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Job Performance Influenced by Leadership and Training: Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment as Mediator Variables

Job Performance Influenced by Leadership and Training: Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment as Mediator Variables

Author(s): Aris Budiono / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Research background: Efficiency and effectiveness in treating workers are the focus of this research in an era completely limited by circumstances to adapt to these rapid changes by analyzing the influence of leadership and training on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and the subsequent impact on performance. Purpose: To determine the impact of leadership and training on performance through job satisfaction and organizational commitment.Research methodology: We use quantitative methods with a path analysis. The statistical application of IBM SPSS 24 is used to calculate tiered linear regression statistics on three substructures. Substructure 1 analyzes job satisfaction, which is influenced by leadership and training. Substructure 2 explores organizational commitment as influenced by leadership and training. Substructure 3 studies performance as affected by leadership, training, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment.Results: Performance is directly influenced by leadership, training, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Job satisfaction is influenced by leadership and training. Organizational commitment is influenced by leadership and training. On the indirect effect, performance is influenced by leadership and training, both job satisfaction and organizational commitment as mediating variables.Novelty: Several workforce behavioral variables were integrated to adapt to rapid environmental changes.

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A Sectoral Perspective on the Sharing Economy‘s Development.

A Sectoral Perspective on the Sharing Economy‘s Development.

Author(s): Valentinas Navickas,Ieva Petrokė,Yuriy Bilan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Research background: The sharing economy has experienced significant growth over the past decade. This phenomenon has introduced a new way of consuming services and goods. Nevertheless, while its benefits have been extensively studied, there is a limited understanding of its implications across various sectors.Purpose: This study examines the potential of the sharing economy model and its application in different economic sectors. It seeks to understand the dynamics of each sector and provide a comprehensive view of the sharing economy’s landscape from a sectoral perspective.Research methodology: An expert survey approach was adopted for this study. Twelve experts with more than four years of experience and significant influence in different economic sectors were interviewed.Results: The results showed that the sharing economy model is seen as an important factor with a high potential to change traditional business models, especially in the research and knowledge sector.Novelty: This research is among the first to take a sectoral perspective on the sharing economy’s development. By examining its implications across different sectors, this study offers a holistic view of the sharing economy, moving beyond the often singular focus on specific platforms. The insights derived from the research can inform policymakers, industry leaders, and entrepreneurs about the potential trajectories and considerations for the sharing economy in diverse sectors.

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Have COVID-19 and the War in Ukraine Caused a Decline in the Value Relevance of Accounting Information? Evidence from Poland

Have COVID-19 and the War in Ukraine Caused a Decline in the Value Relevance of Accounting Information? Evidence from Poland

Author(s): Bartłomiej Pilch / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Research background: Within the research area of value relevance (VR), the impact of macroeconomic changes is usually analysed. The influence of economic crises, such as the Asian financial crisis, global financial crisis, and COVID-19, on VR was, however, inconclusive. Moreover, it differs between individual markets.Purpose: The aim of the paper was to analyse the impact of CO VID-19 and the war in Ukraine on the value relevance with the example of Polish listed companies. VR of earnings, book values, and cash flows was taken into account in this regard.Research methodology: Panel data models (fixed effects) were used. The focus was especially on interactions between earnings per share (EPS), book values per share (BVPS), cash flows per share (CFO), and binary variables referring to periods of CO VID-19 and the war in Ukraine.Results: VR of earnings, book values, and cash flows noted the positive impact of COVID-19. However, the war affected book values and cash flows negatively. The results obtained highlight the specificity of different crises and various markets, with the findings being only partially in line with the results of previous studies.Novelty: So far, the impact of the war in Ukraine on VR has not been analysed. Moreover, the influence of CO VID-19 on VR on the Polish market has also not been studied.

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The Impact of Stock Prices of Polluting Energy Sources on Renewable Energy Stock Index Prices

The Impact of Stock Prices of Polluting Energy Sources on Renewable Energy Stock Index Prices

Author(s): Necmiye Serap Vurur,Letife Özdemir,Ercan Özen,Simon Grima / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Research background: The link between the price of polluting energy supplies and the renewable energy stock index may be intricate and subtle. Investors need to conduct thorough inquiries and analyses to completely understand the correlation between these industries.Purpose: This study aims to explore the intricate dynamics between renewable energy stocks and conventional fossil fuel-based resources.Research methodology: Our analysis encompasses daily data spanning from June 9, 2012, to March 31, 2023, extracted from the WilderHill New Energy Global Innovation Index (NEX), Crude Oil (WTI OIL), Coal (COAL), and Natural Gas (NGAS). Key statistical tests include the Johansen co-integration test, the fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) test, and the Granger causality test.Results: The study shows a long-term co-integration relationship between renewable energy stocks and polluting energy sources. Oil prices positively impact the renewable stock index, while coal prices negatively affect it. Natural gas prices also positively correlate with the index, and short-term relationships exist with oil prices.Novelty: The study provides valuable insights for investors, state authorities, and policymakers on optimising ESG portfolio diversification and sustainable development policies in energy, environment, and climate. It helps stakeholders understand investor behaviour, market trends, and policy impacts, enabling effective long-term investment strategies.

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Value Co-Creation in E-Commerce Platforms: The Role of Personality Traits and Trust

Value Co-Creation in E-Commerce Platforms: The Role of Personality Traits and Trust

Author(s): Widyastuti Widyastuti / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Research background: It is important for companies to pay attention to the value of co-creation in order to encourage innovation and the development of new products where the source of ideas for innovation and new products comes from consumers. Participation in value co-creation is voluntary and depends on the consumer’s willingness to be involved, so there needs to be motivation within the consumer to carry out value co-creation. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the consumer’s personality which can encourage co-creation.Purpose: This study aims to analyze the factors that influence online value co-creation in e-commerce platforms. This study attempts to examine the value co-creation that occurs online by emphasizing the interaction between consumers. In addition, the researcher examines the role of personality traits on value co-creation.Research methodology: The population in this study are consumers aged 16 to more than 40 years who have experience in purchasing products in e-commerce and have given ratings, reviews, or comments on products and services in e-commerce. The Purposive sampling technique was used to select the sample of 152 consumers. PLS-SEM was used as an analytical technique.Results: The results reflect that personality traits and beliefs are the driving factors for online cocreation. This study also reveals that trust does not act as a mediator in the influence of personality traits on value co-creation. Conscientiousness is the dominant trait in the influence of personality traits on trust and value co-creation. This study only uses two dimensions of personality traits, namely conscientiousness and agreeableness. Future research should consider using the five dimensions of personality traits. The implication of this research is to enrich knowledge about the factors that influence the occurrence of value co-creation online and it is projected for marketers to provide ease of use features for further co-creation.Novelty: This research discusses interactions between consumers in e-commerce as a form of co-creation that has not been widely done.

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USE OF AN AI-BASED DIGITAL PREDICTION MODEL FOR THE EVALUATION  OF URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE IN TERMS OF ACCESSIBILITY AND  EFFICIENT URBAN MOVEMENT FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES

USE OF AN AI-BASED DIGITAL PREDICTION MODEL FOR THE EVALUATION OF URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE IN TERMS OF ACCESSIBILITY AND EFFICIENT URBAN MOVEMENT FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES

Author(s): Dimitrios Sfounis,Dimitrios Kolovos,Antonios Kostas,Ioannis Tsoukalidis,Anastasios Karasavvoglou / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Purpose: Ensuring accessible urban infrastructure remains a challenge to inclusive societies and equal participation of people with disabilities in economic, cultural & social life and is thus a stunting factor in economic development. This paper proposes using an Artificial Intelligence-based model for evaluating accessibility in urban infrastructure towards identifying & predicting problematic areas in the existing or future built environment. The objective is to describe a reliable and extensible model capable of detecting mobility-problematic areas, evaluating the quality of urban infrastructure, proposing alternative routes and creating the base of a holistic detection and evaluation digital tool for better urban planning and efficient application of European Social Policies. Methodology: The research identifies obstacle and difficulty components useful within a Digital AI system via structured interviews performed with members of 2 key organizations in social development and inclusion in Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, Greece. Findings: The set of obstacles and difficulties is aggregated in a vector of solvable difficulties suitable for an AI system. Additionally, we propose methodologies for collecting and comparing data from predefined pilot routes between people with disabilities and the general population to build an initial training dataset for a continuous decision-making and evaluation AI system. Originality: Research originality is derived from combining Artificial Intelligence with the sector of computational evaluation of material infrastructure, as perceived by humans with disabilities, and as a tool of increased economic activity. It additionally defines key obstacles perceived by PwDs that are sufficiently measurable and subsequently solvable by AI.

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Diia City: An Innovative Legal Regime. Can Ukraine’s Legal Innovation Shape the Global Technological Landscape?

Diia City: An Innovative Legal Regime. Can Ukraine’s Legal Innovation Shape the Global Technological Landscape?

Author(s): Petro Kornieiev,Ivan Yatskevych / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

This article analyzes the innovative legal framework of Diia City in Ukraine, designed to foster technological ecosystem growth and attract international investment. The study evaluates its impact on residents and identifies challenges within the current legal system. The hypothesis posits that Diia City, with its preferential tax policies and streamlined regulations, could become a global benchmark for tech ecosystems. Legal stability and regulatory predictability are highlighted as critical for its success. A comparative methodology examines taxation structures and regulations affecting individual entrepreneurs (FOPs) and gig contracts. The hypothesis is verified through case studies and assessments of IT solutions in Ukraine. The analysis includes a literature review and examination of legal acts, offering a comprehensive evaluation of the reform’s innovations and benefits, with potential applicability to other European countries. Findings suggest Diia City shows promise as a global model but faces challenges affecting legal certainty. While regulations aim to protect both employees and employers, further evaluation is needed, especially amid war and economic fluctuations. This article provides insight into legal stability’s role in fostering innovation and contributes to the debate on legislative reforms influencing the labor market and Ukraine’s technological development.

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Research and Development, R&D, Software Development, Tax Credit

Research and Development, R&D, Software Development, Tax Credit

Author(s): Pavel Hájek / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

This paper deals with the tax benefits of R&D in software development. The aim of the paper is firstly to reveal the practical challenges and problems of software companies in applying for Research and Development tax credits. As a result, the article proposes solutions to improve the current situation. To achieve the objective, the current state of affairs is identified through analysis and the problems to be solved are described. Given the differences in how tax credits are provided, the subsequent recommendations for improving the current state of affairs are based mainly on a comparison of the different EU Member States on the problematic issues of tax provision. This article, by proposing solutions, can help in particular in the development of new legislation in the field of indirect R&D support. However, it is also a useful basis for tax advisors, attorneys specializing in tax law, owners of small and medium-sized software companies and other individuals who are actively interested in indirect R&D support.

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The Impact of Digitalization on the Chosen Principles of Tax Law

The Impact of Digitalization on the Chosen Principles of Tax Law

Author(s): Júlia Hoffmanová / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

Digitalization is revolutionizing various aspects of our lives, including the tax law. The article examines how digital economy is influencing the chosen principles of tax law. Digital technologies have the potential to make tax systems more transparent and efficient, simplifying tax compliance and administration for both taxpayers and authorities. However, they also introduce new challenges, such as ensuring equitable treatment for both digital and traditional businesses and avoiding double taxation of certain income or revenue. The article highlights how digitalization is reshaping the chosen principles of tax law and discusses the implications for future legal frameworks. The findings emphasize the need for forward-thinking tax policies to effectively adapt the evolving digital landscape.

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CSR as a modern marketing communication tool at the threshold of the third millennium

CSR as a modern marketing communication tool at the threshold of the third millennium

Author(s): Kristína Osúchová,Jana Lešundáková,Zdenka Kádeková,Ingrida Košičiarová,Adriana Mateášiková / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The presented study focuses on the influence of marketing communication of CSR activities in the practice of food companies in Slovakia on the consumer behaviour of Generations X, Y, and Z. In the marketing activities of food companies, there is a noticeable shift towards considering social aspects, which increasingly influence consumer behaviour. This trend not only helps in solving many problems but also raises awareness of CSR activities. The theoretical and practical value of the article lies in the empirical confirmation of the reporting of CSR activities by food companies in the field of social marketing activities and their impact on consumer purchasing decisions, profit growth, brand awareness, and the building of corporate reputation through a questionnaire survey in which 946 respondents of Generation X, Y and Z took part. To evaluate the established hypotheses, statistical methods, and techniques such as Pearson’s Chi-square test of independence, the Kruskal-Wallis test and Chi-square test of independence, and One sample proportion Z test using Microsoft Excel and SPSS software were used.

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The current position of neuromarketing as a tool of marketing and communication strategy

The current position of neuromarketing as a tool of marketing and communication strategy

Author(s): Ladislav Pátík / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Neuromarketing is a tool used to investigate real consumer preferences that are not subjectively influenced, e.g. bias towards a certain brand, marketing communication tools, etc. It studies brain functions when deciding to buy a product. The goal is to find and identify the differences between the customer’s conscious assertion and subconscious behaviour. It monitors how the brain reacts to certain stimuli contained in an advertisement, brand, etc. For this, it uses studies that examine the influence of marketing stimuli on consumer reactions. The goal of our study is to provide an objective and comprehensive overview of new scientific findings that point to certain gaps in research methods and thinking about consumer behaviour and decision-making. We focus on the field of neuromarketing in general, on its methods, the concept of intuitive consumer behaviour. The core parts are practical applications of neuromarketing in the field of marketing and marketing communication. The research part describes the course and results of the applied experiment, using two methods of neuromarketing research to influence the senses of the consumer and to find the differences between conscious and unconscious decision-making, and at the same time, how these findings can manifest themselves in the area of marketing and communication strategy. Key findings are clearly summarised in the summary and conclusion.

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Assessing the impact of message sources and content on B2B social media marketing effectiveness

Assessing the impact of message sources and content on B2B social media marketing effectiveness

Author(s): Nanik HARIYANA,Nurkholish Majid,Yuniningsih Yuniningsih / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

A B2B company’s success in interacting with customers on social media depends mainly on its messaging strategy. In this research, we use a new method to investigate the origins of influential messages and content in the social media domain. To investigate these dynamics, we conducted four experiments to test our proposed relationships. The research results show a significant finding: Employee-generated content performs better than content created by the company when it comes to driving social media engagement. We identify two essential mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. Trust can be founded on content or on engagement. This mechanism explains how message source impacts social media engagement. Furthermore, our observations revealed that employee-generated messages, especially those using emojis, had a more significant impact on customer engagement compared to company-generated messages alone. The inclusion of emojis plays an essential role in this dynamic. Finally, our findings demonstrate the benefit of including objective facts in social media posts to boost customer engagement. This finding has significant implications for B2B marketers, underscoring the importance of selecting suitable sources for social media messages to optimise engagement.

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Ecoproducts in the dynamic era of digital communication: a neuromarketing study of users’ emotional reactions on social media

Ecoproducts in the dynamic era of digital communication: a neuromarketing study of users’ emotional reactions on social media

Author(s): Simona Ščepková,Anna Zaušková / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

In the present era, where social media have become a primary tool for interaction between brands and consumers, the importance of emotional reactions triggered by observing public comments is increasingly emphasised. This study analyses how these reactions shape the decision-making process when purchasing eco-friendly products. The aim of this study is to bridge the gap in the analysis of emotional reactions from social media users who are exposed to various unofficial information published on social media while gathering information about eco-products, which can significantly influence their purchasing decisions. The objective is to examine, compare, and evaluate how positive and negative sentiment in user comments affects the perception and value of eco-products amongst other social media users. The findings indicate that posts with positive comments foster increased engagement and a favourable perception of products, while negative comments lead to doubt and frustration. In the neuromarketing experiment, we found that 81.8% of respondents considered the visual design of the eco-product and the ecological brand message attractive, with 63.6% reporting that negative social media comments had a significant impact on their perception of the brand. These results support the hypothesis that emotional reactions to comments are a strong factor in consumer decision-making, suggesting that positive reviews may serve as social proof, while negative comments can cause cognitive dissonance. Through this study, we aim to contribute to a deeper understanding of the dynamics between emotional reactions and the perception of eco-products in the digital communication era, which has significant implications for the marketing strategies of ecological brands.

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Loyalty programmes as retailers’ communication tools during a period of social change

Loyalty programmes as retailers’ communication tools during a period of social change

Author(s): Daniela Kollárová,Andrii Kushnarevych / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

We are engaged in the study of loyalty systematically built and anchored in the form of consumer loyalty programmes. The aim of this theoretical review is to identify the problems and challenges retailers face in communicating with customers using loyalty programmes in a period of significant societal change. We examined 411 scholarly studies registered in the Web of Science database. Based on the results of the analysis, we identified the challenges faced by sponsoring organisations in the operation of modern loyalty programmes, which we divided into 14 categories by common features. The result is a compact theoretical overview about loyalty programmes. The aim of the empirical research, conducted through written inquiries and individual semi-structured interviews, is to find out how Generation Z respondents perceive loyalty programmes. The selected results reveal that there is a relatively large group of loyalty programme members who believe that they are not adequately rewarded by the sponsoring organisation.

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Ku cyfryzacji usług publicznych – transformacja cyfrowa Unii Europejskiej

Ku cyfryzacji usług publicznych – transformacja cyfrowa Unii Europejskiej

Author(s): Renata Śliwa,Elżbieta Szczygieł,Joanna Stąporek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2024

The article discusses how digital challenges are shaping the development of public services and creating new channels for distributing resources. The digital advancement of public services, along with the growing openness of administration through the internet, offers opportunities for improving civic awareness, transparency, and accountability of public actions.The goal of the article is to examine how the European Union is addressing these challenges related to information and communication technologies (ICT) and assess its progress. The analysis focuses on EU strategic documents, legal acts, and statistics.The European Union has made significant progress, particularly in areas like mobile broadband infrastructure and the number of e-government users between 2018 and 2023. Notably, Malta, Ireland, Finland, and Sweden have achieved high levels of advancement in areas such as digital services for citizens and entrepreneurs, as well as mobile-friendliness.

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE FANTASY BINOMIAL: CREATIVE FAIRY TALE WRITING (BASED ON GIANNI RODARI) IN SECOND GRADE

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE FANTASY BINOMIAL: CREATIVE FAIRY TALE WRITING (BASED ON GIANNI RODARI) IN SECOND GRADE

Author(s): Irina Mishkova-Yotova,Tanya Ivanova Kolarova / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2024

The report presents an innovative pedagogical practice that utilizes artificial intelligence (AI) and the fantasy binomial method to develop creative thinking in second-grade students. By integrating AI into primary education, teachers can employ new tools for content creation, stimulating creative thinking, writing, and the learning process. In the described practice, students create fairy tales with the help of ChatGPT, allowing them to express their ideas and imagination. The fantasy binomial method generates unexpected word combinations, activating the imagination and provoking the creation of original stories by linking seemingly unrelated concepts. This technique encourages students to perceive the world in a more unconventional way, fostering their creativity and problem-solving skills. The combination of artificial intelligence (AI) and traditional educational methods offers students the opportunity to participate more actively in the learning process. Through this approach, they develop cognitive abilities by interacting with technology in a meaningful way. ChatGPT helps students enhance their storytelling skills by providing suggestions and feedback that stimulate their thinking and exploration processes. The fantasy binomial method, in turn, acts as a trigger for the imagination, challenging students to think creatively and beyond conventional boundaries. This improves their ability to generate original ideas and enhances their storytelling skills. Teachers play a key role in guiding students as they use AI-powered tools, ensuring that the learning process remains balanced between technology and personal input. The practice encourages collaborative learning, where both artificial intelligence and human input contribute to creating something unique and original. The dynamic interaction between students and AI helps build confidence in their writing abilities while also sparking greater interest in the learning process. Additionally, the use of AI offers opportunities for personalized feedback, supporting differentiated learning for students with specific needs and abilities. Along with fostering creativity, this method promotes the development of critical thinking and language skills. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) in the classroom leads to dynamic lessons, where students can interact with technology in real time, gaining new insights and refining their knowledge and skills. Teachers implementing this method provide a new way to engage students, keeping them motivated and curious. The introduction of technology creates a learning environment that prepares students for advancements in the digital age, teaching them how to integrate AI tools into problem-solving processes. The report highlights that the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) not only improves learning outcomes but also makes the learning process more enjoyable for both students and teachers. Results from conducted surveys show a positive reception of the innovative methodology, with students demonstrating increased enthusiasm for writing fairy tales. The described best practice offers an opportunity for further exploration of AI integration in education to enrich the learning process. According to the authors, this approach holds potential for application across various subjects to enhance the quality of primary education, making it more engaging and effective.

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Artificial Intelligence and the Challenge to Human Literature: Revisiting Borges and Cortázar

Artificial Intelligence and the Challenge to Human Literature: Revisiting Borges and Cortázar

Author(s): Ksenija Vraneš / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

When the popularity of cinema and the emergence of mass culture shook the foundations of art as it was known and recognized until the early 20th century, Walter Benjamin wrote his essay “The Work of Art in the Age of Its Technological Reproduction” in an attempt to highlight the irreplaceability and authenticity of the artwork embodied in its aura and to confront the challenges posed by the new era. Almost a century later, it seems that we are facing an even greater challenge to the traditional conception of art as an authentic and unique human activity, we are facing literature created by artificial intelligence. And while many reject categorically the possibility that this “humanoid literature” could ever be considered equal to “human literature,” it cannot be denied that artificial intelligence and its creative achievements in the field of literature question the very foundations of human art. Somewhat unexpectedly, writers like Jorge Luis Borges and Julio Cortázar and their conceptions of literature can provide possible answers to the questions of the new era. Their works show that the issue of the author and their biography should be revisited after more than a century of rejection of the 19th-century biographism in literary theory. On the other hand, the theory of reception and the relation between author and reader acquire a new dimension when seen through the lens of these authors’ oeuvre.

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Data Science, Business Intelligence, and the Internet of Everything: A Scientometric Education Perspective with a Mountain Focus

Author(s): Mihai Covaci,Brînduşa Covaci / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

This paper delves into the intricate interplay of the Internet of Everything within the dynamic landscape of evolving data science and business intelligence, scrutinized through the discerning lens of scientometrics within the broader context of education social responsibility. The author posits that the primary objective of the Internet of Everything is to not merely bridge, but transcend the gap between business, education, and science, thereby fortifying the indispensable role of corporate sustainability in shaping societal paradigms. The meticulously validated results affirm the credibility of the proposed hypothesis and indicators. Notably, information technology, particularly within the expansive realms of the Internet and Internet of Things subdivisions, emerges as the paramount dimension influencing the underdevelopment of mountainous areas. The triad nexus established in this study remarkably diminishes the pervasive disparities between science, education, and business, with a singular focus on advancing people and human sustainability. Proposing seven innovative indicators within the triad, the research not only contributes to the existing body of knowledge but also envisages a transformative impact. Furthermore, the paper advocates for the adoption of common data science governance models across diverse country groups globally, fostering a collaborative approach to technological and societal advancement.

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The Wealth Effect in WTO Dispute Settlements: Analysing International Economic Law as a Normal Good

The Wealth Effect in WTO Dispute Settlements: Analysing International Economic Law as a Normal Good

Author(s): Shilpa Samplonis Shilpa Samplonis,Alexis Oviedo,Arianna Oviedo Bravo / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The objective of the article is to introduce a theoretical endeavor aimed at evaluating the potential validity of empirical results within the realm of economic theory. The existing literature and empirical evidence indicate that wealthier participants within the World Trade Organization exhibit a propensity for regular engagement with dispute settlement mechanisms in the field of international economic law. This uneven pattern of utilization of the dispute settlement mechanism implies that the global institution, serving as a provider of global public goods within an economic context, assumes attributes akin to a normal good. Accordingly, the article attempts to answer the question: What theoretical basis explains why wealthier countries in the World Trade Organisation engage more frequently in dispute settlement mechanisms under international economic law, and how does this reflect the characteristics of international economic law as a normal good in the context of global public goods? This article employs a methodology that combines literature synthesis with pay-off matrix analysis to examine the dynamics of dispute settlement among member countries of the World Trade Organisation with varying economic power. This methodological approach seeks to foster comprehension of the empirical patterns. The analysis finds that the discrete nature of the global public good results in its normal characteristics. The article concludes that addressing the disparities in engagement with dispute settlement mechanisms is essential for the World Trade Organisation to meet the demands of its member countries and effectively provide global public goods.

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MANY FACES OF A CHATBOT: THE USE OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES IN ARGUMENTATIVE COMMUNICATION WITH A CHATBOT

MANY FACES OF A CHATBOT: THE USE OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES IN ARGUMENTATIVE COMMUNICATION WITH A CHATBOT

Author(s): Gordana Ivković / Language(s): English Issue: 49/2024

With the ever-growing development of artificial intelligence, communication and argumentation processes are no longer limited to face-toface and computer-mediated communication with other humans. They now involve communication with machines. This fact has given rise to chatbots, computer programs trained to produce human-like communication through the use of highly specified algorithms. The aim of this study was to determine whether a chatbot has been trained in accordance with positive and negative face wants, which were a part of the politeness theory introduced by Brown and Levinson. More specifically, the aim was to determine whether positive and negative politeness strategies would affect the quality of answers a chatbot produces. The chatbot was asked 10 questions in total, grouped into five sets of questions that prompted answers followed by argumentation. Each set contained two questions on the same topic, one question asked utilizing positive politeness strategies, and the other question asked using negative politeness strategies. The results show that 1) there were no significant differences in the answers given to the two types of questions, 2) the chatbot did not select only one type of politeness strategies, 3) more elaborate answers to one of the questions from the sets were produced in relation to the topic of that question rather than the politeness strategies. The most dominant argumentation structure is based on coordinative arguments, with causal schemes appearing most frequently. All of the answers are acceptable in the sense that they give coherent arguments for a standpoint, except for one answer where the opposite standpoints were provided.

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