchers are related to the practical implementation of ethical principles in AI technologies during its lifecycle.This paper proposes a conceptual framework for operationalizing AI ethical principles in business contexts. The framework is based on a comprehensive literature review of existing AI ethical frameworks, which highlights the current gaps in their implementation. The proposed framework addresses these gaps by providing a step-by-step approach that can be easily integrated into existing business processes. It covers various stages of AI development, including problem formulation, data collection and preprocessing, model training, model evaluation, and deployment. The practical validation of the framework will be conducted in future work. The results suggest that the proposed framework can provide a systematic approach to operationalizing AI ethical principles in business contexts, thereby contributing to the development of responsible AI systems.
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This article investigates the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in optimizing interface design to enhance task completion time across various types of interfaces. By examining the characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses of each interface type and the potential integration of AI, we aim to provide insights into how AI can be leveraged to improve user experience and task efficiency. We will discuss the influence of AI on Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs), Command Line Interfaces (CLIs), Voice User Interfaces (VUIs), Gesture-based Interfaces, Haptic Interfaces, and Mixed Reality Interfaces (Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality). Through a review of existing research and case studies, we explore the current state of AI integration in interface design and future opportunities for enhancing task completion time and overall system usability.
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Being a component of economic control, financial control is based on a better knowledge of the ways of managing material or financial means by public institutions, as a means of preventing deficiencies, analyzing legality and finally restoring it when was violated.In another sense, the ways of respecting the application of the legislation in the matter, and strengthening the discipline related to the organization of public units, in order to obtain more efficient results, are considered.The article analyzes the validity and legality of some contrary control reports issued at the level of the county audit chamber, given that the respective public unit was subjected to periodic external controls that aimed at the same legal objectives.
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This paper aims to gain deeper insight of the marketing factors that impact the frequency of physical activity among girls aged 6-12 in Israel. It is based on the understanding that regular engagement in physical activity is essential for both mental and physical health, and that starting at a young age is recommended. The research instrument is a semi- structured interview, designed to explore marketing factors that can encourage greater involvement of Israeli girls and young female adolescents in physical activity. The interviews have been conducted between July 2021 and March 2022 with a diverse range of individuals. The participants are girls involved in competitive sports, parents of competitive girls, women who have previously been active players, and decision-makers in academia and sports management positions. The research findings indicate three main themes obtained from the interviews regarding marketing. These themes highlight the importance of: Branding physical activity as a culture of routine; 2. Promoting physical activity as a local culture; 3. Branding physical activity as a health promoter. It is widely acknowledged that sports play a crucial role in promoting a healthy lifestyle, especially when introduced to children at an early age for the purpose of cultivating lifelong healthy habits. This paper aims to provide insights into effective marketing techniques that can be applied on the state and local levels to promote an overall healthy lifestyle.
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Self-rated health as a statistical variable commonly occurs in medical field research. Hence observing the health measures that have been featured in studies over the past few years is essential for future research. Having an overview of Self-Rated Health (SRH) is a great way to provide further solution for new approaches. This Systematic Review contributes to the literature related to health measures by summarizing the latest relevant papers published between 2018 and 19th April 2023 regarding SRH and other health approaches. Monitoring the health measures used in the relevant articles for past years and observing their frequency helps to find out if there is a need to create a better health measure. 598 open access English papers were found on Scopus by searching the terms „health index” and „self-rated health” from 2018 to 19th April 2023. The steps for this systematic review include the selection of literature, the inclusion/exclusion criteria, the screening of the SRH and other health measures of approaches and the data extraction. The review question is regarding the evaluation of SRH in comparison with other approaches: “Does SRH occur more in this sample than other health approaches?”. The aim of this review is to provide researchers and health policy makers an overview of the SRH used in latest research on Scopus by searching for both subjective and objective measure terms. The main finding was that for the selected articles the SRH is more common than the other health approaches. 77.4% of the examined abstracts include SRH and 22.6% include other health measures or health approaches or both - SRH and a different health measure or approach. A future research directive is to test a health index and compare it with the existing ones.
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This article identifies the modality of putting a price on carbon for helping shift the burden of damage from GHG emissions back to those who are responsible for it and can avoid it. Implementation of carbon pricing instruments can be an effective tool for achieving 2030 more ambitious targets of reducing GHG emissions by 2030 set up in the updated NDC2 Nationally Determined Contribution from 2020 (NDC2). The high vulnerability to both climate and external shocks (dependence on imports for energy) is the biggest economic challenge of the Republic of Moldova.This article aims at providing the approach to the problem of the legislative framework in Moldova is under a transition period from a passive environmental approach to a new modern strategy by turning climate and environmental challenges into opportunities whiletaking fairness, solidarity and cost-effectiveness.There are no provisions on climatechange mitigation and adaptation in primary legislation and no legal basis which creates concrete impediments in the law-making process and in the implementation of new administrative procedures harmonized with the EU standards,This article identifies the modality of putting a price on carbon for helping shift the burden of damage from GHG emissions back to those who are responsible for it and can avoid it. Implementation of carbon pricing instruments can be an effective tool for achieving 2030 more ambitious targets of reducing GHG emissions by 2030 set up in the updated NDC2 Nationally Determined Contribution from 2020 (NDC2). The high vulnerability to both climate and external shocks (dependence on imports for energy) is the biggest economic challenge of the Republic of Moldova.This article aims at providing the approach to the problem of the legislative framework in Moldova is under a transition period from a passive environmental approach to a new modern strategy by turning climate and environmental challenges into opportunities while taking fairness, solidarity and cost-effectiveness. There are no provisions on climate change mitigation and adaptation in primary legislation and no legal basis which creates concrete impediments in the law-making process and in the implementation of new administrative procedures harmonized with the EU standards, in strengthening clear institution obligations in data management and low data accessibility. The Republic of Moldova should set priorities for implementing legislative measures related to climate change, taking into consideration the on-going debate on the Energy Community Decarbonization Roadmap and based on the process of recent EU candidacy admission of the RM.We underline the necessity of elaborating on the new Climate Change Law, which will consolidate of adopted legal framework to implement measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by sources and enhancement of removals by sinks at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.
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The aim of the chapter is to discuss the process of preparing and implementing the development strategy for the city of Lodz by the year 2030+. The document was written and adopted as one of the first in the country after the amendment of the act on the development policy planning. The preparation of the document was a long-lasting process, and one of the main challenges faced by its authors was to find an approach that would keep the strategy up-to-date also after facing unpredictable occurrences and shocks. The draft strategy was developed in a mixed participatory and expert model. Public consultations were announced four times during the work on the document. The vision of the strategy states that Lodz is to be a co-created city that fully uses all available resources. The main basis for development is social capital, and the city’s competitiveness is to be built on the maximum use of all its resources. The strategy assumes the implementation of 4 strategic goals, formulated in response to the questions: “How to survive? How to develop? How to be attractive? How to offer something extraordinary?”. The document contains all the compulsory components, including a spatial model consistent with the Study of the Conditions and Directions of Spatial Development. Such a structure of the strategy was approved during public consultations. Nevertheless numerous proposals of the participants of the consultations was submitted, what allowed to upgrade the document in particular ideas and notes. The Development Strategy for the City of Lodz 2030+ sets the framework for the decade of the city development, staying in line with higher-level strategic documents. According to the document, Lodz is to be a sustainable city with a high quality of life, taking care of spatial development discipline, which will bring the effectiveness in use of its infrastructure. Due to the fundamental role assigned to the co-management of the city by residents, it will be crucial to find the right formula for effective cooperation.
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Purpose: The chapter explores the resilience of Poland’s economy to external shocks, focusing on the tourism sector. It aims to compare the impact of various crises, such as the financial crisis, sovereign debt crisis, COVID-19 pandemic, and the war in Ukraine, on tourist arrivals in Poland, Lithuania, Spain, and Portugal. Design/methodology/approach: Employing a Vector Autoregression (VAR) model and Impulse Response Functions (IRFs), the study analyses the effects of these crises on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and foreign tourist arrivals (ARR). Data from the Eurostat Dissemination Database, spanning from Q1 2006 to Q4 2022, is used, with adjustments for seasonality and crisis-specific dummy variables. Findings: The research reveals notable differences in how these economies, with varying tourism dependencies, respond to external shocks. Tourism-dependent countries like Spain and Portugal exhibited greater sensitivity in their GDP and ARR to these shocks compared to less reliant countries like Poland and Lithuania. Research limitations/implications: The study’s scope is limited to four European countries and specific crises, suggesting the potential for broader future research. Practical implications: The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and tourism industry stakeholders, aiding in the development of strategies for crisis mitigation. Social implications: The chapter underscores the importance of resilient economic structures and policies in mitigating the broader social and economic impacts of crises. Originality and value: This chapter provides unique insights into economic resilience in the tourism sector during crises. Its comparative analysis across different European countries offers valuable perspectives for economists, policymakers, and researchers in understanding the dynamics of economic resilience and crisis management in tourism-dependent economies.
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Purpose: The aim of this chapter is to empirically verify the thesis (set out in the previous work) regarding the substitution changes in the tourism market caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The question was posed as to whether the travel substitution caused by the pandemic concerned substitution internal or external to the offer of the tourism market. Design/methodology/approach: Qualitative research was conducted on the supply side and the demand side of the tourism market. The supply-side research comprised a direct (non-standardised) interview among representatives of the three main tour operators organising tourist trips on the Polish market. The demand study used a direct standardised interview method using an interview questionnaire. Findings: The results of the research showed internal substitution processes in the tourism market triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic. The changes affected trips to a slightly greater extent in 2020 than in 2021. The research showed lower external substitution, meaning that during the pandemic consumers did not want to give up tourism trips. Research limitations/implications: The research confirms the findings of other authors that the pandemic treated as a transformative force in tourism and hospitality, while the relatively short time after its end prevents long-term conclusions. Practical implications: The results can be used by service providers, to anticipate changes caused by contingencies, as well as to predict trends in tourism product design. Social implications: The research indicates the direction of change that a pandemic may provide a starting point for further observations. Originality and value: Most of the analysis is limited to quantitative phenomena related to the reduction of tourism trips as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The originality of the article is based on the analysis of the substitution processes in the tourism market by internaland external substitution. The added value is the simultaneity of the study on both the demand and the supply side of tourism.
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Measurement of liabilities under insurance contracts recognised in accordance with IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts, is a new and key aspect of insurers’ accounting. Liabilities under insurance contracts are classified depending on the type of concluded insurance contracts that might be burdening, non-burdening, etc. Insurance contracts are initially measured by using three measurement models – general measurement model, variable consideration approach and premium allocation approach. The objective of this publication is to describe how insurers measure their liabilities under concluded insurance contracts, how they present them in the financial statements and what kind of information they disclose about them. For the purposes of attaining the above objective, the publication consistently highlights the classification and measurement models of insurance contracts, the use of estimates and judgements upon subsequent measurement of insurance contracts, the underlying actuarial assumptions for calculation of liabilities (payables) under insurance contracts.
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The permanent goal of health promotion is to achieve full health care for all citizens, as a basic human right. Strategic monitoring of citizens' health implies constant promotion and education of the protection of people's health throughout their lives, in order to reduce the incidence of leading diseases and injuries and to ease the suffering of patients. Health equality and solidarity between all countries of the European Union and the world and their inhabitants is imperative, emphasizing the responsibility of each individual and the entire community for the continuous development of health. The aim of the paper is to show the connection between knowledge management and health literacy, as well as to point out the importance of population education in the segment of health literacy.
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This chapter aims to present and evaluate the metaphysical conditions and consequences of scientific cognition on the ground of modern institutional economics. The attempt made to identify the dominant way of defining metaphysics in institutional economics indicates the focus of methodological reflection in this area on syntactic and semantic analysis, that is, on the properties and structure of the concepts used. Questions of a metaphysical nature, concerning the meaning and “first” reasons for the existence of social entities ofan institutional nature have not, so far, received a satisfactory answer. The analysis of the syntactic and semantic aspects of metaphysics contributes to the growth of the number of possible interpretations and understandings of the concept of institutional order and the objects that constitute it, rather than to the determination of the “first” causes and meaning of the existence of the entities that constitute it. This is demonstrated by analysing the basic concepts and categories of institutional economics, such as example, institution, ownership, transaction costs, firm. In the light of hermeneutics, such effects of cognition are acceptable and, with the current state of methodological knowledge, practically only possible. However, this is not enough to discover the truth about the world of institutions in the classical sense. Building further interpretations and ways of understanding institutional entities is still possible and necessary. However, this does not exempt economists from the search for the truth about the institutional order, the criterion of which is experience.
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Philosophy, including economic philosophy, is usually considered a privileged field of study. Therefore, it is rarely considered that it may be irrelevant or even harmful to the economics. There are two main areas of consideration in contemporary economic philosophy. The first is the application of the philosophy of science to economics, the second is the problem of realism of assumptions in economic models and theories. In the chapter I indicate the reasons why the arrangements made in both of these areas are unnecessary for economics. The conclusion of the considerations is that economics needs, above all, a philosophy of culture, because as a science it should be perceived as a field of culture.
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The author intends to formulate a set of remarks on the expected future of economic sciences (an answer to the question: what will it probably be like?), and also to present recommendations on what should be done in the sphere of the development of economic sciences to increase their impact in the sphere of social agency and usefulness. In this chapter the author refers to several selected threads/aspects of the issue raised in the title. The choice is arbitrary and selective and refers to the author’s publications in which he posted his thoughts on the topics discussed. Several parts are distinguished in the structure of the text. The first one contains the answer to the question: why are the subject of the discussion here the economic sciences and not economics itself? The second part touched upon the topic of developing scientific research at the level of academic degrees and the title of professor. The third part develops thoughts on teaching economics at the academic and higher education levels. In the fourth part, the attention was focused on economic education at the primary and secondary school levels. Finally, in the fifth part, attention was focused on universal economic education beyond universities and schools.
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The aim of the chapter is to examine the extent to which the institutional economics method can be useful for analysing phenomena and processes in the area of public finances. Based on a critical analysis of the literature, the work takes into account the achievements of institutional economics. Key concepts of institutional economics were selected for consideration, such as: contract, social contract, transaction costs, trust, allocative efficiency. It was examined to what extent these tools can be helpful in explaining phenomena and processes in public finances. The mission of the chapter is also to encourage economists dealing with institutional economics to take broader account of the theory and public finances in their research. Based on the analysis of selected categories of institutional economics, in the final part of the work, an attempt was made to assess public finances in Poland.
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What is economic-institutional input in recognising business group activities and significance? The results of literature studies are contained in two major sections. Section1 informs about respective findings derived from Williamson’s and North’s theories constituting the core of new institutional economics. Section 2 presents respective extracts from inputs in economic-political thought by such institutionalists as Commons and Galbraith. The comparison inclines the author to following claims. Although the first strand of thought, thanks to Northian studies, recognizes politics in institutional environment of firm, it basically tends to avoid problems of power and subordination. The other strand claims that these problems do matter in economic analysis because due to concentration of power and wealth business groups enjoy advantage both in the economy and polity. The conclusion says that this dominant position of business groups must not be overlooked because of its practical consequences for economic diagnosis and policies.
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The chapter is a voice in the discussion of the need to develop a separate theory for the factor of land and land rent, arguing the thesis that the institutional constraints of land financialisation in rural areas are so persistent and socially adequate that reducing land to another type of capital is theoretically inappropriate. The financialisation of agriculturall and results in its inevitable outflow to other uses, which is socially undesirable both from the perspective of environmental common goods, as well as from the perspective of food security and the agrarian question viewed through the lens of agricultural income deprivation. The financialisation of land thus provides a rationale for deeper and more precise regulation of agricultural land circulation. From the farmer’s point of view, land will never be just an income stream discounted by an alternative rate of return, at least not in the European Model of Agriculture. In conclusion, the development of land factor economics and land rent theory is needed as the sources of land rent evolve, particularly in the context of global criteria that will inevitably determine the individual perspective over time.
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