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Најзначајнији резултат Светскога Рата несумњиво су аграрне реформе спроведене у свима земљама Источне и Средње Европе. Ту je извршена, у правом смислу речи, једна социјална револуција, баш ≫експропријација експропријатора≪ no Маркс-Енгелсовој дефиницији. Онај процес који je углавном свршен у току 19. века на Западу, овде се обавио после Рата.
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Sa razvijanjem privrede raste i važnost grada, kojemu su time date nove snage i nove uloge koje će vršiti; on postaje središtem društvenog života, nosiocem socijalnog progresa. Na razvitak i važnost današnjih gradova primaran uticaj imaju momenti ekonomske prirode.
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The object of research in this article is the management of the digitalization of the learning process in higher schools, and the subject is the formation and application of a model for the management of the digitalization of the learning process in higher schools. The goal is: research and prove the applicability of this model in the modern educational and business environment of the educational market – global and digitized. Author’s thesis: In the conditions of the modern educational and business environment, which is characterized by a global nature and technological effectiveness, the digitalization of the educational process is an essential factor for achieving and maintaining competitiveness in the educational market for higher schools.
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The article presents the innovations that vocational high schools of economics use with the aim of stimulating the creativity of teachers to look for new approaches and methods in teaching and increasing the motivation of students to actively participate in the learning process. The relevance of the topic is determined by the creation and availability in recent years of more and more numerous and diverse innovative methods, approaches, tools, etc. and their use in the educational process in general and in vocational high schools in economics in particular.
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The article aims to present the results of an up-to-date independent study of the hidden economy in Bulgaria. It was carried out between November 2023 and February 2024, as a survey among business representatives in the country through a representative sample of 335 enterprises. The main results show that the estimated share of the hidden economy in the total sales volume is between 26% and 50%, the highest in the construction sector, catering, and tourism. Most often, these practices are associated with manipulation of the financial statements and the employed workforce for which they are favorable conditions mainly due to corruption, crime, and impunity followed by unfair competition and a lack of incentives for private business development.
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Territorial identity is a phenomenon that can be considered on many levels. It is assumed that, geographically, it is treated as the occurrence of interpersonal or social contacts that are assigned to specific spaces. Identity is therefore measured by the degree of participation of the local community in the social and cultural life of the area. The aim of this study is to characterise the social activity of the inhabitants of rural areas of Wielkopolskie Voivodeship in the field of culture as a factor in building territorial identity. A set of formal characteristics defining social networks in rural areas was selected from the data available in the LDB and analysed spatially. In addition, an indicator method based on Perkal’s model was used.As a result of the study, no direct relationship was found between the functional type of the rural municipality and participation in culture, although the values of the synthetic indicator make it pos-sible to note that in areas with typically agricultural functions the cultural activity of the inhabitants is relatively high. Higher values of the cultural participation indicator are also recorded in proximity to cities, in municipalities with a residential function. In spatial terms, it can be concluded that the highest level of territorial identity is characteristic for inhabitants of municipalities located in periph-eral zones of Wielkopolskie Voivodeship and rural municipalities with dominant extensive agriculture located in the east of the voivodeship.
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In recent decades, cities in Ukraine have undergone market-driven transforma-tions, each following unique paths of development influenced by geographic, geopolitical, and regional factors. National and local policies have shaped these trajectories, with a growing emphasis on Smart City (SC) strategies. However, the onset of Russia’s war against Ukraine in February 2022 disrupted the development of such strategies, intro-ducing new challenges and uncertainties for Ukraine’s cities. In the post war period they will face multiple challenges, including damaged infrastructure, decreased quality of life, and hindered economic development.Facing these pre-conditions for urban development, this paper addresses the necessity of a place-based SC indicator concept, which follows the intrinsic logic of the disaster cycle for resilient urban development and integrative policies. Hence, the theoretical and methodological basis of the study is made up of the fundamental provisions of urbanism supported and triggered by the concept of smart and resilient cities. Based on the disaster cycle the meaning of a place-based understanding of SC development is introduced which strongly impacts the type and quality of indicators. The empirical part briefly introduces into the differentiated urban development of Ukraine cities and experiences with SC ac-tivities. A SC indicator concept, unlike the existing conceptions, is adapted to the Ukrain-ian statistical base, supplemented with indicators that take into account the specifics of post-war urban development at the stages of recovery, adaptation and transformation.
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In the pursuit of sustainable development, economies such as China are placing a paramount emphasis on significantlyaugmenting the utilization of renewable energy sources. This marks a departure from conventionalresearch approaches that solely focused on macroeconomic determinants while investigating patterns of renewableenergy consumption. Thus, this research pursues to witness the relationship between the politicalrisk index (PRI), renewable electricity output (RELOP), public-private partnership investment in energy(PPINENR), and renewable energy consumption (RECNS) in China from 1984 to 2022. For data estimations,this study utilizes time series methods, which include DF-GLS and Johansen cointegration for unit rootand long-run equilibrium with FMOLS, DOLS and CCR as primary methods. The research also employsthe least squares method with break years and robust least squares as robustness check methods while forcausal relationships, we deploy the Granger causality approach. The outcomes assert that variables are foundstationary at differences and long-run equilibrium is confirmed among variables. The empirical estimationspredict that GDP and PPINENR reduce the RECNS in China in both short and long term. Furthermore,PRI and RELOP enhance renewable energy consumption in the short as well as long run. Therefore, policymakersshould mostly focus on the encouraging role of PPINENR towards renewable electricity to enhanceRECNS in developing economies, particularly in China. To achieve the targets of COP27, China should increaseits focus on the efficient utilization of public-private partnership investments and also manage the politicalrisks in the economy to promote renewable energy consumption and achieve a sustainable environment.Moreover, the causality analysis unearths that PRI could be utilized along with other variables to enhanceRECNS in China. The robustness check asserts similar and robust outcomes.
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Unclean energy consumption stimulates carbon footprint (CF) leading to increased environmentalpollution. Renewable energy transition (ETN) can curb the CF; however, political risk can obstructthis process. Hence, this study analyses the connections between economic growth, ETN and CFby considering political risk and financial expansion in a panel of top 10 emitters from 1992to 2020 using the method of moment quantile regressions (MM-QR). The results elucidate thatETN significantly reduces the CF in the top emitters. Thus, expanding the ETN is beneficial forreducing the CF and promoting sustainable development. Improving the political environment byreducing the political risk (POLR) helps curb the CF. The inverted U-shaped connection betweenCF and economic growth shows that increased growth can reduce CF if top emitters can continueto promote energy transition and political stability. The positive impact of financial expansionon CF becomes insignificant at higher quantiles. Finally, policy suggestions are discussed.
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Electricity production strategies of countries rely on fossil fuel-based electricity generation.Environmental regulations (ER) are needed to shift to green electricity for achieving energytransition, but corruption and bureaucracy can influence ER, energy transition and ecologicalquality. Hence, this research considers two important constituents of country risks includingcorruption and bureaucracy in the model while understanding the connections between greenelectricity, ER and the load capacity factor (LCF) in BRICS from 1992 to 2018. The researchchooses a recent proxy of ecological quality (i.e., LCF), which effectively measures the ecologicalquality and indicates the possibility of sustainable growth by using biocapacity and ecologicalfootprint figures. The results of the research disclose that green electricity Granger-causes andenhances the LCF, whereas controlling corruption and enhancing bureaucracy quality improvesecological quality. ER improves environmental quality and the load capacity curve (LCC)hypothesis also exists. Lastly, policy directions are discussed.
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This research covers the literature gap by investigating the factors of economic expansion(GDP), total natural resources (TNRNT), political risk index (PRI) and technological innovation(TI) and their impact on the renewable electricity output (REOT) in the G7 economies, coveringthe period 1990–2022. The research utilizes novel MMQREG as the primary method, whileBSQR is a non-parametric robustness check method. A pairwise Dumitrescu–Hurlin causalitytest is employed to find out the causal connection between variables. The diagnostic outcomesshow that the modelled variables are static after the first difference while long-run equilibriumis also present. Moreover, the outcomes suggest that GDP negatively influences REOT acrossquantiles while TNRNT and PRI stimulate the use of REOT in G7 economies across quantiles.Moreover, TI positively influences REOT but is inconclusive across quantiles. The robustnesscheck analysis provides similar and valid outcomes. Lowering political risk is also consideredimportant for energy transition in terms of cleaner energy.
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In the contemporary times, with the major conflict of the Russo-Ukrainian War, the global economiesare facing several challenges and disputes in various economic, energy, and financial sectors.Still, policymakers and scholars are concerned about exploring factors affecting greener energy.The present study examines the impact of research and development (R&D) budgets, financialglobalization and socio-economic conditions on greener energy adoption. Besides, this study considersthe role of internal and external conflicts on greener energy adoption in the “Emerging Seven”economies during the period 1990–2020. Using various diagnostic and cointegration tests,the results revealed the presence of cross-sectional dependence, heterogeneous slopes and a longrunequilibrium relationship. This study employes panel quantile regression and finds that R&Dbudgets, financial globalization, socio-economic conditions and internal and external conflictssignificantly promote greener energy adoption. Still, the influence of socio-economic conditionsis inconsistent across quantiles. Using the autoregressive distributed lag model as a robustnessmeasure, this study validates the positive impact of variables on greener energy adoption, exceptexternal conflicts. However, all the variables adversely influence greener energy adoptionin the short run. The empirical results also validate bidirectional and unidirectional causal associationsof the variables. Following the results, this study recommends further enhancementin the R&D budgets and financial globalization and limiting conflicts in emerging economies.
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The energy transition process might face cognitive bankruptcy because of prevailing genderbias in the energy sector. Policy reorientation is needed to ensure diminishing of gender biasin the transition process. The political risk persisting within the economy, as well as among itsinternational counterparts, also needs to be internalized within this framework. Existing regulatoryinfrastructure might possibly have an impact on shaping the dimensions of this association.The present study aims at analysing the effect of energy transition on gender inequality in the USAin light of political risk and regulations. Moderation effects are captured using marginal impactanalysis. The estimation results show that although energy transition increases gender inequality,it is reduced in the presence of moderation. The policy framework developed in the study is aimedat attaining the objectives of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 5 and 7.
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The urgent need to address climate change and the depletion of natural resources has led governmentsworldwide to allocate significant resources towards research and development in cleanenergy technologies and energy efficiency. This study evaluates the effectiveness of renewableenergy and energy efficiency initiatives in reducing CO2 emissions, taking into account the influencesof natural resource availability and political risk. Using data from France spanningfrom 1985 to 2021, we employ the kernel-based regularized least squares (KRLS) methodology,complemented by quantile regression (QR), to analyse these relationships. Our findings indicatethat policies promoting energy efficiency and green energy have a positive impact on reducingCO2 emissions. However, the availability of natural resources and political risk exacerbate environmentalchallenges by increasing CO2 emissions. Thus, our study underscores the importanceof continued support from policymakers for renewable energy development and energy efficiencyresearch to effectively pursue Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Additionally, as the worldprepares for COP28, our findings emphasize the urgency of these initiatives in meeting globalclimate targets.
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Exploring the political economy of clean energy development, this study appraises how political(de)stabilization influences the clean energy transition process in selected South Asian countries.Using yearly data spanning from 1998 to 2021, the results show that political stabilization facilitatesthe clean energy transition process by raising the share of renewables in the final energyconsumption profiles of the concerned South Asian nations. Contrarily, political destabilization isfound to inhibit the transition process. In addition, political stabilization is witnessed to partiallyoffset the clean energy transition-inhibiting impact of rising carbon dioxide emissions acrossSouth Asia. Furthermore, the results endorse that financial development and receipts of internationalremittance contribute to the clean energy transition process while incoming foreign directinvestments exert no impact in this regard. Accordingly, a couple of policies are recommended forthe concerned South Asian nations.
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The transition towards green and clean energy sources is the need of the day and a key targetfor several economies across the globe. Besides, emerging economies also aim to minimizefossil fuel dependence, promoting the adoption of green electricity. However, several obstacles,including governance, corruption and economic-related issues, are forthcoming in attainingsustainability in the context of green energy. This research examines seven emerging economiesfrom 1990 to 2020. The study uses novel panel diagnostic assessment approaches, which validatethe slope heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence and confirm the cointegration betweenthe study variables. Employing the method of moments quantile regression, this researchconcludes that corruption and governance quality adversely influence the transition to greenelectricity. On the other hand, the influence of economic complexity, research and developmentexpenditures and per capita GDP is positive and significant. These results are robust as validatedby estimators such as mean group and fully modified ordinary least squares. Furthermore, a twowayGranger causality exists between regressors and green energy transition, which allows thisresearch to offer appropriate policy implications. This study recommends improving institutions,strengthening bureaucracy, enhancing accountability and investing in research and development, green technologies and human capital to encourage green energy transition.
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To better promote the transformation of the economic development mode and improve technologicalinnovation, the Chinese central government adjusted the performance assessment criteria forlocal officials. This study explores whether the government green performance assessment canserve to promote technological innovation. Data from 288 Chinese cities from between 2009 and2018 is taken as the sample and the fixed effects model is utilized as the methodology. The findingsshow that the government green performance assessment has significant direct and long-termeffects on technological innovation. The promotion of technological innovation is more evidentin industry-oriented, low-pollution, and center groups, in addition to among veteran, high-education,and senior groups. Proposed policy recommendations include establishing a performancesystem that emphasizes short and long-term effects, and developing performance standards thatare tailored to local conditions.
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