COMMUNICATIVE EFFECT ACHIEVED THROUGH SPEECH ACTS OF MANIPULATION

Author(s): Oksana Grischechko / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2013

Linguistic manipulation is a relatively new trend studies in the framework of pragmatics and generally defined as any verbal interaction viewed as goal-oriented and goal-preconditioned phenomenon. It is verbal communication described from the perspective of one of the speakers when he sees himself as a subject of manipulation, while his interlocutor plays the role of an object. Speech acts of manipulation expressed through a variety of utterances having a number of specific aims are used to directly or indirectly convey certain meanings. The article suggest a comprehensive analysis of linguistic means used to construct various types of manipulating and motivating speech acts aimed at conveying different tinges of meaning.

Pragmatic particles indicating expectation—The case of Persze

Author(s): Ildikó Vaskó / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2012

The aim of this paper is to introduce the Hungarian pragmatic marker persze through its versatile function in the language and to collect evidence that it can also occur as a marker of epistemic modality. Persze is particularly salient in oral communication, where it relates its host unit to the previous utterance and has a variable scope ranging from a single lexical item to a whole paragraph. It preserved its core meaning in all of its occurrences, namely pinpointing the self-evidence of the truth of the proposition it stands with and encodes a specific epistemic attitude of the speaker to the proposition expressed by the clause in which persze appears.

Illocutionary force, salience and attention management—a social cognitive pragmatic perspective

Author(s): Ágnes Hámori / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2010

The paper discusses the role of attention in speech acts from a social cognitive pragmatic perspective. Attention is fundamental in several aspects of language use and also plays a pivotal role in the processing of utterance functions (especially ‘illocutionary force’). Through construal operations, the illocutionary force of an utterance can be brought to the listener’s attention in various ways: it can be salient to varying degrees, clear or unclear, foregrounded or backgrounded, according to the speaker’s communicative and social aims. Attention management concerning illocutionary force may simultaneously affect several components of an utterance, yielding ‘attention alternatives’ in speech acts. The paper attempts to give an overview—based on the examples analysed here and on the relevant literature—of the most important dimensions along which these alternatives may vary. Finally, some examples from a political debate are presented to illustrate how attention management related to illocutionary force can serve the speaker’s social and interactional aims and become part of his global impression-making strategies.

Funktionswandel deiktischer Stämme im Nganasanischen: Grammatikalisierung, Lexikalisierung, Pragmatikalisierung

Author(s): Réka Zayzon / Language(s): German Issue: 1-2/2004

Gegenstand der folgenden Arbeit ist die historische Entwicklung der nganasanischen Demonstrativa. Bekanntlich unterliegt die Kategorie der Demonstrativa (der Raum-, Zeit-, und Objektdeixeis) spezifischen Veränderungen, die durch ihre innere (funktional-semantische) und äussere (syntaktische) Struktur zu erklären sind. Schon seit den Anfängen der historischen Sprachwissenschaft hat man die besondere Rolle der pronominalen Kategorie insgesamt und insbesondere der Demonstrativa bei der Entstehung der primären Kasussuffixe erkannt, im Laufe einer langjährigen Forschungsgeschichte diente das Prinzip als Grundlage zahlreicher Rekonstruktionen. Eine systematische Zusammenfassung typischer Entwicklungslinien (Grammatikalisierungsketten) ist letztlich im Rahmen der Grammatikalisierungsforschung unternommen worden. Die Zielsetzungen dieses Beitrags ist zweierlei: Einerseits werden Erkenntnisse der Grammatikalisierungsforschung auf das Nganasanische angewandt. (Dabei dient das Nganasanische weniger als Musterbeispiel für verschiedene Grammatikalisierungsketten, eher als mögliches Anwendungsfeld.) Als Ergebnis wird die Entwicklungslinie Ppron3Sg siti ≯ Demonstrativ falsifiziert und einige zusätzliche Entwicklungslinien postuliert, so z. B. die der modalen Verwendungen der Demonstrativa, die in der uralistischen Literatur bislang wenig Beachtung fanden. Ferner werden terminologische Inkonsequenzen der Fachliteratur bei der Beschreibung einzelner Entwicklungslinien als Grammatikalisierung aufgezeigt.

Евфемистични и дисфемистични езиково-стилистични средства в немското и българското публично пространство

Author(s): Antoaneta Dimitrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2011

In the conversational speech we express positive and negative emotions and attitudes to all kinds of referents. The exemples from the german and the Bulgarian conversational speech are represented in accordance with their belonging to the different levels of the linguistic structure. The study is a short variant of my habilitation about taboos and the using of euphemisms and dysphemisms in the Bulgarian and the german public area.

ЛИНГВОПРАГМАТИЧЕСКИЕ И ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНО-СТИЛИСТИЧЕСКИЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ РЕКЛАМНО-МЕДИЦИНСКОГО СУБДИСКУРСА

Author(s): Svetlana Vladimirovna Pervukhina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1 (178)/2019

There is a corpus of texts which can be found in the overlapping area of advertising and medical discourses. These texts can forma specific advertising and medical subdiscourse on the basis of their mutual basic characteristic features that are different from medicalor advertising ones. This subdiscourse results from interdiscourse interaction: the communication is performed in the medicalsphere, whereas communicative intention of some agents belongs to the advertising discourse. The purpose of our research was todescribe the advertising and medical subdiscourse and reveal its basic characteristic features. We analyzed adapted secondary textsand simplified primary texts of different written speech genres. The article describes the participants of the advertising and medicalsubdiscourse, their role in communication, and the subdiscourse functions. It was revealed that the advertising and medical subdiscoursediffers from a medical discourse in its performative function. We studied the style of the texts belonging to this subdiscourse,and identified its communicative features that involve the following basic strategies: manipulation, presentation and popularization.Manipulation is carried out through text compression in adapted secondary texts and through appealing to readers’ emotional spherein primary texts. Presentation strategy involves choosing the most relevant information for the addressee, and the most suitable typeof information (creolization of the text or its parts). Popularization strategy involves providing the specialized information in thesimplest way possible, so that it would be comprehensible for the lay audience. Since the performative purpose of the advertisingand medical subdiscourse is aimed at the goods promotion, the texts of this subdiscourse are focused on the lay audience, they aremeant to appeal to potential buyers and make them choose specific goods. Accordingly, these texts use simplified syntactic structures,replace terms with hyperonyms or paraphrases explaining the corresponding signified, and operate with everyday vocabulary.

A diminished propensity to compute scalar implicatures is linked to autistic traits

Author(s): Greta Mazzaggio,Luca Surian / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2018

We investigated whether there is an association between autistic traits in the broader phenotype and the ability to compute scalar implicatures. Previous studies found that the frequency of autistic traits is higher in students of science than of humanities. Here we recorded the frequency of rejection of underinformative scalar items in students enrolled either in a science or in a humanities curriculum and assessed their autistic traits using the Autism-Spectrum Quotient questionnaire. We found that rejections were less frequent in science curricula students than in humanities curricula students. Moreover, rejections were associated negatively with autistic traits and positively with performance on Theory-of-Mind tasks. These findings suggest that autism cognitive phenotype is negatively associated with a propensity to spontaneously derive scalar implicatures

Introduction: Advancing linguistic politeness theory by using Chinese data

Author(s): Zoltán Dániel Kádár / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The present introduction provides an overview of the field of linguistic politeness research. Since Acta Linguistica Academica has diverse scope of inquiries, and linguistic pragmatics has been only one (and perhaps not the most central) of the various areas featured in the journal, it is relevant to provide such an up-to-date overview. My goal is not only to point out how the contributions advance politeness theory, but also to make the research featured in the special issue relevant to academics working in other areas of linguistics.

DE L’ETHOS DIT À L’ETHOS MONTRÉ EN (INTER)ACTION : E. MACRON LORS DU DÉBAT DE L’ENTRE-DEUX-TOURS

Author(s): Samir Meftah,Mourad Bektache / Language(s): French Issue: 32/2019

The purpose of this paper is to describe the ethos of Emmanuel Macron, the candidate of "En Marche!” during the debate between the two-rounds of the French presidential election in 2017. What are the ethe that characterize the policy in question during this duel? What are the processes he uses in (inter)action to "make himself presidential"? Are the images that he claims for in his "saying" in line with those he tries to "show" through his discourse, the nonverbal and the behavior? It is to these questions that this article tries, within a descriptive hermeneutic approach, to bring some elements of answer. After briefly recalling some theoretical-methodological considerations in the first place, we will, secondly, focus on the analysis of the observables by showing the importance of taking into account the multimodal nature of the means implemented in the service of building the ethos.

Romanian Interjections as Discourse Markers

Author(s): Gabriela Biriș / Language(s): English Issue: 2 (30)/2019

Ignored by the traditional grammar because of their non-words status the interjections have been placed under a new focus from a pragmatic perspective and recognized as discourse markers (Schiffrin 1987, Fraser 1990). Due to their complex functionality the interjections allow multiple perspectives in recent studies: syntactic (Krieb 2001), pragmatic (Vasilescu 2001, Ștefănescu 2007, Pop 2009), contrastive (Pop 2001, 2003). From the point of view of intercultural pragmatics Romanian language is considered to be an interjectional language that uses interjections as signals to the addressees by comparison with French that uses more message structuring markers (Pop 2006). Certain Romanian interjections with numerous occurrences in spontaneous conversations have been pragmatised during the evolution of language for expressing numerous roles: repair markers, answer particles, topic signals etc.The corpus-driven analysis explores several corpora of Romanian spoken interactions and will demonstrate that certain Romanian interjections (such as a! and e!) are no longer simply emotional or affective words, but significant tools pragmaticalised for expressing an important range of functions: feedback signals, repair markers, answer particles, topic signals, etc. Most examples are excerpted from transcribed familiar conversations published in corpora of spoken Romanian (CORV, CRVA, IVLRA1, IVLRA2, ROVA) and from literature.

LE DISCOURS IDENTITAIRE DE L’ENTREPRISE – ÉMOTION, PROMESSES, SÉDUCTION

Author(s): Andra-Teodora Porumb / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2020

The Identity Discourse of the Organization - Emotion, Promises, Seduction. Being the subject of numerous studies carried out by marketing specialists, communication researchers, sociologists and psychologists, the organizational identity is staged with the help of a creative and original discourse, filled with subjectivity and interculturality. We aim to analyse some strategies by which the organization presents its vision, personality and promises by means of its website, especially the particular scenography and isotopes forged in the effort to create a strong image of the brand, gain authority, obtain more credibility, insinuate itself into the memory of the public and select, convince and retain potential customers.

QUELQUES JALONS AUTOUR DE LA CHANSON COMME OBJET D'ANALYSE DISCURSIF

Author(s): Laurence Rosier / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2020

Some Milestones in the Approach of the Song as Object of Discourse Analysis. In this article, I have traced some of the milestones that I consider to lay the foundation for a discursive approach of the French song as text and as cultural, ideological and ethical object. The defense of the poetical and literary value of the song goes together with its legitimization in science and teaching, while the discourse analysis rather legitimizes it as a non institutional, but collective and dialogic form.

POLYPHONIE, DIALOGISME, ESPACE INTERACTIF DANS LEURS RAPPORTS À L'INTERACTION VERBALE

Author(s): Ligia Stela Florea / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2020

Polyphony, Dialogism, Interactive Space and Their Relationship with Verbal Interaction. Based on the work of M. Bahtin, this article deals with three discursive phenomena that derive from the verbal interaction. The relationship between polyphony and multilingualism are first examined, emphasizing the differences between the literary concept and the linguistic concept of polyphony. We then define the concept of dialogism as verbal interaction and illustrate it by two textual forms noted by Bahtin : concealed dialogue and veiled polemics. The last part is devoted to the constitutive heterogeneity of verbal interaction, that is described using the concepts of interactive frame and interactive space.

LE FONCTIONNEMENT DE L'IMPARFAIT LUDIQUE

Author(s): Iuliana-Anca Mateiu / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2020

The Functioning of the Ludic Imperfect. In this paper we propose a hypothesis about the functioning of the ludic imperfect starting from an analysis of an oral corpus in Romanian. Considering that the meaning of the ludic imperfect derives from the interaction of its core of semantic features with semantic elements from the cotexte (ziceam că and other verbal tenses) as well as from the context (symbolic play interaction), we'll present, as a first step, some characteristics of the symbolic play relevant for our analysis, then we'll resume the different approaches of the ludic imperfect and finally we'll formulate and illustrate our explanation about the specific role and functioning of the imperfect in the symbolic play. Associated most of the time with the formula ziceam că meaning « let's pretend that », the ludic imperfect is used especially in order to signify that the processes taking place belong to another world, created by the speaker's discourse, a fictional world.

Terminologia limbajului în acțiune: analiza conversației între știință și artă

Author(s): Felicia Vrânceanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1 (31)/2020

Since the 1970s, when it came to the attention of researchers as the subject of systematic investigations, conversation has always been a tempting field not only for linguists, but also for sociologists, psychologists, ethnologists or ethnographers. The communicative resources of the cultural communities were studied by the followers of linguistic ethnography, of sociolinguistics, of conversational analysis. Therefore, it is explicable that numerous analysis models have been developed, which have highlighted the multitude of speech acts in a community, as well as the complexity of the terminological system specific to this field. For those concerned with this issue, Sanda Golopenția’s studies are of permanent interest. Upon careful reading, the reader discovers a series of original concepts regarding the participants in the conversation, the conversational roles and units, but also the graphic transcription of the conversation. These are studies such as: Morfologia conversației, Conversația – un studiu de caz (I), Conversația – un studiu de caz (II), Trois types de séries conversationnelles, Notaţia conversaţională ca revelator pragmatic, L’histoire conversationnelle (I). I mentioned here only some of the many materials that demonstrate a permanent interest of the author for the study of language in action, materials that were brought together in the recently edited volume Action, interaction, identity, studies of linguistic pragmatics [Acţiune, interacţiune, identitate, studii de pragmatică lingvistică].For the classification and analysis of recorded conversational situations, the author compiles a true glossary of terms, which she establishes through a “concrete and explicit act by which a name is given”, which makes the “world of everyday experience” and the “scientific world” intersect in the process of terminological constitution. On the one hand, these meticulous definitions recall, by the precision of the formulation, the mathematical theorems, and on the other hand, by the ease of the formulation, they recall the apparenly spontaneous interventions of the field researcher who provokes his interlocutor to dialogue. The originality and value of the ideas presented in the numerous studies of Sanda Golopenția result largely from the polyphonic character of the concerns manifested in various fields. Polyphony is, moreover, a true leitmotif of the prodigious activity carried out, which has shown that there is both an art of the science of conversation and a science of the art of conversation.

Электронные тексты в рефлексии повседневного письменного общения

на материале словацкого языка

Author(s): Ján Gallo / Language(s): Slovak,Russian Issue: 41-42/2020

The article deals with the issue of electronic texts in the context of everyday written comunication as well as the modern usage of these texts in the communication process. In the introduction the general view on electronic texts with enumeration of their types are presented. In the first part, the attention is focused on the traditional approach to electronic texts confirming the author’s position by illustrative examples. In the next part, there discussed the problem of style in the electronic texts. In the third part, there are presented some descriptions of electronic texts genres, such as an e-mail, SMS text message, chat and blog exemplified. In conclusion there is a summary of investigated problems and some drift of events to the future.

Ethically or diplomatically?

Broadening the boundaries of the acceptable in the modern diplomatic discourse

Author(s): Olga Volodymyrivna Ponomarenko / Language(s): English,Ukrainian Issue: 41-42/2020

The paper contains reflections of what is, might and should be considered ethically and diplomatically admissible with regard to the changes due to globalization and mediatization, which has lately reshaped the world society. The philological research is carried out on the material of the recently published and not yet linguistically analysed personal letter (considered as an example of the first person diplomatic note, one of the five most frequently used types of diplomatic writings) of the USA President. The written matter in question violates the established norms and breaks the style in the diplomatic interactions. And, as the proofs are multiple and easily traced on all the language levels, the threat of broadening the boundaries of the acceptable in the diplomatic discourse is obvious. Such circumstances urge diplomats and linguists to research and conclude on the justifiability of modifications in the traditional patterns of oral and written forms of communication in diplomacy.

Internal structures of abstracts and introductions in selected academic papers concerning literary and cultural subjects

Author(s): Jana Ščigulinská / Language(s): English Issue: 41-42/2020

The present paper is focused on the analysis of the possible differences related to the writing structures and strategies used in the abstracts and introductions of the academic journal World Literature Studies in the selected issue from 2018 and its papers published in English. The aim of the study was to determine whether the abstracts and introductions of the papers related to area of art and humanities followed and shared the features related to their structure which are accepted and preferred by the academic journals of higher ranks. The results of the analysis refer to growing tendency to employ such types of structures even in the research areas related to literature, culture or arts. On the other hand, the analysis revealed that in the indexed journal, World Literature Studies, the structure of the abstracts is not always unified, as some structures are omitted. Regarding that, the missing information is present and sometimes developed in the introductions. This is an important result of the research presented in this paper, as it illustrates the importance of the mutual relationship between academic abstracts and introductions when presenting the academic research.

Approximation d’identification partielle. Quand « espèce de » n’est pas nécessairement « specie de »

Author(s): Sonia Berbinski / Language(s): French Issue: 2 (32)/2020

The phenomenon of approximation must take into consideration the levels of expression of approximate or indeterminate uses, which, at the same time, determine the operating mechanisms. Pertaining to lexical vagueness, as well as to the speaker’s attitude towards his own utterance and the speech act that he performs, the interpretation of approximation must take place at the semantic and referential level, at the level of the epistemic modality and at the pragmatic and discourse level (how speech acts are being actualized, the inferences generated by the lexical, sentential or enunciative indetermination and the lexical decontextualizations through discourse) (Sweetser 1990, Zafiu 2002a, Mihatsch 2010). With respect to polysemy, one simply needs to use appropriate contexts. The imprecision which characterizes the phenomenon of approximation requires the linguistic and extra-linguistic context, as well as the relation to the referent.The partial identification approximation of the referent causes an indetermination break in the class of categorical units, triggering their semantico-discursive relativisation, via a series of operators, identified as enclosures according to Kleiber or hedges according to Lakoff. The study of some of these meaning deformers concerning the categorizers, such as un soi de, un fel de, o specie de, un gen de, etc. allows to measure the degree of belongingness or resemblance of the modified term to a prototypical or stereotyped class, or to a set of elements.

Pragmalinguistic approach to negation raising

Author(s): Nikolina Palašić / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2019

Negation is one of the complex and generally insufficiently described language phenomena and it certainly deserves more attempts at analysis and description. In this paper we focus on the phenomenon of so-called negation raising in Croatian and we will try to describe the types of sentences (or more precisely, utterances) in which it is possible. In addition, we will try to approach the negation raising (also) from the pragmalinguistic perspective, and we will focus on the type of conclusions that are formed on the basis of the utterances in which this phenomenon is possible and try to determine whether the phenomenon is linked to the type of the speech act and/or some other pragmalinguistic phenomena.