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WPŁYW WOJNY ROSYJSKO-UKRAIŃSKIEJ NA BEZPIECZEŃSTWO EKONOMICZNE EUROPY

WPŁYW WOJNY ROSYJSKO-UKRAIŃSKIEJ NA BEZPIECZEŃSTWO EKONOMICZNE EUROPY

Author(s): Leszek Elak,Aneta Chrząszcz,Sławomir Żurawski,Natalia Urbańska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2022

The Russian invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022 was a huge shock to the world. This conflict has seriously disturbed the sense of security, and in addition, all European citizens are seriously affected by the consequences of the war in Ukraine. In times of globalization and broadly understood international exchange, unfortunately, the geopolitical war does not concern only one country. This article is an attempt to indicate the impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on European security. The main purpose of this article is to indicate the impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on the economic security of Europe. The article indicates threats to economic security. The first part of the article describes the Russian-Ukrainian war from the beginning of the invasion. Next, the factors influencing the economic security of Europe were presented, e.g. through the inflation rate in individual countries in Europe. In conclusion, it was indicated that the level of security of organizations, states and ordinary citizens is at a very low level, which increases social tensions and lowers their moods. The main research problem was formulated: What impact does the Russian-Ukrainian war have on Europe’s economic security? According to the research problem, the following hypothesis was adopted: The Russian-Ukrainian war has a negative impact on the economic security of Europe through growing inflation, and thus financial and economic problems of the countries. Verifi cation of the above hypothesis and obtaining answers to the above questions required the use of qualitative methods, including a critical analysis of legal acts, statistical data, as well as selected items of literature on the subject.

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CENOWE POROZUMIENIA OGRANICZAJĄCE KONKURENCJĘ. RÓŻNORODNOŚĆ ORZECZEŃ. CASE STUDIES: KARTEL CEMENTOWY, KARTEL DROŻDŻOWY VERSUS SPRAWA SFINKS

CENOWE POROZUMIENIA OGRANICZAJĄCE KONKURENCJĘ. RÓŻNORODNOŚĆ ORZECZEŃ. CASE STUDIES: KARTEL CEMENTOWY, KARTEL DROŻDŻOWY VERSUS SPRAWA SFINKS

Author(s): Monika Bychowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2022

Forbidden price agreements are one of the most serious violations of competition law. However, even such agreements are subject to relativization in terms of their market effects. Those price agreements, which are evidently easier to detect, at the same time less degrade the relevant market. The task of each competition protection authority is to effectively enforce competition law, which means that it is obliged to deal with the most important cases that may - in the absence of the authority’s intervention - lead to irreversible effects on competition.

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Inflacja a sytuacja finansowa polskich szpitali w opinii dyrektorów jednostek

Inflacja a sytuacja finansowa polskich szpitali w opinii dyrektorów jednostek

Author(s): Borys Yeshtokin,Christoph Sowada / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2022

The aim of this study is to explore hospital managers’ opinions on the impact of inflation on the financial situation of hospitals. Specifically, the Focus is on identifying different types of operating costs among hospitals that are at the highest risk of increased costs due to inflation. The author has used qualitative research methods, specifically, structured interviews (conducted with 7 hospital managers; 7 questions were included in the interview scenario) and performed an analysis of quantitative data (using a self-developed table) relating to the most important types of hospital operating costs. The research demonstrates that majority of hospitals are already affected by inflation. The highest cost growths relate to energy, external services (heating, nutrition, laundry), medicines and medical materials. The complicated financial situation of the Polish hospitals is the result of many years of systemic negligence. The act on minimum wages increases the operating costs of units and adds uncertainty to budget planning.

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ЛИЧНИТЕ ОСОБИНИ НА ПОТРОШУВАЧИТЕ- ФАКТОР ЗА НОСЕЊЕ НА ОДЛУКИ ЗА КУПУВАЊЕ

ЛИЧНИТЕ ОСОБИНИ НА ПОТРОШУВАЧИТЕ- ФАКТОР ЗА НОСЕЊЕ НА ОДЛУКИ ЗА КУПУВАЊЕ

Author(s): Juliana Siljanoska,Nikolce Marinovski / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 1/2023

Personality, as a basic determinant, can be properly characterized as an enduring collection of traits that endow the individual with unique characteristics, making his behavior consistent and distinctive. In contrast to categorical classifications, modern researchers have shifted their focus to the nuanced aspects of personality traits. To gain a comprehensive understanding of consumer personality it is imperative to clarify the complexity of the decision-making process and delineate the different types of purchases in which consumers are involved. Holistic examination also includes recognition of the potential for post-purchase dissatisfaction, emphasizing the importance of consumer protection. The main issue addressed in this paper consists of consumer personality traits as a factor in the purchase decision-making process. The purpose of this paper is to determine the relationship of buyer behaviors as a factor in purchasing behavior. In order to obtain relevant data, an empirical research was carried out using the survey questionnaire technique, with previous structured questions. All research is based on the results of an acne questionnaire that was conducted in June 2023. Google Forms was used to design the survey questionnaire. During the research, the following methods were used: descriptive method, compilation method, sample method and others for data processing and presentation of the obtained results. There are three basic hypotheses that have been proven by the research: 1. the main motive that initiates a purchase is the character of the person, not his need, 2. people who are angry, stressed or dissatisfied at a certain moment, initiate a purchase to improve their mood and 3. Many of the people are prevented from approaching the purchase due to financial means, and not because of their personal characteristics. The practicality of this paper can be seen in that the results can be used to better understand the consumer as a basic unit in the buying process, all in order to satisfy his needs at the highest market level.

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ВЪЗДЕЙСТВИЕ НА ЕКОЛОГИЧНАТА ДЕГРАДАЦИЯ ВЪРХУ РАЗХОДИТЕ ЗА ЗДРАВЕОПАЗВАНЕ

ВЪЗДЕЙСТВИЕ НА ЕКОЛОГИЧНАТА ДЕГРАДАЦИЯ ВЪРХУ РАЗХОДИТЕ ЗА ЗДРАВЕОПАЗВАНЕ

Author(s): Victoria Antonova Todorova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The purpose of this report is to highlight the relationship between economic growth, environmental well-being, health of population and their impact on health care spending growth. Health is a difficult good to assess and cannot be compared with any other. Because of this feature, every person should have guaranteed access to medical care that does not depend on their income. Health is affected by many factors, the action of which cannot always be kept under control. One of the factors determining health is the quality of the environment, which, together with the quality of life of people, has a direct relationship to both health and health care costs. A large part of the determinants of health are interrelated with the degree of economic development of the country and its level of education. In this regard, the high level of human capital related to health has a positive effect on labor productivity, respectively the rate of economic growth. On the one hand, economic growth causes an increase in the standard of living, but on the other hand worsens environmental conditions, which leads to the spread of diseases and increases the financial burden on the health system. The American Health Organization and the Inter-American Development Bank study the impact of health on economic growth in less developed countries . At the end of the study, they came to the following conclusions: there is a relationship between poverty, inequality and the accumulation of human capital, as well as between variations in economic growth and social development . Even under these conditions, life expectancy has increased, although health policies implemented in different areas of the same country lead to health inequalities. The present study covers data for 20 European Union countries. In the course of the analysis, the ratios between the following indicators are reflected ( GDP per capita, level of environmental pollution, (ratio of health care expenditure to GDP), and the effects of health care (expressed as infant mortality, life expectancy and frequency of various diseases) . The obtained results confirmed the interdependence between economic growth and health care , which is complex and leaves its mark on the resources used to finance the health care system.

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INNOVATION AS A DETERMINANT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF SERBIA

INNOVATION AS A DETERMINANT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF SERBIA

Author(s): Nina Pavićević,Milivoje ĆOSIĆ,X.N. IRAKI / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2024

The aim of this paper to analyze the potential influence and correlation between innovation parameters and economic growth in Serbia from 2012 to 2021. This study aims to an alyzing the potential influence and correlation between innovation parameters and economic growth in Serbia from 2012 to2021. By using multiple linear regressions (MLR), it is determined to which extent the number of patents per million inhabitants and the percentage of internet use affect GDP per capita. The MLR results reveal a statistically significant positive predictive correlation between the percentage of internet use and the value of GDP per capita. On the other hand, the number of patents per million inhabitants has a minimal impact on the analyzed parameter of economic growth in Serbia during the studied period. Considering the positive impact of the percentage of internet use and the number of patents per million inhabitants on Serbia's economy, the research findings suggest that attention should be given to policy strategies that promote innovation in order to promote economic growth

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CHALLENGES IN EVALUATION PRACTICE DURING COVID-19 AND ITS ADAPTIVE METHODS. THE CASE OF MEDIA LITERACY PROJECT IN PERFORMING IMPACT EVALUATION

CHALLENGES IN EVALUATION PRACTICE DURING COVID-19 AND ITS ADAPTIVE METHODS. THE CASE OF MEDIA LITERACY PROJECT IN PERFORMING IMPACT EVALUATION

Author(s): Venera Gudachi,Marija Vasilevska / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Conducting evaluations during unpredictable times, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, requires additional effort to respond effectively and efficiently to the situation. Apart from standardized approaches and processes, it is important to adjust them properly without compromising the quality of the evaluation. Travel and field mission restrictions during COVID-19 obliged practitioners to transform their ways of working and completely rely on innovative ICT-based solutions. This paper aims to present the modalities of data collection and analysis methods used in performing remote impact evaluation and the importance of relying on ICT-based solutions. The questions this paper aims to address are: Can evaluators rely on ICT, and to what extent? Will it constitute credible evidence of stakeholder representation? Can the impact of context be measured, and how? The recommendations are based on theoretical analysis of the literature and practical examples of the impact evaluation of the Media Literacy Project from remote data collection, evidence synthesis through case studies and its impact, lessons learned presenting the reflection of the evaluator, use of meta-analysis, and the use of evidence-based assessment combined with key informant interviews and targeted literature to produce analysis and make policy recommendations. The paper concludes with recommendations on the model's potential for replication and further development to prevent limitations arising from such an approach.

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Търговията с ИТ продукти: Състояние, тенденции, предизвикателства

Търговията с ИТ продукти: Състояние, тенденции, предизвикателства

Author(s): Irena Nikolova,Vencislav Dzhambazov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

Trade with IT products: Present, trends, challenges IT development contributed for an innovation jump in all areas of human activity. There are various challenges in trade that are related with the development of technology and the impossibility of the other industries to catch up with integration of that novelties. The purpose of the paper is to define IT and hightech products and their understanding and to analyze the trends challenges in trade of those products.

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THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE NEW EU FOREIGN SUBSIDIES REGULATION AND ITS DRAFT IMPLEMENTING REGULATION FOR INVESTORS AND BENEFICIARIES

THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE NEW EU FOREIGN SUBSIDIES REGULATION AND ITS DRAFT IMPLEMENTING REGULATION FOR INVESTORS AND BENEFICIARIES

Author(s): Marta Vejseli / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

This article examines the notification obligations according to the draft implementing regulation of the Foreign Subsidies Regulation (“FSR”), which was implemented by the European Parliament and the Council on January 12, 2023. The draft implementing regulation establishes an extensive notification system for mergers and acquisitions (M&A) cases and public procurement, including tenders. The article outlines the main notification obligations and the required data that must be submitted to the Commission under the FSR and its draft implementing regulation. The FSR came into effect on January 12, 2023, and will be applicable starting from July 12, 2023. As of October 12, 2023, companies are required to notify the Commission of mergers and participation in public procurement procedures when the relevant thresholds are met. The purpose of this article is to examine the FSR and its Draft Implementing Regulation, which aim to address potential distortions in the EU internal market caused by subsidies from third countries to companies operating within the EU. The analysis in this article is based on a review of the FSR and its Draft Implementing Regulation, and relevant legal sources. The article also considers the consultation period of the European Commission and feedback received from companies and stakeholders during the development of the draft implementing regulation. The methodology involves a detailed examination of the provisions, definitions, and notification requirements outlined in the FSR and its draft implementing regulation. The draft implementing regulation of the Foreign Subsidies Regulation presents new compliance and reporting requirements for companies operating within the EU, aiming to address potential distortions in the EU market caused by foreign subsidies. While the specific legal challenges can vary, companies and beneficiaries should be prepared for the new obligations and requirements. These include ensuring compliance, understanding the subsidy assessment criteria, cooperating with authorities during investigations, balancing transparency with the protection of confidential information, and potentially addressing legal challenges or disputes. The implementation of the Foreign Subsidies Regulation represents a significant step in regulating third country subsidies and promoting fair competition in the EU internal market.

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RURAL POLICY OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

RURAL POLICY OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

Author(s): Iliyan Genov Mateev / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The report examines rural development of the People's Republic of China and agricultural policy of the Communist Party of China in the second half of the 20th and early 21st centuries. After the end of World War II, the Chinese Communist Party largely secured its victory over the Kuomintang in the Civil War (1946-1949) thanks to the rural population of China, a predominantly agrarian country at the time. The reforms in the village envisage the implementation of an agrarian reform, expressed in the confiscation of land and means of production from the large landowners and wealthier peasants using hired labor and their distribution among the landless peasants. The first stage of the agrarian reform was carried out until 1952 and was related to the land acquisition of poor peasants. The second stage took place during the First Five-Year Plan (1953-1957) and was related to the collectivization of agriculture. In practice, the agrarian reform ends with the complete cancellation of private ownership of land. At the beginning of the period of the so-called "Great Leap Forward" (1958-1961), cooperatives were transformed into people's communes - basic public organizations in which agricultural and industrial production, trade, education, etc. was developed. After a short period of calm between 1962 and 1965, in May 1966 Mao Zedong launched the "Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution", whose vanguard were the student-run "Red Guard Squads", the so-called "Hóng Wèibīng". Undoubtedly, the impact of the Cultural Revolution (May 16, 1966 – October 6, 1976) on the PRC in social, political, cultural and economic aspects was very negative. The economy was hit particularly hard in 1967-1968. The death of Mao Zedong on September 9, 1976, the elimination of the far-left Gang of Four, the complete seizure of power by Hua Guofeng on October 7, 1976, and the rehabilitation of Deng Xiaoping, set the stage for major changes in the country's economic management. The beginning of economic reform is associated with the 3rd Plenary Session after the 11th Congress of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, held from December 18 to 22, 1978 in Beijing. The reforms start in the rural areas where 80% of China's population lived at that time and marked the beginning of the new path of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, initially reviving the family form of land management, and then developing channels for the sale of agricultural products, reviving rural enterprises related to the processing of raw materials from the rural economy. First coined by Deng Xiaoping in 1982, the concept of socialism with Chinese characteristics aims to redefine the relations between planning and socialism, and market economy and capitalism. It has preserved institutions of socialism and public ownership while importing sophisticated management experience and advanced market mechanisms from developed countries. The term "socialist market economy" was introduced in 1992 by Jiang Zemin.

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EU Energy Security After Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine – Substance, Strategy and Lobbying

EU Energy Security After Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine – Substance, Strategy and Lobbying

Author(s): Anna Wójtowicz / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The energy supply of individual countries and international organisations plays a key role for economic development. Energy is a specific good, where access to it must be stable and uninterrupted. The functioning of any country’s economy depends on a well-functioning energy sector, but unfortunately, over recent years, newer and newer threats to energy security have been emerging, in addition to the consumption of scarce natural resources. These include not only uncertain and unstable suppliers, but also natural disasters and cyber-attacks to which energy networks are increasingly exposed. Over the last few years, the issue of energy security has also become increasingly important in the EU. After Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022, this policy acquired an entirely new dimension as the turbulence in EU energy markets contributed to significant economic difficulties including, among other factors, rising inflation in all EU Member States. Since then, the main priority of the EU’s energy policy has become the security and stability of energy supply.The aim of this article is to present and assess the effectiveness of the main EU measures taken to improve the EU’s energy security following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. These actions are extremely important to ensure long-term energy security in the EU, so it is essential that only the EU’s interests are taken into account. The article also highlights the dangers of the fossil fuel lobby and their influencing the EU’s decision-making process on energy security.

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Zastosowanie wielowymiarowych metod statystycznych w diagnozie alfabetyzmu finansowego w Polsce na podstawie testu „wielkiej piątki”

Zastosowanie wielowymiarowych metod statystycznych w diagnozie alfabetyzmu finansowego w Polsce na podstawie testu „wielkiej piątki”

Author(s): Justyna Brzezińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 195/2023

Financial knowledge and financial abilities (skills) are understood as financial literacy. As we see from the previous research, the level of financial literacy and knowledge in Poland is low. It is important to fill the existing gap in the area of application of new and modern statistical methods that will allow for measuring the level of financial literacy through objective and reliable tools. In this paper we present results of own research on financial literacy in Poland based on Big Five questions. We apply the R software for statistical analysis.

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Zrównoważony rozwój a ekoinnowacyjność przedsiębiorstw w Polsce

Zrównoważony rozwój a ekoinnowacyjność przedsiębiorstw w Polsce

Author(s): Krystyna Poznańska,Jan M. Janiszewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 197/2024

The aim of the article is to present eco-innovation as a tool of supporting sustainable development. In order to achieve this goal, the assumptions of sustainable development and the concept of eco-innovation were discussed on the basis of literature studies. Next, the level of eco-innovations of Polish economy compared to other European countries was compared and the case study was presented of three enterprises from the SME sector in which eco-innovations were implemented, paying a particular attention to the motives and the barriers to implementing eco-innovations. The research conducted shows that Poland is one the least eco-innovation countries in the European Union. There are many barriers to implementation of eco-innovations in enterprises, among which the most important ones are the cost barrier and the complexity and instability of legal regulations. The following research methods were used in the article: a review of the literature and case studies based on interviews.

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Zarządzanie jakością i bezpieczeństwem w przemyśle nanotechnologicznym zgodnie z celami zrównoważonego rozwoju

Zarządzanie jakością i bezpieczeństwem w przemyśle nanotechnologicznym zgodnie z celami zrównoważonego rozwoju

Author(s): Agnieszka Piekara / Language(s): Polish Issue: 197/2024

Raising safety standards in the nanotechnology industry is the path towards Quality 5.0. In the case of the production of nanomaterials, attention is drawn to the need to follow safety rules to avoid contamination or release of nanomaterials into the work environment or water. The work aims to indicate the use of glove boxes in the quality and safety management system in the nanotechnology industry. The basis for the case study was the internal materials of one of the glove box manufacturers. An indepth interview with purposeful selection (producer and device users) was also applied to analyze the studied phenomenon extensively and understand the ongoing processes better. The operator protection glove box line guarantees safety when working with harmful materials. The key features of the system that protect the user are a high tightness class, an active working pressure control system and an effective HEPA filtration system. In conclusion, stakeholders of the nanotechnology industry recognize the need to strive to achieve sustainable development goals. One of its key directions is the production of nanomaterials in line with customer expectations while maintaining employee safety standards and environmental protection against the emission and undesirable migration of nanomaterials and agents used in their synthesis.

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Knowledge, Attitude and Usage of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Digital Resources in Pre-Service Teachers

Knowledge, Attitude and Usage of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Digital Resources in Pre-Service Teachers

Author(s): Harshith B. Nair,Karan S. P. / Language(s): English Issue: 75/2024

It is important to understand information and communication technology (ICT) and digital resources in classroom teaching and learning processes. Pre-service teachers’ attitudes towards ICT and digital resources in teaching and learning processes are important for positive attitudes in students towards these tools. The study employs a mixed methods study targeted teachers who have completed their internship training to understand the knowledge, attitude and usage of ICT and digital resources tries to find a correlation between these three facets. It employs a questionnaire with validated tools for measuring attitude, knowledge and usage of ICT and Digital Resources and the results are tabulated. Using statistical analysis of mean and standard deviation, the study affirms a positive correlation between Knowledge, attitude and usage of ICT and Digital Resources by Pre-Service teachers.

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Демографията и икономическите теории
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Демографията и икономическите теории

Author(s): Gérard-François Dumont / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The article was published for the first time in French language as: Dumont, Gérard-François, Démographie et théories économiques [Demographic and Economic Theories] (1992). In: Dumont, Gérard-François. Démographie. Analyse des populations et démographie économique. Paris, Dunod, p. 163-205.

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Начало и продължителност на давностния срок за периодични вземания (вноски) по договори за заем и за банков кредит (анализ на съдебната практика и поставеният за тълкуване въпрос по тълкувателно дело № 3 от 2023 г. на ВКС, ОСГТК

Начало и продължителност на давностния срок за периодични вземания (вноски) по договори за заем и за банков кредит (анализ на съдебната практика и поставеният за тълкуване въпрос по тълкувателно дело № 3 от 2023 г. на ВКС, ОСГТК

Author(s): Zahary Tormanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The article analyses the characteristics of periodic payments, in view of the application of the short three-years’ statute of limitations under Art. 111v Obligations and Contracts Act in relation to the obligations to return a loan or bank credit in repayment instalments. We concluded that when the return of the loan, respectively the bank credit, is arranged in instalments, they have the character of „other periodic payments“, in the sense of Art. 111c of the Obligations and Contracts Act and the three-years’ statute of limitations shall apply to them. On the question raised for interpretation regarding the starting point of the statute of limitations in the case of agreed repayment of the obligation of individual repayment instalments with different maturities, it is concluded that the statute of limitations begins to run from the maturity of each repayment instalment separately, and not from the subsequent demandability of entire debt.

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Някой въпроси относно данък дарение по ЗМДТ при безвъзмездно придобиване на дружествени дялове и акции

Някой въпроси относно данък дарение по ЗМДТ при безвъзмездно придобиване на дружествени дялове и акции

Author(s): Tyurker Mollahasan / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The Bulgarian Local Taxes and Fees Act regulates diverse types of taxes, one of them is the gift tax. The article aims to analyse the local tax consequences under Local Taxes and Fees Act when obtaining company shares and stocks for free. The scope of anal-ysis includes the object and scope of taxation, the specifics about the taxable person, the rules for figuring out the taxable base and the applicable tax rate. We also analyse situations when the act exempts these persons from the tax.

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UPRAVLJANJE PROMENAMA I KONKURENTNOST U USLOVIMA ČETVRTE INDUSTRIJSKE REVOLUCIJE

UPRAVLJANJE PROMENAMA I KONKURENTNOST U USLOVIMA ČETVRTE INDUSTRIJSKE REVOLUCIJE

Author(s): Viktor Radun / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2023

Change management for organizations operating in the conditions of the Fourth Industrial Revolution brings great, previously unseen challenges. The fourth industrial revolution (4IR), emerged on the wave of new technologies (4IR technologies), creates a radically new market and competitive situation on a global level. These 4IR technologies encourage hyper-turbulent economic and market milieu and open space for new scientific and technological breakthroughs and achievements, which reach all areas of economy and society and radically change the ruling paradigms and concepts of economic and social growth, development, competition and competitiveness. In the paper, we analyzed the character and effects of 4IR on the global economic environment, and how the Competitive Intelligence (CI) system can be used in such radically changed, hypercompetitive and “smart” business conditions, in order to manage changes and achieve sustainable competitiveness. Based on the analysis of the CI system and the changed environment, as well as the analysis of the advantages and opportunities provided by Artificial Intelligence (AI), we proposed a model of the AI system supported by the application of AI in organizations. The goal of the work was to determine how organizations can achieve change management and sustainable competitiveness in the conditions of a radically changed global business environment, by applying AI within the CI system in organizations.

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FINANCING METHODS OF HEALTH SYSTEM AND ALLOCATION FINANCIAL RESOURCES TO HEALTHCARE ENTITIES IN REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA

FINANCING METHODS OF HEALTH SYSTEM AND ALLOCATION FINANCIAL RESOURCES TO HEALTHCARE ENTITIES IN REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA

Author(s): Sašo Stefanoski / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The health system in the Republic of North Macedonia is a complex system set up and structure as in the most countries from the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Health activities are performed at the primary, secondary, and tertiary level of health care. The network at the primary and the secondary level of healthcare is divided into separate geographical areas, which can cover one or more municipalities. Tertiary healthcare includes specialized treatments for cases diagnosed and referred from primary and secondary healthcare levels that could not be treated in the institutions of those levels. The system for financing of healthcare is of crucial importance for the functioning of the healthcare system. The financing problem that arises relates to the increasing growth of healthcare expenditure, while the sources of funding remain limited. Financial resources for the health activities are provided by the budget of the Health Insurance Fund. Generally, healthcare in the Republic of North Macedonia has a stable financing system, but the main problem is inefficient organization and management, oversized institutions in terms of personnel and infrastructure. Since 2009, with the introduction of the diagnostic related group system, financing of hospitals is increasingly linked to hospital results, which has led to a large financial deficit in hospitals, as they provide more services than they receive funds for. The only positive fact is that the budget provided for healthcare is increasing every year. Public-private partnership in North Macedonia is very limited to one project and one ongoing initiative.

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