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Pecunia otiosa and a risky business plan of Pliny the Younger (ep. 10.54)

Author(s): Maciej Jońca / Language(s): English Issue: 51 (5)/2024

Two letters that have survived in a collection of correspondence between Pliny the Younger and Emperor Trajan constitute a fascinating source for the study of financial policies of the Roman state at the beginning of the second century AD. Pliny, as governor of the province of Bithynia and Pontus, sends a very unusual proposal to his emperor. He suggests that public money not invested in buying real estate be forcibly loaned to representatives of the local municipal elite (decurioni). Trajan, however, rejects this idea. So far, the imperial decision has been considered in legal terms (a loan is a contract and therefore both parties should reach an agreement that they intend to enter into it) and ethical terms (forcing citizens to take loans is not worthy of a just ruler). However, it turns out that Trajan may also have been motivated by other motives: he wanted to protect the market from being flooded with cheap money and inflation.

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Pecunia otiosa i ryzykowny plan biznesowy Pliniusza Młodszego (ep. 10.54)

Author(s): Maciej Jońca / Language(s): Polish Issue: 51 (5)/2024

Two letters that have survived in a collection of correspondence between Pliny the Younger and Emperor Trajan constitute a fascinating source for the study of the financial policies of the Roman state at the beginning of the second century AD. Pliny addresses his emperor as a governor of the provinces of Bithynia and Pontus with a very unusual proposal. He suggests that public money not invested in buying real estate be forcibly loaned to representatives of the local municipal elite (decurioni). Trajan, however, rejects this idea. So far, the imperial decision has been considered in legal terms (a loan is a contract and therefore both parties should reach an agreement that they intend to enter into it) and ethical terms (forcing citizens to take loans is not worthy of a just ruler). However, it turns out that Trajan may also have been motivated by other motives: he wanted to protect the market from a flood of cheap money and inflation.

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Finanse klimatyczne jako instrument realizacji prawa człowieka do bezpiecznego klimatu – podejście oparte na prawach człowieka z perspektywy finansów klimatycznych

Author(s): Iwona Wrońska,Maciej Nyka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 51 (5)/2024

Climate change poses significant threats not only to the environment, but also to human rights. Paradoxically, these threats may result from changes in climatic conditions themselves, but may also be a consequence of the use of measures aimed at protection against these changes. Providing appropriate financial resources is becoming a key instrument for mitigating and adapting to climate change. Climate measures and funds play an important role in implementing a human rights-based approach to climate change.

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Climate finance as an instrument to implement a man’s right to safe climate – a human rights-based approach from the perspective of climate finance

Author(s): Iwona Wrońska,Maciej Nyka / Language(s): English Issue: 51 (5)/2024

Climate change entails emergence of crucial threats, not only for the environment but also for human rights. Paradoxically, these threats may both result from the very changes in climatic conditions and be a consequence of employment of measures intended as protection against these changes. Ensuring adequate funds is becoming a key instrument in mitigating and adaptation to climate change. Climate resources and funds play an essential role in implementing a human rights-based approach to the climate change issue.

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PROTECTING FINANCIAL INTEGRITY IN THE DIGITAL AGE: CURRENT CHALLENGES IN ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL AUDITING

Author(s): Silviu-Ionel Stoica,Beatrice-Elena Gore / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

Protecting financial integrity and managing associated risks are key priorities in accounting and financial auditing, especially in the context of the transformations brought about by the digital age. In this new landscape, the adoption of e-invoices and the use of the virtual space provided by ANAF become essential to improve the efficiency and security of financial and tax processes. Various studies have highlighted the benefits of e-invoices, including reducing human issue, preventing fraud, and increasing transparency in the audit process. Furthermore, the virtual space at ANAF provides quick access to information, allows secure transmission of documents and simplifies interaction with tax authorities. However, the implementation of these tools is not without challenges, such as the need to ensure compatibility with existing systems and guarantee data security in the evolving digital environment. However, e-invoices and virtual space from ANAF remain essential in promoting transparency and compliance in the financial and tax fields. In order to maximize the benefits of these instruments and meet the changing demands of the legislative and technological environment, further research and development in this area is vital.

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МЕЖДУНАРОДНОПРАВЕН РЕЖИМ НА ДУНАВ В EВРОПЕЙСКАТА ВОДНА ТРАНСПОРТНА СИСТЕМА РЕКА – МОРЕ

Author(s): Sibila Simeonova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The main objective of this study is to establish the regime of navigation on the Danube in the conditions of the expanding and uniting Europe. The work focuses on issues related to the international legal regime of navigation and in particular - the revision of certain provisions of the Danube Convention of 1948 within the unified European water transport system river-sea, which is being developed. Special attention is paid to the ongoing negotiations on updating the existing Danube Convention and its coordination with European law, including negotiations between the EU and the Danube Commission.

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PROBABILITY MODEL OF SAFETY AT SEA

Author(s): Alexander Alexandrov / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Research shows that ususally Master is the main guilty, if any catastrophy arrises. Obviously, it is not truth. In realising the transport task many other participants take part. A principel relative model is formulated. It is accepted the errors are ocasional and equaly distributed. It is demonstarated Master is burden wrongly.

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ПРОДОВОЛСТВЕНАТА СИГУРНОСТ И НЕЙНОТО ИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛИЗИРАНЕ НА ГЛОБАЛНО РАВНИЩЕ

Author(s): Dragomir Petkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The present manuscript examines important problems of the institutionalization of activities aimed at overcoming the food crisis at the global, regional and national level. The modern priorities and principles for the interaction of models for efficient management are derived. The specific features of the formation of a modern conceptual attitude based on the understanding that food security has a high socio-cultural value are examined.

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THE IMPACT OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL MECHANISMS ON THE STABILITY AND ADAPTATION OF THE FINANCIAL SYSTEMS OF EU COUNTRIES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF POLAND AND BULGARIA

Author(s): Pawel Frankiewicz / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2024

This article examines how administrative and legal mechanisms influence the stability and adaptability of financial systems in European Union (EU) member states, through a comparative analysis of Poland and Bulgaria. Using a doctrinal and comparative legal research approach, it analyzes the role of supervisory institutions, financial legislation, EU law transposition, and national crisis-response strategies in shaping financial system resilience. Both qualitative and quantitative data – including macroeconomic indicators, legal frameworks, and case studies from the 2008 global financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic – are used to evaluate outcomes in Poland and Bulgaria. The study finds that Poland’s financial system has benefited from proactive supervision, a flexible monetary regime, and timely legal reforms, enabling it to avoid recession during the 2008 crisis and to weather COVID-19 with limited instability. Bulgaria’s financial system, in contrast, has faced greater volatility due to a rigid currency regime and past institutional weaknesses, suffering a sharp contraction in 2009 and a significant banking scandal in 2014. However, Bulgaria’s commitment to strict fiscal discipline and accelerated integration with EU mechanisms (such as Banking Union membership in 2020) has improved its adaptive capacity. The comparative analysis highlights best practices – including robust deposit insurance, coordinated financial oversight, and macroprudential safeguards – as well as legal gaps and challenges such as foreign-currency lending risks and cross-border supervisory coordination. It concludes with practical legal and policy recommendations to enhance financial stability and resilience in EU member states through strengthened governance, comprehensive regulatory frameworks, and adaptive crisis management mechanisms.

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Reformele anului 1967 sau de ce „liberalismul” lui Ceauşescu a fost doar o ortodoxie bine mascată

Author(s): Cosmin Popa / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 23/2024

The reforms implemented by Nicolae Ceauşescu in 1967, despite being advertised as decentralization, aimed at streamlining the bureaucratic apparatus within the economy. Their objective was to increase the efficacy of central planning. The decentralisation of exports, the reform of the banking system and the creation of industrial trusts continued to devise economic mechanisms established in previous years. The consolidation of the central political leadership was another key goal. Furthermore, the reforms opened opportunities for social mobility among the party’s “intelligentsia” and the technical experts who emerged in the latter years of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej’s rule. Yet, these policies effectively kept in place the core of the communist system: the planned economy remained tightly linked to the directives issued by the upper echelons of the party. However, the interposition of an additional administrative authority between the ministry and enterprises, through the formation of industrial trusts, generated the significant fragmentation of the areas of competence that were the purview of the central bureaucracy. The phenomenon brought the partial deprivation of its political base. Subsequently, the general secretary of the Romanian Communist Party became the supreme authority on economic matters. The direct connection between Ceauşescu and industrial trusts constrained the capacity of the ministerial bureaucracy to effectively intervene in economic policy.

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Относно методиката на преподаване на учебната дисциплина „Екологично право“ в юридическите факултети на Република България

Author(s): Georgi Penchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

This scientific study refers the methods of teaching the subject „Environmental law“ in the law faculties of the Republic of Bulgaria. The attention is on some of its сharacteristics, giving general conclusions and recommendations about the examined legal regulations and the doctrine.

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Застраховане на космически рискове в контекста на опазването на околната среда

Author(s): Irena Markova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

The study describes the insurance as a mechanism for increasing national security in the state policy on environmental protection against space risks. Their wide range figures out the scientific relevance of our analysis. On the one hand, these risks affect the development of the space industry, and on the other, the development of the international space insurance market. So, we could classify them considering the insurance point of view. The results emphasise the importance of space risk insurance, considering environmental protection at the micro and national levels.

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Правен режим на експлоатацията на хидрогеотермалните ресурси и опазването на водите

Author(s): Mihaela Dotsova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

A special legal regime expands the proportion of energy derived from renewable sources, regulating the extraction and use of hydro-geothermal resources for energy production from geothermal sources. Several acts introduce this frame so far (the Renewable Energy Sources Act, the Underground Resources Act, the Water Act). However, their effectiveness is still debatable due to the different concepts they imply. Focusing on this, the article examines the contradictions, different terminology, and questions some legislative decisions.

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Относно необходимостта от актуализация на санкциите по Закона за опазване на околната среда

Author(s): Nadezhda Hristova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

Despite the invaluable role of the world ocean in many aspects of human existence, namely environmental, economic, cultural, social, and scientific, the pollution of the high seas remains an on-going concern. The soft law instruments and practices such as education and prevention of pollution from dumping of plastic waste are ineffective to tackle the problems of the world ocean in a comprehensive manner. For that reason, the international legal instruments in environmental law and the law of the sea, are a crucial tool for offering and effective solution to the problem of polluting the world ocean. In that regard, the international conventions in force are the most important instruments which can produce the necessary legal effects. The transnational nature of the pollution of the world ocean calls for the necessity to develop a respective international framework of protection. The new Global Treaty on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of High Seas Biodiversity adopted in 2023 (‘The High Seas Treaty’) has developed such, but the question with efficiency is still pending since it is not yet in force. Together with the Law of the Sea Convention, those are the two crucial international legal instruments that will offer protection of the important marine areas beyond national jurisdiction. While the Law of the Sea Convention tackles main issues of the sustainable use of non-living resources in the high seas, the High Seas Treaty further develops the protection over living resources of the areas beyond national jurisdiction and protects the marine ecosystems from diminishing biodiversity as a result from pollution. However, the main problem with the new treaty is its ratification by at least 60 countries so that it can come into force and provide the so urgently needed protection of the world ocean from pollution.The present study analyses the sanctions provided for violating the Environmental Protection Act’s provisions. It especially examines and criticizes its part about administrative penal liability. It proposes de lege ferenda to improve the Act, adding sanctions against violators to avoid corrupt practices and improve public management in environmental protection.

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Правна рамка на използването на автоматизирани превозни средства във Франция

Author(s): Ralitza Dimitrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

Automated vehicles are intended to enhance road safety, foster mobility of elderly and disabled people, raise cost effectiveness in transportation sector, etc. At the same time the development, testing, deployment, and use of automated vehicles poses serious threats to human life and fundamental rights. Thus, a variety of legal issues arise – regulation of safety requirements, civil and criminal liability, data protection and privacy, security against cyberattacks. The present paper analyses the legal framework for the use of automated vehicles in France. The scope of the regulation, the safety requirements as well as the criminal liability associated with the use of automated vehicles are discussed. Based on the analysis, conclusions are made regarding the need of elaboration of automated vehicles regulation in Bulgaria.

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Поглед към административноправните режими на лечебните заведения

Author(s): Nina Chilova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

Medical institutions carry out their specific activities following various administrative law regimes, which the Medical Institutions Act mainly sets up, and the legislator has provided registration and authorisation regimes related to different requirements and conditions so far. The analysis of the health care legislation, albeit with certain specificities, supports the principle view in the doctrine that the registration regime, given the requisites to fulfil, is lighter than the licensing one; the respective authority acts under a bound competence. On the other hand, the authorisation or licensing regime is principally more onerous since the authority issuing the license or the authorisation decides at its discretion.

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Трудният просперитет: недоволството и противниците на зърнения бум от 1846 – 1847 г. в османските Балкани

Author(s): Andrea Umberto Gritti / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2025

This article seeks to shed light on the opposition sparked by the expansion of grain exports in the Ottoman Balkans during the late 1840s. It addresses key issues in the historiography of institutional and social transformations in the Ottoman Empire during the reform (Tanẓîmât) era. Specifically, it examines the impact of suspending compulsory grain payments to the state and introducing free trade on the population’s food consumption. Drawing on a collection of documents from the Ottoman archives in Istanbul and the Italian diplomatic archives, the article explores how the administration managed emerging supply challenges and the growing opposition among the population to exporters’ activities.

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Визия за формиране на дигитални компетентности в обучението на учители по история и география

Author(s): Maya Vasileva,Katya Misheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2025

What digital competencies are required by secondary school education, and what is the response of higher education in the context of history and geography teacher training? A number of arguments can be put forward, justifying the relevance of such questions at the current stage. In view of this, the article presents a scientific justification and a comparative analysis of the vision for the formation of digital competences, on the example of Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”. The analysis is based on semi-structured interviews with teachers preparing future teachers in both subjects. The scope of the sample of teachers covers over 70% of the disciplines, distributed by types: pedagogical, psychological, methodical, ICT-based disciplines and teaching practices. The collected data from the conducted interviews are summarized according to thematic directions: development of general digital competencies, development of digital pedagogical competencies, pedagogical approach, training practices, limitations related to educators’ practice, and main conclusions.

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A PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH TO AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE: COMPENSATION ASSOCIATED WITH MOTIVATION IN HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Author(s): Oana-Andreea Ghiță-Pîrnuță / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2025

The present study aims at analyzing an important issue in human resources management, namely, human motivation, which is a complex aspect regarding the management of organizations. Motivation is associated with money, compensation or salary as an essential element of the organizational culture. In this paper the salary is perceived through the lense of several motivation theories, such as: Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Herzberg’s dual factor theory, Adams’ equity theory of motivation, Vroom’s expectancy theory, Alderfer’s ERG theory, McClelland’s acquired needs theory, Edwin Locke’s goal setting theory, Schein’s analysis of the behavioral sciences, Skinner’s reinforcement theory, Deci and Ryan’s self-determination theory in order to highlight how money, salary or compensation can influence the employees’ performance. The salary can be perceived as a motivating factor and people represent the most important resource of the organization within the framework of the human resources management.

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Determinants of Successful Femvertising in the Lingerie Industry: A Case Study on VS Collective and Aerie Real

Author(s): Francisca Carvalho,Alexandre Duarte / Language(s): English Issue: 50/2024

With the rise of the feminist movement in recent years, many brands began to adhere to the movement’s values, launching campaigns focused on inclusion, diversity, and women’s empowerment, which became known as femvertising. However, there is a lack of research exploring how brands that adhere to similar feminist principles in their respective advertising are received differently by the public. This study aims to fill this literature gap and contribute to the growing body of research by investigating how femvertising principles are incorporated into the advertising strategies of Victoria’s Secret and American Eagle Outfitters (AEO). To this end, this study relies on a comparative analysis of these two prominent brands within the lingerie industry. The findings of this study reveal that a key marker of authenticity, and therefore one of the main determinants of the success of a feminist campaign, is the coherence of advertising messages with the brand’s corporate practices, products, and social initiatives.

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