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LA DYNAMIQUE TERMINOLOGIQUE DANS QUINZE SECTEURS PROFESSIONNELS À MOSTAGANEM-ALGÉRIE

Author(s): Soufiane Bengoua / Language(s): French Issue: 39/2023

The professional vocabulary in Algeria and the verbal exchanges within the specialty remain little studied. This is one of the motivations that led us to take an interest in it. During this intervention, it will be a question of describing and analyzing the terminological dynamics within fifteen professional sectors in Mostaganem. It is true that in this category, whether they are seasoned craftsmen or novices in the trade, the terminology represents their linguistic identity within their respective specialties. In Algeria, the presence of French and Arabic in the mother tongue would complicate communication between peers. It remains legitimate to identify the component of this specialized vocabulary that circulates among these sectors of activity. It is imperative to determine to what degree the Algerian monopolizes the specialty and how it differs from the ordinary Algerian present in the mother tongue. Do the artisans know the form/meaning relationship of the terminological unit, namely the signifiers? And are they better mastered, because they are found in everyday language.

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Диалектное членение хантыйского языка по данным базисной лексики

Author(s): Idaliya V. Fedotova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 04 (47)/2022

This paper looks at the relationship between Khanty dialects from the perspective of the “language vs dialect” problem, applying the method of lexicostatistics to new archival and field data. Dialectal classification of Khanty is still a debatable issue with no reached consensus among researchers. The borders between dialectal groups within the Khanty language are mostly drawn by the phonetic and morphological criteria. Scholars traditionally separate Khanty dialect continuum into two dialectal groups: Northern (Western) and Eastern Khanty. However, recently many Khanty sources have become available to researchers, ranging from the unpublished 18th century archives to the printed dictionaries and digital field corpora. Having applied the method of lexicostatistics to this new material, the article shows that the Eastern group is not homogenous. As a result, the study identifies three contemporary Khanty languages: Northern Khanty, Vakh Khanty, and Surgut Khanty. Also, the article observes the correlation between these three groups and traditional ones that are distinguished by phonological and grammatical criteria (Eastern, Northern and dead Southern Khanty). Also, 13 new basic vocabulary lists based on the sources from the 18th to 21st centuries are published, which makes it possible to trace evolution of the dialects. Etymological notes and references, as well as proto-form reconstructions, are provided along the lists, which makes the supplementary material a miniversion of an etymological dictionary of Khanty dialects.

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А. А. Бурыкин, С. И. Шарина: Эвенский язык. Фонетика. Графика и орфография. Морфология

Author(s): Nadezda I. Danilova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 01 (48)/2023

The review of: -А. А. Бурыкин, С. И. Шарина: Эвенский язык. Фонетика. Графика и орфография. Морфология. Новосибирск: Наука, 2021. 402 с.

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Andrea Trovesi (1971-2021)

Author(s): Maria Bidovec / Language(s): Italian Issue: 64/2021

In memoriam of Andrea Trovesi (1971-2021)

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LES MÉCANISMES FORMELS DE CRÉATION D’ETHNONYMES ARGOTIQUES EN FRANÇAIS

Author(s): Piotr Sorbet / Language(s): French Issue: 22/2022

The aim of this study is to present and analyze slang ethnonyms in French. These are lexical units used to denominate different nations by means of nonstandard language. To achieve this objective, a lexicographic corpus was built that embraced slang dictionaries and also general dictionaries of the French language. The slang ethnonyms were analyzed quantitatively and formally. The paper discusses the findings regarding the spelling, phonetic and morphological features.

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ZUR NORMLOSIGKEIT DER SCHREIBUNG AUS DER VERGANGENHEIT ANHAND VON IN SCHRIFT FESTGEHALTENEN, DIALEKTALEN FRUHNEUHOCHDEUTSCHEN MERKMALEN IN DEN KRAKAUER WILLK¨UREN AUS DEM 14. JAHRHUNDERT

Author(s): Piotr A. Owsiński / Language(s): German Issue: 26/2022

The article presents the results of the phonemic graphemic analysis of the German charters from the Cracow city book, which were written down in the 14th century. Due to the analysis, it could be proved that the text contains themajority of the dialectal Early New High German features and the sound changes which are characteristic for the Silesian dialect, and which spread in Central, Eastern and Southeast Europe within the context of German Eastward Expansion. All the results of the exploration are supported with appropriate examples.

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Basic Principles of Comic Relief in Theatre

Author(s): Emanuel Alexandru Pârvu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The means of expression in the art of acting differ from those in other performing arts. I wanted to write this study on comic relief in order to present a different approach to dramatic analysis, a different angle on comic mechanics, a different understanding of the relations between author, director, actor, and spectator. These relations often lack a basic understanding of comic mechanics, an analysis of comic phonetics, a unified perception of the means of expression in comic rhetoric, and the result is, most often, that the last person in the chain (the spectator) is on the losing side. Over time, I have had the occasion to observe work on texts from several perspectives – as an author, as a director, as an actor – and the product analysis that reached me as I also placed myself in the position of a spectator led to certain conclusions. This four-sided perspective has given me the chance to understand, from its very beginnings (the text) how a comic mechanism is born and developed, down to its last phase – perception by the receptor (the public).

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Commitment – the Principle of Identity in Theatre and Cinema

Author(s): Emanuel Alexandru Pârvu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

I have always wondered how we could formulate an approximate definition of the Art of Acting and how we could integrate into the capacity for understanding of people outside our field of work this maxim about what we actors do: „Do we learn how to lie? Or do we learn to commit to lying?” Fortunately, I have not yet reached such a definition; I am still trying out possibilities. From my perspective, I would opt for the second choice, which somewhat approaches the type of acting discussed by Meisner – “living truthfully under imaginary circumstances”. The circumstance derived from the text, the dramaturgical constraint, puts us in the condition of a different identity; first of all, we have to answer to another name (that of the character) and perhaps to a different past or possible future, to events that have happened or will happen. This “will happen”, this future becomes another aspect of committing – something that we as human identities (actors) expect, but of which we must feign ignorance in acting. The conscious commitment to this essentially becomes, through recurring, conscious exercise, one of the means of the Art of Acting.

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Hacia una clasificación automatizada de los alófonos de /s/ en el español guayaquileño

Author(s): Brygida Sawicka-Stępińska / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 1/2020

The paper aims to generate a way of automatized classification of /s/-allophones by finding a correspondence between their acoustic parameters and the qualitative type of the realization. The dataset used for the study comes from CHARG (Corpus de Habla Radiofónica de Guayaquil). The parameters considered for the acoustic description of /s/ are duration (DUR), center of gravity (COG) and percentage of voicelessness (UNVOI), since they are reported to indicate the lenition of the phoneme. To perform the task, we retrieved the acoustic parameters’ values. Next, we excerpted randomly 30% of the tokens and classified them perceptually as either retained or weakened. Statistical analysis revealed a weak, despite significant, correlation between the parameters, but a satisfactory correlation between DUR/COG/UNVOI and the results of the perceptual test, which is a good prediction for the elaboration of a trained algorithm for classifying the fricatives in big datasets of non-laboratory speech samples.

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PARTICULARITĂȚI FONETICE ALE TEXTELOR DE CĂLĂTORIE DIN SECOLUL AL XIX-LEA

Author(s): Gabriela Comanescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 26/2021

From a phonetic point of view, the literary language of the 19th century, as reflected in the travel writings of the time, has variations determined by the transition alphabets and the influence of regional dialects. The evolution tendencies of the language, at phonetic level, are the approach to the Wallachian variant and the adoption of new phonetics, to the detriment of the old ones, definitively abandoned. Towards the end of the century, the number of fluctuating forms decreases, registering an obvious tendency of unification and balancing of the phonetic structure of the Romanian literary language. In this paper we aim to present some phonetic features that characterize the writings of the nineteenth century, accompanied by examples excerpts from 19 travel texts analyzed, which is a valuable material on the literary norms of the time.

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Goed gehoord, goed gezegd? Auditieve waarneming van het verschil tussen de Nederlandse [e:] en [ɛi] en de invloed ervan op articulatorische reproductie van de Nederlandse [e:] door Poolse moedertaalsprekers

Author(s): Zuzanna Czerwonka-Wajda / Language(s): Dutch Issue: 1/2021

The paper presents the results of a study on the audition of a Dutch tense vowel [e:] and the diphthong [ɛi] by Polish native speakers. It was hypothesized that Polish native speakers may pronounce the Dutch [e:] as a combination of [ɛ] and [j] because they generally fail to distinguish the [e:] from the diphthong [ɛi], as both sounds lie acoustically close to each other (especially those produced by speakers of Dutch from the Netherlands); moreover, they are absent from the Polish phonetic system. Instead, the experiment has shown that Polish native speakers are very good at differentiating the isolated Dutch [e:] and [ɛi]. It seems that the pronunciation of the Dutch [e:] as a combination of [ɛ] and [j] is rather a matter of articulation than audition, but further experiments are needed to examine the problem.

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Zur Aussprache niederländischsprachiger Familiennamen aus dem Bereich des Sports durch polnische Muttersprachler – theoretische Grundlagen und exemplarische Analysen

Author(s): Artur Tworek / Language(s): Dutch Issue: 1/2021

The aim of the following article is to analyze the pronunciation of Dutch surnames by Polish native speakers. The research material consists of journalistic statements from the communicative-semantic area of sport that are present in public audiovisual mass media. The selected material guarantees the high frequency of its production and the associated perception within the real acts of communication. In particular, the examination includes Dutch sounds which either do not exist in Polish or occur in a different graphical-distributional context. The exemplary research results (the mode of phonetic integration of foreign speech sounds) represent mechanisms that are interpreted in relation to typical communication models. The study also analyzes the potential placement of such phonetic forms in the target language, i.e. Polish.

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Odkształcenia cech artykulacyjnych głosek w mowie dzieci ze specyficznym zaburzeniem językowym (SLI)

Author(s): Sofia Kamińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The article presents the results of research on the implementation of sounds in the speech of Polishspeaking children with specific language impairment (SLI). In Polish speech-therapy literature, little space is devoted to the analysis of the phonetic and phonological problems of these children, hence an attempt was made to elaborate on this issue. Eight children with a clinically confirmed diagnosis of SLI participated in the study. The diagnosis was made based on the diagnostic inclusion and exclusion criteria in the ICD-10. The children were tested with the 100-word articulation test. The children’s statements were recorded with a voice recorder and then analyzed using the listening method in the EXMARaLDA software. All the sounds of the Polish language were subject to linguistic analysis. Based on the research results, many phonetic and phonological processes distorting the sound form of sounds have been distinguished. Fields of substitution for all sounds were developed; universal substitutes were distinguished; and the so-called phonetic knots and atypical phonological errors were identified. An attempt was made to explain the causes of phonetic and phonological difficulties in the speech of the examined children.

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LA ADQUISICIÓN DE LA COMPETENCIA FÓNICA EN EL AULA DE E/LE EN CONTEXTOS ROMÁNICOS: CÓMO EVITAR EL CÓMIC SONORO

Author(s): Victor-Emanuel Ciuciuc / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 31/2022

The present research will discuss pronunciation in Spanish as a foreign language. We are especially interested in its present position in teaching Spanish as a foreign language (i.e., ELE) and, more specifically, in teaching Spanish to Romance language speakers. We would also like to investigate the available tools and strategies for implementing this aspect of the language. To this end, our approach focuses on three fundamental aspects: 1. the position of the phonic level of the language in the teaching of ELE (in contrast to the position of the other linguistic levels); 2. identifying the specific problems of Lusophones, Italophones, Francophones, and Romanophones; 3. determining the methodological directions that should be adopted in this regard, according to experts in the field. Supposing the primary goal of studying a foreign language is to acquire the capacity to communicate effectively with native speakers, mastering pronunciation is essential for adequately transferring the message. In this view, it is expected that the prevalent communication techniques will consider this factor; nevertheless, based on the contents seen in ELE approaches and the cumulative teaching experience, it is typically given minimal weight. Determining the state of the art in the teaching of pronunciation in ELE and, more particularly, in its teaching to speakers of other Romance languages is the primary purpose of this paper. The value of this work relies on the prospect of constructing the foundations of learners’ fundamental knowledge and on gaining an insight of what has been accomplished thus far. Similarly, this study serves as a basis for potential future research that critically reflects on the treatment of the phonic component of language and the particular resources and materials available.

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PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY – DISCIPLINES OF LINGUISTICS

Author(s): Mihaela Hriban / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 28/2022

Phonetics and phonology are considered as branches of linguistics. Their main domain is revealed by the manner in which the sounds are produced, sent and received by the addressee. Unlike phonetics, phonology is also a discipline of linguistics that deals with the sounds of a language from the perspective of their functional value, establishing the characteristics of different variants (d.e. functional phonetics) and the systems of phonemes specific to a certain idiom.

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THE EAST ANGLIAN DIALECT OF ENGLISH IN THE WORLD

Author(s): PETER TRUDGILL / Language(s): English Issue: s1/2021

In the 17th century, the English region of East Anglia contained many of the major population centres of the British Isles, not least Norwich, England’s second city at that time. One might therefore predict that East Anglian dialects of English would have played a major role in determining the nature of the new colonial Englishes which were first beginning to emerge during this period. This paper considers some of the phonological and grammatical features of East Anglian English which can be argued to have been influential in this way.

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WORD-INITIAL PREVOCALIC [H-] IN MIDDLE ENGLISH

Author(s): Jerzy Wełna / Language(s): English Issue: s1/2021

The present contribution discusses the phonological reality of initial fricative h- in words of Germanic and French origin in dialectally identified 106 texts from the Innsbruck Corpus of Middle English Prose (Markus 2008), with the focus on native words where initial h- is frequently mute, as confirmed by (a) h-less spellings like ouse for house or especially (b) the use of the article an before h-nouns. In the early texts a phrase like an house may testify to the survival of the historical determiner (OE ān) put before both initial vowels and consonants, but in later texts this position may indicate mute initial h- in the following noun (or in an adjective before a noun). The paper offers numerical data concerning such distributions in particular Corpus texts as well as analogous data referring to the adjectives MIN and THIN (later on my and thy), where the final nasal consonant was lost when used in the function of an attribute. Consequently, this development led to the rise of a set of possessive adjectives with a syntactic, not phonological, distribution The data from the Innsbruck Corpus seem to indicate that an early loss of initial prevocalic h- in Middle English words of Germanic origin took place in particular texts rather than in texts from the whole region. The evidence from the Corpus shows that the implementation of the contemporary distribution, i.e., a before consonants and an before vowels, had a partly regional character, its first traces coming from as early as the 13th century.

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Überlegungen zur Aussprachebewusstheit im Kontext der Fremdsprachenvermittlung

Author(s): Beata Grzeszczakowska-Pawlikowska / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2021

Multilingualism at the European or worldwide level is related to the need for changing the perception of foreign language teaching and learning. As a result, the concept of language awareness has been given a high priority. It implies the reﬂection on the language elements and their functions – language comparisons on the one hand, and the interdisciplinary sensitivisation for languages with the inclusion of language curiosity, etc. on the other. At the same time, the concept of language awareness plays a signiﬁcant role in the ﬁeld of tertiary language didactics, such as teaching German after English. With that in mind, this article presents in-depth reﬂections about the consciousness of pronunciation aspects and their multidimensional character.

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SRPSKI VARIJETET ENGLESKOG JEZIKA KROZ VIZURU ELF ISTRAŽIVAČKE PARADIGME

Author(s): Tamara P. Tošić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 27/2023

Linguists around the world have been researching international English for a long time, forming three paradigms of thought and research – English as an International Language (EIL), World English (WE) and English as a Lingua Franca (ELF). The aim of this paper is to present a review of the research conducted so far regarding English in Serbia and, thus, to offer insight into the inner workings of Serbian English, all in the light of ELF research. Bearing in mind that research within the ELF paradigm framework is not carried out often in Serbia, all the studies presented in this paper view the Serbian English variety as learners’ language. The elimination of contrastive studies was taken as the basic criterion for literature selection, which made it possible to compare the Serbian linguists’ studies with the ELF paradigm framework. Studies within the scope of phonetics/phonology and pragmatics were found. As regards to phonetics and phonology, papers of only two authors fit in with the established criterion. The findings of their studies confirm that Serbian English speakers have acquired the phonetic features necessary for international communication, i.e. the ELF phonetic core. Nonetheless, it was not possible to compare Serbian English pragmatic studies with ELF research – ELF studies involve spoken corpora, while Serbian English studies encompass questionnaires and interviews. Therefore, there is much to be discovered about the Serbian variety of English. Conducting further research into Serbian English within the ELF paradigm would allow comparison with ELF standards and unveil those linguistic elements which students in Serbia need to acquire in order to participate in international communication more efficiently.

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Testing and Diagnosing Dyslexia in Adolescents – Focused on Phonemic Awareness

Author(s): Erik Žovinec,Jana Duchovičová,Barbora Sender / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Aim. Phonetic deficits are one of the core language-cognitive symptoms at cognitive level aetiology of dyslexia in variety languages and orthographies. The presented study examines possibilities of diagnosis of phonological deficits in the Slovak language (similar to Czech and Polish grapheme-phoneme rules) in students at upper secondary schools. The comparison of 237 non-dyslectics and 149 dyslectics in upper secondary schools brings new stimulus for diagnostic procedures at counselling centres. Methods. Four phonemic awareness tests for upper secondary school students (aged 15-20 years) were developed. The testing tasks included tasks on phoneme analysis/segmenting in words and non-words (10), phoneme synthesis/blending in words and non-words (10), phoneme transposition in words and non-words (8), and phoneme elision in non-words (8). Results. Dyslectics achieved a lower average score in phonemic awareness tests than non-dyslectics. First and second year students (aged 15-17 years) achieved similar average scores, but third and fourth year students (aged 17-20 years) achieved lower results. The t-statistic for the phonological analysis tests was 2.827 with df 56.259 and a p-value of 0.007, indicating a significant difference between the groups under study. The t-statistic for the phonological synthesis tests was -2.568 with df 284 and a p-value of 0.011, also indicating a significant difference between the groups. The t-statistics for the phonological transposition and elision tests indicate that there is no significant difference between the dyslexic and non-dyslexic group. Conclusion. The study brought several inspirations for the tasks and tests that can be used in the diagnosis and re-diagnosis of dyslexia, specifically for adolescents.

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