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In order to implement the provisions of the INSPIRE Directive, it is necessary for the Member States of the European Union to take appropriate measures to enable combining in a uniform manner spatial data deriving from different sources and sharing use of them by many users and many applications. Spatial data regarding underground hard coal mining in Poland should also be available in the national spatial reference system. Mining enterprises run a cartographic resource in the different rectangular flat coordinate systems. The standard transformation procedure does not provide the required accuracy because these are areas affected by mining activity, and the stability of points is limited, hence, studies were undertaken. The result is the development of software that can be used in Geographic Information Systems to transform spatial data from a system used in mine to the national system. The article described shortly a chosen coordinates systems used in Polish underground mines, elaborated procedure for selection of the degree and the type of a transformation polynomial in the transformation task. It presents its practical application of procedure for the area of one of hard coal mines using the author’s software elaborated in the results of above-mentioned research.
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The article is empirical in nature and addresses the issue of the situation of people with disabilities on the labor market in Poland. The aim of this study was to find out the opinions of students from Polish academic universities on the above subject. The presented article is a report on the results of the research carried out in a group of 98 female and 27 male students. The conducted empirical analysis made it possible to diagnose the knowledge and opinions of students on: types of disabilities that may cause the greatest difficulties when looking for employment, contact with people with disabilities in the workplace, workplaces where, according to students’ opinion, they can look for a job, the most common barriers faced by such people in the workplace, the most important ways of intervening in supporting employment of people with disabilities. Relevant conclusions were formulated and explained in the discussion, along with the potential reasons for such and no other responses of the study participants.
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We present the forgotten theory of neighborhood services developed by Jules Gazon. Gazon’s concept is known to some humanist economists in Poland, although it has not been included in the broader debate on the shape and meaning of social employment policy in the 21st century. From a European perspective, Jules Gazon has outlined the direction and defined the conditions under which a certain program of activities can be implemented, which could be called a “solidarity model of the social economy”. It is a project for the organization of the social employment system that combines professional activation, employment policy and welfare protection of the state. According to Gazon’s initial assumptions, neither traditional forms of social welfare nor free-market laissezfaire provide an ethically satisfactory solution to the problem of unemployment and the related problems of social exclusion or economic inequalities. The argument is based on the methodical analysis of the documentation of many macroeconomic studies, which – apart from traditional measures of changes in the economic situation – also refer to new conditions caused by the processes of capital flow globalization, technological progress and local conditions of labor markets, i.e. the scope of interventionism or the developed standard of living of citizens of individual countries. The key to a different way of thinking about the labor market is the idea that the subject of this market is not a commodity, as in the case of the goods and services market, but precisely a (holistically understood) human being, whose role cannot be reduced to the operation of a simple market mechanism.
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Searching for ethical fundaments and principles of human’s economic activity, almost all popes refer to the evolutionistic justification in their papers. Almost all popes, raising a question in their encyclicals, accept so-called formal capitalism conditions, these are: private property, free market and individual entrepreneurship, not submitting any manipulations of a nation. However, the main characteristic feature for these popes is that they all agree with so-called formal capitalism conditions, but they justify them from different perspectives. They use other arguments for justifying human entrepreneurship or human freedom in an economics field, not differing from referring to formal conditions. And however, dozens of years divide all these popes - because they lived in different times and eras - and that single voice, which they use in their pontificate histories, reflects on full agreement and social education continuity of the Church as for social issues, entrepreneurship development and its functioning according to Catholic principles.
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The purpose of this article is to analyse the institution of joint liability of co-obligors in the chain of subcontractors for payment of wage of a posted employee. The paper explains the premises of application of the said liability and the scope of the potential liability as provided for in Art. 12 of Directive 2014/67/EU. Additionally, the author makes an attempt at analysing how this institution was implemented into Belgian, German and Polish laws. The text tries to answer the posed question concerning the issue on how the described institution effectively secures the interest of the posted employees.
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The article discusses the topic of obtaining by employers information concerning their future employees in the provisions on the protection of personal data applicable in Poland. The main research problem is to determine whether the processing of personal data of candidates for employees at the request of a potential employer has been regulated in the provisions of the Labor Code in a way that allows for their unambiguous interpretation and does not create an opportunity to discriminate candidates for employees in the course of recruitment processes. The first part of the article describes the general principles of the processing of personal data of candidates for employees and the general principles of the protection of personal data of candidates for employees processed at the request of a potential employer. The following sections focus on more detailed problems, such as: the processing of personal data of a candidate for an employee regarding education, professional qualifications and the course of previous employment, or the processing by a potential employer of the date of birth and PESEL number and residence address of a candidate for an employee. The summing-up includes the most important de lege lata and de lege ferenda conclusions resulting from the conducted considerations.
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Workers working outside the employment relationship do not enjoy full statutory protection of their work. The law protects them only in selected areas (e.g. minimum hourly rate). Moreover, civil law contracts as a legal basis of employment, are often abused. Collective bargaining can play an important role in protecting workers. It can limit employment outside the employment relationship as well as guarantee certain working and pay conditions. For factual and legal reasons, the potential of collective bargaining is not used. In order to improve the situation, greater activity of social partners is needed, but also a reconstruction of the legal framework for the social dialogue.
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Section IIC of the Labour Code that was adopted by the Parliament in December 2022 introduces new regulations concerning remote work to Polish labour legislation. Thus, the binding legal provisions included in the anti-Covid legislation were repealed. The legislation authority established a new model of remote work. The aim of this study is to provide a general characteristic of this model. For the purposes of this article, I will focus mainly on the subjective and objective issues. The essence of remote work consists in performing this work at a location specified by the employee and agreed with the employer. The results of remote work are submitted with the use of means of remote communication. De lege lata, two types may be distinguished: contractual remote work and remote work that is designated unilaterally. This allows the parties to the employment relationship to adapt it in a flexible way to the diverse conditions of the work environment at the dawn of the post-industrial era.
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One of the completely new rights given to employees as a result of the April 2023 amendments to the Labour Code is exemption from work due to force majeure in urgent family matters caused by illness or accident, if the employee’s immediate presence is necessary (Art. 1481 § 1 of the Labour Code). When interpreting the law, there is the concept of rationality of the legislator, which should be applied here. Which means that the employee does not so much have to request the employer to take time off from work due to force majeure above, but remains obliged to report absence from work in advance or report the need to leave the workplace for an urgent family matter caused by illness or accident. Applying in this case the interpretation developed on the basis of the provisions on leave on demand to Art. 1481 of the Labour Code does not remain justified.
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The issue of Russian-Czech interlingual homonyms has been developed inadequately systematically and only in part. The aim of our thesis is to examine some semantic unusualness of Russian-Czech substantive interlingual homonyms in economic and legal lexicon to show the ways in which they originate and to contribute to the clarification and extension of knowledge about this language phenomenon. The basic methods are the descriptive and comparative method, the diachronic-synchronous analysis of the collected corpus of homonymous pairs. The article proposes a refined classification of Russian-Czech interlingual homonyms in terms of the expression plan. There are three cases from the point of view of the form: homonymous pair consisting of only Russian lexemes, only Czech lexemes or both Russian and Czech. By analyzing the content plan it was found out that the lexemes which are members of the homonymous pairs, were originally the same, but due to the development of the meaning of the words, there had been semantic changes that led to the emergence of interlingual homonymy. The lexemes under investigation have a significant shift, narrowing or widening of meaning, to semantic differentiation in the acquisition of internationalism. In two cases, homonymy was caused by a random sound match.
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The study called "The Establishment of the Faculty of Economics and Engineering of Czech Technical University" is a part of the analysis of university education of economics in Czechoslovakia in the 1950s. The author's approach is based on methodological individualism and the Austrian School of economics. The author conducted the study primarily based on studying unpublished materials from the Archive of Czech Technical University in Prague. He confirmed the thesis that when building the Communist regime in Czechoslovakia even education was based on Soviet experience; he also showed the connection of practice to theory as a part of engineering and economic studies during establishing the Faculty of Economics and Engineering.
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The study provides an overview of the key actors in capital markets and their attendant risks, focusing on a range of transmission mechanisms, resilience, and potential risks to financial stability. It discusses key determinants of the development of modern capital markets and their relationship to economic growth, with an emphasis on the challenges arising from the interconnectedness between banking institutions, the non-bank financial organizations sector, and capital markets. Particular attention is given to the role and importance of government policies, regulatory frameworks, the degree of financial openness, and the institutional environment, in the context of the impact of asymmetric information on capital markets and its implications for investment, financial markets, and their importance in maintaining the stability and transparency of a financial system.
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The paper compares two models of motivational asymmetry, one developed by Rijsman in his earlier work on social comparison (1970, 1974), and one developed by Kahneman and Tversky in their later work on prospect theory (1979). Although both models agree on motivational asymmetry, in the sense of “losses looming larger than gains”, they differ greatly in terms of the motivational value they assign to equality and to extreme outcomes, and differ also in terms of the temporal modality in which they are formulated. To better understand these differences, the first model was carefully reviewed in terms of its analytic construction and it’s application to behavioural economics, and contrasted with the second model, in which there was basically no conceptual analysis of motivational value, but intuitive transformation of the functional relation between outcomes and value on the normative balance itself. It was concluded that when we incorporate Self-involvement of the actor in our concept of prospective outcomes, as is automatically the case in the retrospective mode of value, we actually obtain the same type of motivational asymmetry as obtained for Self-involving outcomes in the past, as proposed in the first model. This was further elaborated in terms of the difference between the illusion of third-person logic (typical for models in normative economics), versus the first-person Ego-logic which is necessary to describe the actual decision making of the so called “motivated” actors themselves.
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This paper presents a retrospective analysis of the development of accounting education in France. The study encompasses the regulatory framework applied in the higher education institutions where education in accounting is available. Both specialized higher schools and universities of broad education profile come within the survey. The main method employed is the method of description and analysis of the contents of publicly announced academic documentation available on the websites of these higher education institutions. The results are uniformity of Bachelor’s degree programmes to a considerable extent and classification of Master’s degree programmes according to the future professional realization of students. The tendencies towards lack of foreign students and reduced interest to programmes in French are highlighted as major areas of concern.
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This article is devoted to the development of digital education in with a special focus on the issues of digitization of the educational process under the influence of socioeconomic threats worldwide in the context of demographic and social conditions. The article points out the main reasons for the problems related to digitalization and ways to solve them. It justifies the exceptional role of digital technologies in education and highlights the main trends and perspectives for their development.
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The subject of this research are the differences between teaching English for specific purposes and teaching English for general purposes according to students and lecturers. The object of the research is their opinion on some questions related to the two types of teaching. The aim is to identify some differences between them. Both for the acquisition of general vocabulary and for the acquisition of business vocabulary, the students use mainly the strategy of memorizing sample sentences containing the unfamiliar words in context. The lecturers would also recommend mainly that strategy. Taking the inferences drawn in the conclusion into consideration could contribute to increasing the quality of teaching English for specific purposes.
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Research background: By launching a war against Ukraine, Russia changed the entire world system and demonstrated the ineffectiveness of the global security system. Today it is necessary to look for effective solutions to support the adoption of security decisions and develop effective strategies for the formation of a new architecture of the international security system. Purpose: The paper aims to obtain preliminary approximate estimates of the state commitments of the countries of the world that support Ukraine in the war with Russia and to reveal non-obvious connections and regularities in the provision of various types of aid. Research methodology: The data were collected on the rough refugee cost estimate, quantitative assessment of the government-to-government commitments, and preliminary data on non-bilateral aid transferred by governments to Ukraine of 40 countries. We used the FP-Growth algorithm to identify non-obvious connections and patterns between different types of support for Ukraine. Results: We created an associative rules model to detect non-obvious patterns and relationships between the different types of bilateral commitments of the countries, that support Ukraine. Novelty: Preliminary estimates were obtained between various types of international support for Ukraine in the war against Russia covering February 24 to November 20, 2022, the number of Ukrainian refugees accepted by the respective countries, and the sale of arms to Russia by some of them after the ban.
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The article is dedicated to the socio-philosophical legacy of Friedrich von Hayek, one of the founders of neoliberalism and a representative of the Austrian School of Economics. In this regard, this text is an attempt to rethink Hayek's work in three main aspects: as an initiator of the return of liberalism to its ideological foundations from the Enlightenment, as an ideologue of neoliberalism and as a consistent critic of Keynesian capitalism and socialism. Here are some weaknesses in his teaching, both in terms of capitalism and in terms of social liberalism and socialism.
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The essence of balanced economic development lies in ensuring sustainable growth that harmonizes environmental, social, and economic objectives. This article delves into the foundational principles that underpin balanced economic development, emphasizing the integration of sustainability into economic planning and policy-making. Through a comprehensive analysis of recent studies and methodologies, it identifies gaps in current approaches and suggests a framework for achieving economic balance. Additionally, it examines the impact of economic crises and the direct relationship between crisis phenomena and balanced economic development. The significance of this research lies in its potential to inform policy directions that foster an equitable, sustainable, and prosperous future for all stakeholders, while also addressing the resilience of economic systems in the face of crises. The proposed framework not only aims to mitigate the adverse effects of economic downturns but also to leverage these challenges as opportunities for fostering sustainable and balanced growth
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