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"auleta" und es bleibt alles beim Neuen! Zur Konstitution der polnischen Fachneologismen im Bereich der altgriechischen Musik.

Author(s): Grzegorz Pawlowski / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/2015

Epistemic properties of a man constitute the base for change. So far little attention has been paid to those properties in semantics. Questions of epistemic factors, which influence the formation of specialised neologisms, have not been posed. The keynote of this article is the attempt to answer this question. To achieve this goal, I attempt to explain such expressions as ‚neo’, ‚epistemic’ and ‚specialised neologism’. Then I proceed with the presentation of the results of the analysis of an interview. The subject of the interview is the Polish neologism ‚auleta’, created by Maciej Kaziński during his work an the translation of John Landes’ Music in Ancient Greece and Rome.Epistemic properties of a man constitute the base for change. So far little attention has been paid to those properties in semantics. Questions of epistemic factors, which influence the formation of specialised neologisms, have not been posed. The keynote of this article is the attempt to answer this question. To achieve this goal, I attempt to explain such expressions as ‚neo’, ‚epistemic’ and ‚specialised neologism’. Then I proceed with the presentation of the results of the analysis of an interview. The subject of the interview is the Polish neologism ‚auleta’, created by Maciej Kaziński during his work an the translation of John Landes’ Music in Ancient Greece and Rome.

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1883–1916 m. katekizmai ir jų religijos terminų reikšminės grupės

Author(s): Aušra Rimkute / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 15/2008

The catechism is a very important literary form of the Church. It teaches the basics of Christianity, its moral and ethic norms, which make the foundation for the life of a Christian. During the period of thirty three years (between 1883 and 1916) there were 86 Catholic and 11 Protestant (9 Lutheran and 2 Calvinist) catechisms published. During the period when printing in Lithuanian was prohibited catechisms were published outside the borders of Lithuania Major. Catechisms are mainly aimed at teaching children and youth, therefore they had an important role as primers in Lithuanian and as educators of the native language. According to A. Jakštas, “nearly every well-known catechist took care to prepare his own catechism. Thus the number of catechisms grew with every year; there were a lot of them written and published – each one in its own particular method, particular terminology and particular plan” (Jakštas 1923: 239). Furthermore it is obvious that compilers of catechisms had a need to explain terms of non Lithuanian origin (mostly international words). Most frequently such terms were explained using the Lithuanian equivalent – sometimes more, sometimes less successful. Variants of terms were abundant.In this article terms of religion are considered to be words and combinations of words, which name the supernatural (angelas (angel), Dievas (God), Dvasia (Spirit), velnias (devil)), rites (atnašavimas (sacrifice), mišios (Mass), pamaldos (service), pamokslas (sermon), procesija (procession)), actions related to religion (atgaila (penance), išganymas (salvation), išpažintis (confession)), Church celebrations (Sekminės (Whit Sunday), Velykos (Easter)), names of objects (grabas (coffin), kielikas (chalice), ostija (host), patena (paten)), moral principles of the Christian life, behaviour to be avoided or to be followed (atgailos atlikimas (execution of penance), gailestis už griekus (repentance of sins), išmalda (pittance), malda (prayer), tikėjimas (faith)), religious books and texts (Biblija (Bible), Evangelija (Gospel)), sacraments (Krikštas (Baptism), Kunigystė (Holy Orders), Moterystė (Matrimony), Paskutinis Patepimas (Anointing of the Sick)), sins and their kinds (apsirijimas (gluttony), godulystė (greed), vagystė (stealing), žmogžudystė (killing)) and names of persons (apaštalas (apostle), eretikas (heretic), išganytojas (Saviour), popiežius (Pope), vyskupas (bishop)) and other.

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A discourse approach to conceptual metaphors: a corpus-based analysis of sports discourse in croatian

Author(s): Daniela Katunar,Ida Raffaelli / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2016

This paper deals with the analysis of sports discourse in Croatian through the theoretical framework offered by conceptual metaphor theory. Within this framework, certain metaphorical expressions found in sports discourse are analyzed as expressions of two conceptual metaphors: sport is war and sport is force. The analysis of these metaphorical expressions combines the methodology of cognitive linguistics with corpus linguistics, resulting in the proposal of a new method for discourse analysis in general. In our research, we introduce the notion of the specialized digitized corpus as a basis for further quantitative and qualitative research. On the basis of the specialized digitized corpus created for the purposes of this research, it is shown how the formation of sports discourse is dependent on three categories of metaphorical expressions relative to the degree of their conventionalization within sports discourse: (a) conventionalized, (b) semi-conventionalized, and (c) innovative metaphorical expressions. Each of these categories is analyzed according to their frequency and various aspects of meaning that it entails. Through the introduction of the semi-conventionalized metaphorical expression category, we aim to examine the gradable line between language creativity and conventionality as it is formed within the discourse of sports.

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A semantic analysis of dual voice in a literary style

Author(s): Stefan Oltean / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2016

This article proposes an account of dual voice in free indirect discourse (FID), a point-of-view narrative style used mainly in literary narrative for the representation of verbal events, and of verbal or non-verbal mental events (see Oltean, 1993). First, it sums up in a nutshell the issue of what constitutes FID, without dealing in detail with what distinguishes it from “normal” indirect discourse and direct discourse (see, for this matter, Ehrlich, 1990; McHale, 1978; Oltean, 1993). Next, it addresses the issue of dual voice associated with this discourse mode, after which it gives an outline of the analytical framework. Finally, it provides a description for an FID sentence selected from English literary prose, with a view to furnishing evidence for its dual nature.

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A Study of Gender-Conditioned Use of Inflectional and Periphrastic Forms in English Adjective Comparison

Author(s): Jelena Grofulovic,Vladimir Ž. Jovanovic / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2016

First introduced to the study of language by Robin Lakoff in her 1975 book Language and Woman's Place, gender has gained a status of a significant variable when it comes to language realization (Frank, 1978). As such, gender is an object of many sociolinguistic studies (Jespersen, 1922; Kramer, 1974; Edelsky, 1976; Thorne et al, 1983; Crawford, 1995) and is assumed not only to play a role in the pragmatics of language usage, but also to influence the frequency and nature of different lexical and structural realizations, resulting in what Kramer termed “a genderlect” (Kramer, 1974). The aim of this paper is to present the results of a case-study of periphrastic and inflectional instances of the grammatical category of comparison in English, attempting at answering the question whether gender causes a preference for periphrasis in language usage, which, in the broadest sense, presents a multi-unit alternative to a single-unit meaning, be the meaning lexical or grammatical, and the unit a word or a bound morpheme. We analyzed a sex-wise and quantity-wise symmetrical corpus, comprised of different registers and genres – fiction, scientific non-fiction, and on-line magazine articles, encompassing a million words approximately per sex, and looked for the frequency of periphrastic instances of the two categories. Our assumption is that gender on its own, with all other social and textual variables excluded (discourse, register, author’s age and social groups, personal language background) is not a sufficient factor to unambiguously and conspicuously determine an author’s/speaker’s preference for the periphrastic form of the studied grammatical values.

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A survey of web ontology languages and semantic web services

Author(s): Napoleon Alexandru Sireteanu / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2013

In the beginning World Wide Web was syntactic and the content itself was only readable by humans. The modern web combines existing web technologies with knowledge representation formalisms. In this sense, the Semantic Web proposes the mark-up of content on the web using formal ontology that structure essential data for the purpose of comprehensive machine understanding. On the syntactical level, standardization is an important topic. Many standards which can be used to integrate different information sources have evolved. Beside the classical database interfaces like ODBC, web-oriented standard languages like HTML, XML, RDF and OWL increase in importance. As the World Wide Web offers the greatest potential for sharing information, we will base our paper on these evolving standards.

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Abraham Kajzer i jego tekst z obozów koncentracyjnych – studium przypadku

Author(s): Barbara Elmanowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2015

The author analyses one of the intimate diaries from concentration camps written by AbrahamKajzer, who was a prisoner of KL Auschwitz-Birkenau and AL Riese (which was a part of KL Gross-Rosen on Lower Silesia). In article is uses Paweł Rodak’s theory of broad understanding of diary’s materiality as a writing practice, which was very complicated and difficult during the World WarII, especially at concentrations camps (finding material and tool to write, organizing space andwork out a ritual of writing; also place where notes were hiding and their fates in the post-war years). Diary it’s not only on textual level but it’s closely related to regular life. But in the campwriting daries was extremely dangerous practice (author could pay with his own life for it). Abraham Kajzer was an writing in Yiddish on empty cement bags with indelible pencil in camplatrine, where he was also hiding notes. After war he passed on his material to Adam Ostoja, who translated them and edited to publication.Kajzer described his reality in concentration camps and many traumatic experiences, which are one of many evidences of the Nazi genocide.

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Adjektīvu sufiksu semantiskais raksturojums Emīlijas Soidas pētījumos

Author(s): Inta Urbanovica / Language(s): Latvian / Issue: 6/2015

Emīlija Soida was one of the best known linguists in the 20th century, which had contributed to the development of the structural ideas and methods in the research on Latvian. The article focuses on conception of one of basic terms in word-formation theory – derivational meaning. The aim of this paper is to analyze how derivational meaning is manifested in the system of the adjective suffixes. Role of derivational meaning is a common into derivational model, so it must be sufficiently abstract and generalized, and Soida tried to arrange derivational meaning by quantitative, qualitative and figurative aspects as well as to divide the central and peripheral zones in derivational meaning.

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Adtabanlı Eylemler ve Kılınış Özellikleri

Author(s): Mustafa Aksan,Yesim Aksan / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 132/2006

This paper analyzes the morpological and semantic properites of denominal verbs in Turkish. Following Clark and Clark (1979), Turkish denominal verbs are classified into eight semantic categories: location, locatum, duration, agent, experiencer, goal, source, and instrument. The lexical aspectual characteristics of location, locatum, and goal verbs are also presented. It is argued that the inherent semantic features of base nouns have a crucial role in determining the telicity of the abovementioned denominal verbs. There is a correlation between the (non)boundedness of the base nominal and the (a)telicity of the derived verb. The paper finally focuses on the variable aspectual properties of locatum verbs and illustrates the impact of contextual factors, particularly real-world knowledge, in ascribing (a)telicity interpretations to these verbs.

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Afterthoughts on Critiques to The Philosophy of Curiosity

Author(s): Ilhan Inan / Language(s): English / Issue: 48/2016

In this paper I respond to and elaborate on some of the ideas put forth on my book The Philosophy of Curiosity (2012) as well as its follow-up “Curiosity and Ignorance” (2016) by Nenad Miščević, Erhan Demircioğlu, Mirela Fuš, Safiye Yiğit, Danilo Šuster, Irem Günhan Altıparmak, and Aran Arslan.

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Ahmet Ümit’in “İstanbul Hatirasi” Adli Yapitinda Medeniyet Kavraminin Somut Göstergeleri

Author(s): Neslihan Yücelsen,Melda Karagöz / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 81/2015

Although a lot of research has been done on the concept, the “civilization”, “urban” in lexicon, can not have an absolute conclusion that has been reached regarding its use. While some researchers view that the concepts of civilization and culture its equivalent some of others differentiate these concepts from each other. Definitely, there is a close relationship between civilization and culture. The pretiminary condition to cite a likely formation of a civilization is to have an extent of cultural accumulation. The literature is a form of art in which the cultural values of civilizations are described through language. It is likely to find the reflection of the cultural element, at the master of arts such as sculpture, music, architecture, furniture, food, weapons and so on. All these cultural elements of the work reflected by the work display the reality and the richness of life as well as civilization to the reader. Civilizations consist of material and spiritual elements which are interconnected to each other, and these elements show progress throughout the history. The works of literature are a reflector of the circumstances in which their own civilization was formed and also the witness of the time. It could be possible to see some trace, in each author’s time. However, this does not mean that his ideas belong only to his era. The authoruses the past, with all its glorious accumulation, and the future with its unknown world, as a tool. Literature, is a way go art to enrich all of these elements of culture and civilization. There are times when civilizations have disappeared. In such a case with the material and spiritual indicators, it is possible to find out specific features of lost civilizations. In this work Istanbul, as an important material indicator of civilization, has been selected for the place. Istanbul, due to its favorable geographic location and its private community, has been home to many civilizations as the capital town, even played a role in the formation of the historic ages. In a paralel way to these, it has a very high material culture. In these tudy, first, the meanings attributed to the concept of civilization, will be discussed. With the conclusions, the indicators of forming civilization will be determined. Then, some further information as for which indicators are to be provided among those in the work, looked through subsequently, will be presented. And, the functions of the indicators in the editing of the work will be touched upon.

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Ainsuse sisseütleva vormi valiku seos morfosüntaktiliste ja semantiliste tunnustega – materjali ning meetodi sobivus korpusanalüüsiks

Author(s): Ann Siiman / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 61/2015

The article examines the choice between the singular long and short illative case. It attempts to find out which morphosyntactic and semantic variables are statistically significant for choosing the long or short illative case. The variables considered are part of speech, part of sentence, government, fixed word combination, proper or common noun, proper noun semantic group, common noun semantic group and meaning of the verb lemma. The material investigated comes from the Estonian web corpus etTenTen and the Estonian Reference Corpus. In the final material, a total of 840 illative case forms were analysed. The material was balanced (420 long illative forms and 420 short illative forms) and all word forms were included only once. With the help of the computer software program R, a chi-square test and standardized Pearson residuals were performed. The results were controlled with a so-called part-whole method and using Cramér’s V effect size method. Based on the quantitative and qualitative analyses, five variables were found to be important: government, fixed word combination, proper or common noun, proper noun semantic group and common noun semantic group. it was found that the government structures, proper nouns and the levels ‘person names’ and ‘place names’ from the variable proper noun semantic group prefer the long illative case. The short illative case is more preferred with fixed word combinations and the levels ‘place phrases’ and ‘state phrases’ from the variable common noun semantic group. In this univariable corpus-based study, the variables government, fixed word combination, proper or common noun, proper noun semantic group and common noun semantic group were statistically significant, but further studies should test if these variables remain statistically significant when applying multivariable analysis or in experiment-based studies.

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Amore, impegno e satira in Luigi Tenco. Un’analisi linguistica

Author(s): Filippo Pecorari / Language(s): Italian / Issue: 1-2/2015

The present paper deals with the linguistic strategies used by the Italian songwriter Luigi Tenco (Cassine, 21 March 1938 – Sanremo, 27 January 1967) in the lyrics of his songs. The figure of Tenco takes on a great importance in the context of the remarkable transformations experienced by Italian songwriting in the Sixties. We will analyse three songs, assumed as paradigmatic examples of the main thematic veins of Tenco’s work: songs about love and human condition, political songs, and satirical ballads. The analysis will cast light on metric, lexical, and syntactic features of the lyrics; a special emphasis will be put on the interplay between syntactic structures and musical phrases, solved by Tenco through a clear supremacy of the former.

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AN ANALYSIS OF LINGUISTIC NORMATIVITY AND COMMUNICATION AS A RESPONSE TO OBJECTIONS TO A BIOPSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATION FOR LINGUISTICS

Author(s): Jonathan J. Life / Language(s): English / Issue: 16/2017

This paper addresses the common-sense objections to a biopsychological understanding of natural languages. Some traditional notions of shared public languages are problematic for various reasons, both logical and social. It is argued, however, that a modest pragmatic analysis of linguistic norms is defensible, and can illuminate the nature of communication without abandoning a biopsychological perspective. An attempt is made to flesh out Jackendoff’s notion of the “tuning” of semantic representations for the purposes of communication (Jackendoff, 2002). Ultimately, it is argued, a biopsychological perspective remains the best-justified hypothesis for the foundation of core theoretical linguistics.

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An Overview of Lexico-Semantic Noun Anglicisms in The Modern French and Lithuanian Languages: Linguists’ Approach

Author(s): Ksenija Banuševiciene / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2016

The article examines noun anglicisms and their lexico-semantic integration in the French and Lithuanian languages. The notion of dynamics of the borrowing process and the concept of noun anglicisms are analyzed from the linguistic point of view. The article aims at describing different interpretations of anglicisms by French and Lithuanian linguists, problematics of lexico-semantic anglicisms, and the current approach to lexico-semantic anglicisms in the French and Lithuanian languages. It can be assumed that the intensive usage of anglicisms generates a new linguistic situation in which English terms are widely used in the French and Lithuanian languages. The use of new lexical elements in the French and Lithuanian languages improves text expressiveness and helps to move away from the formality of the text, thus creating a connection with the reader and realizing verbal expressiveness. To sum up, anglicisms in the modern French and Lithuanian languages appear to have a systematic character related to the diachronic and structural development of the language. Their relatively fast assimilation at phonological, morphological and semantic levels appears to be the key part of the borrowing process. A great number of anglicisms seem to be the result of the process of globalization. Anglicisms influence all languages of the world. Naturally, French and Lithuanian are not an exception

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Analiza dyskursywno-genologiczna nazw telewizyjnych programów publicystycznych w Polsce (2005–2015)

Author(s): Ewa Szkudlarek-Smiechowicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2016

The aim of the article is a discursive and genealogical analysis of proper names of television current affairs programmes. The linguistic characteristics (structural, semantic and functional) of television broadcasts’ titles are related mostly to their self-presentation strategies and self-promotional functions. By naming, a television broadcaster creates, above all, the television’s image as an institution which safeguards freedom of speech, which is objective, pluralistic, truth-revealing and which brings a univocal resolution to socially important issues

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Analizë strukturore‐semantike e njësive eufemistike të Shqipes mbi bazën e konceptit të formës së brendshme

Author(s): Alda Jashari-Cicko / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 46/2016

The aim of this paper is to conduct an inquiry on the principle of inner form through a detailed structural and semantic analysis of the Albanian euphemistic units. The theoretical approach and the practical treatments focus on exploiting the general concept and basic characteristic traits of these units by means of classifying and filing them based on their inner and outer structures. Euphemistic units are deeply grounded on the earlier stages of Albanian language lexicon development as an integral and treasured part and they inevitably give us immense possibilities to enrich and extend the stylistic expressive means worth using to make our speech sound more vivid, more natural and more resourceful. The inner form of the language has been dissolved during the process of semantically and structurally shaping these units which clearly retain and transmit their everlasting bonds to spoken language evidently displayed through the development, enrichment and differentiation of lexical and functional values. This linguistic selection is directly concatenated to everyday routine elements, naturally arisen from instinct dreading from wild animals, serious illnesses and additionally religious beliefs. Surveying the scale, extension, vitality and the level of originality these units possess give us potential opportunities to analyze simultaneously the extension of words’ inner semantic structure as well as the historical, social, cultural, regional conditions that have conditioned and influenced these productive linguistic units’ enormous elaboration.

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Anomalous use of definiteness and gender in some types of noun phrases in Bulgarian

Author(s): Valentin Gešev / Language(s): English / Issue: 1-2/2016

The paper considers the anomalous use of definiteness and gender in Bulgarian noun phrases containing hypocoristic names, nicknames or sometimes even legal personal names. Proper names of people, being semantically definite, usually do not take the definite article in Bulgarian. But in the cases considered it is just the opposite – in informal conversation, in fiction or in ironic statements the use of a definite article is either obligatory or facultative depending on the formal and semantic features of the names. The factors to trigger the anomalous use described may be the female sex of the designee, the less typical ending of the noun, its being grammatically neuter or its inclusion in an attributive phrase. Thus the female legal personal names (e.g. Marija, Elena) may take a definite article on some special occasions (Marijata, Elenata) but male legal personal names (e.g. Boris) cannot. Male legal or hypocoristic names ending in -o (Stojko, Borko More...

Anthropolinguistic Analysis of the Semantic Field of the Verb »Cook«

Author(s): Jacek Kos / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2015

Anthropolinguistic analysis of the semantic field of the verb cook is an attempt at presenting the evolution of the do-main of cooking in English as reflected in the vocabulary pertaining to cooking terms adopted in different historical epochs. The examination of the whole network of related cooking terms (i.e. the semantic field of to cook) proves that its development is inextricably linked with the cultural and social changes, new inventions, foreign influences and many other factors.

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Anti-Proverbs in English and Serbian

Author(s): Vladan Pavlovic / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2016

The paper presents a set of anti-proverbs – innovative and typically satirical, ironic, or humorous alterations of traditional proverbs, from English and Serbian (e. g. Taste makes waist < Haste makes waste; Dobro se dobro zaboravlja < Dobro se dobrim vraća), and examines the strategies employed in the two languages in the process of their creation. The paper concludes that the process of creation of anti-proverbs from proverbs involves a number of strategies, all of them typically leading to the emergence of a new expression with a clear communicative message. Those strategies generally involve lexical substitution or lexical addition, whereby the overall syntactic pattern can be either preserved or changed. It also concludes that the strategies used in the creation of anti-proverbs, as well as their topics, are quite comparable both in English and in Serbian. The paper also presents a number of theoretical and methodological implications for further research.

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