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Raamat sünnib kuulata

Author(s): Meelis Mihkla,Indrek Kiissel,Andrus Hiiepuu,Indrek Hein,Raivo Ruusalepp,Urmas Sinisalu / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 02/2017

The article describes the text-to-speech system Vox Populi, the Iselugeja (Self-Reader) application of Elisa Raamat, and the interactive service of reading aloud library materials in DIGAR user environment. Digitation of written library materials, electronic book circulation and the developments in speech technologies now enable the linguistically challenged – people suffering from visual impairment or dyslexia – to receive library services in the form of texts read aloud in synthetic speech or of audio books instead of paper books (no matter whether published or still in print). Text-to-speech systems consist of two components: editor interface and synthesis interface. The editor interface analyses the input text and makes up a list of supposed foreign words and unidentified character strings. The online environment of the phonetic database of foreign names enables addition of pronunciation equivalents and checking the pronunciation of foreign names. The synthesis interface enables the user to choose between different synthetic voices and to modify the speech rate for the voice selected. Those two interfaces cooperate to convert text files into synthetically voiced audio files. The hub of the system is input text analysis and the processing of abbreviations, digits and special characters. Perception tests have been used to specify how to best reflect the text structure (paragraphs, titles and direct speech) in synthesised speech. The text-to-speech system Vox Populi is available as a public service and Iselugeja is a free additional feature to the application Elisa Raamat. Thus, the devices for listening to audio books and for mediating the digital archives of libraries are obviously taking us to an era where being read to in interactive style is becoming an everyday service to library readers.

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Väldete analüüs sünteesi teel

Author(s): Meelis Mihkla / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 11/2020

The article is the first attempt to provide a fresh view of the quantity degree as a phono­logical category by using synthesis and machine learning. The results of the analysis are compared with recorded natural speech and with synthetic speech achieved by different methods of synthesis. Self-training speech synthesizers based on hidden Markov models (HMM), on deep neural netrworks (DNN) and on recurrent neural networks (RNN) were used. The input for machine learning consisted of written Estonian texts (ca 1000 sentences) and audio texts recorded from different informants who used the written texts as a basis. The self-training TTS systems did not contain any Estonian-based module or analyser. To check the precision of pronunciation, the output speech of each synthesizer was subjected to a perception test. According to the results obtained, the general precision of pronunciation reached up to 80.6% for synthetic speech, vs. 94.4% for natural speech. Another evaluative mechanism used involved an analysis of nine acoustic parameters. The analytic comparison of synthetic and natural speech confirmed that the main acoustic cue to differentiate between quantity degrees is the durational ratio between syllable onsets. As for additional characteristics, it was the position of the peak of the pitch contour in the stressed syllable and the difference measured between the pitch maxima that proved to be significant parameters both in synthetic and natural speech. Synthetic speech displayed less intra-degree variability than natural speech, especially for the difference between pitch maxima and between the duration ratios of syllable onsets. While the different methods used for synthesizing quantity degrees ended up in relatively small differences in pronunciation precision (77.8-81.5%), involvement of relevant acoustic parameters brought about a considerable rise in variability. This indicates that although the duration ratio of syllable onsets will remain the main characteristic feature of a quantity degree, the algorithms of machine learning enjoy a relative freedom of choice among additional characteristics to achieve a good enough audio result. The prevalent cause of error in the pronunciation of words with different quantity degrees was the choice of a wrong duration ratio between syllable onsets, which applied to all three quantity degrees. The rest of error-causing parameters only worked for single quantity degrees. In conclusion, although the present study did not reveal any new aspects of Estonian quantity, it serves well as a pilot study indicating that analysis by synthesis is quite a considerable and promising method to test various phonological categories and phonological representation of speech.

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Eesti laste kõne III. Kõnetempo ja silbikestuste analüüs

Author(s): Einar Meister,Lya Meister / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 3/2022

The paper explores the developmental changes of speech tempo and syllable durations in Estonian adolescent speech depending on age, gender and text characteristics. The research material consists of read speech utterances from 175 girls and 134 boys in the age range of 10 to 18 years. For each sentence, the speech rate, articulation rate and phone rates were calculated. Generalized additive mixed models (GAMM) were applied to analyze the variations in the measures of speech tempo and syllable durations. The effect of age on the speech tempo is obvious: speech rate increases from 4 syllables per second in 9-10 years to 5.1 syllables per second in 14 years and becomes stable between the ages of 15 and 18. similar developmental patterns are observed for articulation and phone rates. Gender differences are not significant in all tempo measures, although boys tend to speak slightly faster than girls. The duration of syllables has an inverse pattern decreasing from 9 to 14 years and remaining stable in 15-18 years. Interpreting the data on speech tempo and syllable durations as the indicators of speech motor development we can conclude that in Estonian children the development of speech motor skills reaches stability at the age of 14 and the refinement of articulatory skills continues at the age of 15-18. The findings are in line with the results reported for adolescent speech in other languages. The reported results can be considered reference data that are typical for Estonian-speaking subjects aged from 10 to 18 with normal linguistic development.

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კავკასიის ნეოლითური კულტურის ეთნოლინგვისტური ასპექტები

Author(s): Merab Chukhua / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 7/2022

The study of the prehistoric Caucasus was conducted using the method of modern ethnolinguistics, which required an integrated approach to the problem. In the Caucasus, as elsewhere, the Neolithic era postdates the Paleolithic one, or the Stone Age, and it predates the Bronze Age, the earliest period of the same metal tools, when in the Old World the Bronze Age followed the Neolithic one; Early human societies then learned to mix copper and tin to make a new product - bronze, which replaced the early stone and replaced it with more flexible labor tools. The Neolithic Age was characterized by stone tools, which were formed in a peculiar way, i.e. so called tool has already been processed with special human intervention. In addition, Paleo-Caucasian people were employed in crafts such as pottery and weaving. Neolithic cultures of the Caucasus made stone labor tools by crushing and polishing relatively heavy rock layers. Likely, a part of plants and animals were domesticated in the Caucasus of this period; It seems that in the Neolithic era a Caucasian people permanently lived in rural settlements; It seems that the cultivation of grain in the Neolithic period allowed the Paleo-Caucasians to build permanent dwellings and settle densely, and exemption from the nomadic and hunting-collecting economies gave them free time to specialize craftsmanship. As expected, this became the longest and most gradual (evolutionary) transition period in Paleo-Caucasian human history. It was from this period that the Paleo-Caucasians grew barley and wheat and herded sheep and goats, to which later large cattle and pigs were added. Farming communities based on millet and rice also emerged in the Caucasus in no later than 5000 BC. Bean and pumpkin are expected to appear relatively later. Subsequent innovations of the Paleo-Caucasian civilization were spread from Asia Minor to the north, namely to Europe via two ways: via modern Turkey and Greece first to Central Europe, Egypt and North Africa, and from it - to Spain.

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Eesti keele peegelkeel – aalpu taasa kaadastaas

Author(s): Rein Taagepera / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 03/2015

Siin on tuntud laul, korrapäraselt ümber vahetatud kirjatähtedega. Pealkirjas antud „tõlge” annab enam kui piisava võtme laulu tabamiseks ja see omakorda täielikuks muunduste tabeliks. See eesti keele peegelkeel sisaldab samu tähti, ulatuslikult samade esinemisnormidega silbilõpus ja tagasilpides. Seetõttu keele rütm ja põhiline kõla säilib enam-vähem. Erinevusi keele kõlas põhjustab eeskätt ümbervahetatavate tähtede erinev esinemissageduse muster. Raskesti hääldatavaid häälikuühendeid juhtub, ent vähe.

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Modālie darbības vārdi Ērģemes izloksnē

Modālie darbības vārdi Ērģemes izloksnē

Author(s): Anete Daina / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 13/2022

The subdialect of Ērģeme is a part of the Vidzeme Central subdialects of the Central dialect of the Latvian language and it is one of the most studied Latvian subdialects in terms of phonetics, morphology and vocabulary, while less so regarding its particularities within the usage of modal verbs. This article provides an insight into the matter, and analyses the use of modal verbs varēt ‘can, may’, drīkstēt ‘to be allowed, may’, gribēt ‘to want’, vajadzēt ‘to need’ from the aspect of epistemic modality and deontic modality and their modal meanings, but also considering their phonetic and grammatical features. The aforementioned modal verbs are analysed in the construction together with infinitive, although they can also be used as independent verbs and function as predicates. While analysing modal verbs, their negation has to be taken into account, too. The article focuses on the negated modal verbs, and excludes the negated infinitive modified by them. The sub-dialect language material used for analysis of modal verbs dates back to the middle of the 20th century. The author of this article has previously studied modality and modal verbs among other means of expressing modality in Latvian in different discourses (e. g., internet comments, mass media, language corpuses, presidential speeches). The subdialect of Ērģeme as a source of research has been chosen in order to gain multi-sided insight into the use of modal verbs in Latvian. In addition, the subdialect of Ērģeme has been already explored by the author from other perspectives.

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Par Lībiešu krasta (Līvõd rānda) iedzīvotāju runāto tāmnieku izloksni

Par Lībiešu krasta (Līvõd rānda) iedzīvotāju runāto tāmnieku izloksni

Author(s): Daira Vēvere / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 13/2022

The present paper describes the use of the Tamian subdialect (also: Courland Livonic subdialect) spoken by the inhabitants of the Livonian Coast (Livonian: Līvõd rānda) in villages such as Mazirbe, Košrags, Pitrags, Kolka, Melnsils, etc. The analysis is based on 24 speech data obtained during the period between the 1980s and 2019. The results of the present study show that the Livonians and their descendants speak with dialect features which are characteristic of the Tamian subdialects, i.e., labialization, vowel reduction, use of the vowel e //  in the singular and plural locative and dative cases as well as in local adverbs, and the simple present and past of 2nd conjugation verbs and the simple past of 2nd and 3rd conjugation verbs, generalization of the 3rd person verb forms, and the neutralization of gender forms. It can be concluded that the Tamian subdialect spoken by the inhabitants of the Livonian Coast is not considered as strong as the subdialect spoken by the deep Tamians in northern Courland, especially in Ance and Dundaga. This could be due to the migration observed in the coastal area.

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Постакценатске дужине у говору Лозничанки

Постакценатске дужине у говору Лозничанки

Author(s): Branislav Veselinović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 53/2022

У овом раду посматрају се постакценатске дужине у говору трију Лозничанки с циљем да се одреди актуелно стање ове прозодијске појаве у лозничком говору, који се традиционално подводи под херцеговачко- крајишки дијалекат, упореди с Вук–Даничићевом ортоепском нормом и утврде сличности и разлике са стањем забележеним у околним говорима, као и да се установи у којем се степену дужине чувају, односно скраћују у идиолектима припадника различитих генерација, што би могло приказати потенцијални пут језичке промене, тј. све чешћу редукцију дужина. Квалитативно-квантитативном методом дужине се анализирају у 12 могућих фонетских положаја. Анализа је показала да се примери забележени у лозничком говору слажу са случајевима у околним говорима и класичној ортоепској норми, али да се дужине у већини положаја не чувају доследно као у датој норми, већ да њихова појава зависи од унутарјезичких процеса – садејства фонетских и морфолошких фактора и разних аналогија, те да се очекивано највише редукују у говору најмлађег информатора. Како се у одговарајућим положајима може уочити пад индекса фреквенције условљен узрастом, показује се да и спољни чиниоци попут генерацијске припадности и електронских говорних медија, кроз које се првенствено шири данашња употребна норма у Србији, утичу на појаву скраћивања постакценатских дужина у лозничком говору.

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L’HARMONISATION DES VOYELLES MOYENNES DU FRANÇAIS : DE LA VARIATION PHONÉTIQUE AU CHANGEMENT PHONOLOGIQUE

L’HARMONISATION DES VOYELLES MOYENNES DU FRANÇAIS : DE LA VARIATION PHONÉTIQUE AU CHANGEMENT PHONOLOGIQUE

Author(s): Brayana Rakova / Language(s): French Issue: 02/2022

This paper examines a typical process of French phonology by virtue of which the height of the mid vowel in an unstressed open syllable agrees in height with the word-final vowel. Often called “vowel harmony”, this gradient phenomenon in French is not a proper height harmony, but a process of vowel-to-vowel coarticulation. However, vowel harmony is considered to be the diachronic result of the phonologization of V-to-V coarticulation. Thus, this paper discusses the possibility that this allophonic process evolves towards a categorial one.

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AKCENAT ZAMJENICA U GOVORU DONJEG KAMIČKA

AKCENAT ZAMJENICA U GOVORU DONJEG KAMIČKA

Author(s): Amina Pehlić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: XX/2022

The aim of this paper was to present the accent of the pronouns in the speech of Donji Kamičak, according to the accent typology and description of the accent in the standard Bosnian language, and to compare it with the researched accent forms of the pronouns in standard language practice. Donji Kamičak is a Bosniak village located in the valley of the Sana River (between the towns Sanski Most and Ključ). According to the classification of Bosnian-Herzegovinian dialects, the speech of this place belongs to the West Bosnian (Ikavian-Šćakavian) dialect, i.e. the Central Bosnian subdialect, which by its basic characteristics belongs to the Neo-Shtokavian dialects. Based on the results of the research, it was concluded that in the speech of Donji Kamičak, the same accented types of pronouns are distinguished as in the standard language, with a partially different distribution of individual pronouns within the two basic types (changeable and unchangeable). Also, in the speech of Donji Kamičak, there was a predominance of adjectival change, i.e. longer suffixes in genitive, dative and locative case of masculine and neuter singular of adjectival pronouns, which compared to shorter forms, according to recent research, are significantly more represented in standard linguistic practice; in certain forms of pronouns, the secondary length appears, i.e. post-accent length that is not a feature of the standard language; in addition to the standard one, a non-standard transfer of the accent to the proclitic was also recorded.

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Fonološke adaptacije germanizama u bosanskom jeziku

Author(s): Hatidže Burnić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2019

This paper will present the results of the research of Germanisms used in the language of the most widely read newspapers in the Bosnian-speaking region of Bosnian Krajina. These are the daily newspaper “Dnevni Avaz“ and the weekly local newspapers “Krajina“, “Moja Sana“ and “Reprezent“ (published in the period 2008–2016). The study was conducted on 6,730 extracted Germanisms. The process of loaning foreign words into the Bosnian language can be analyzed from different aspects. The word that is loaned becomes a model which gets replicated in the language of the recipient. The replica must be adapted to the linguistic system to which it is introduced. It adapts to different language levels. This paper will show the adjustment of Germanisms on the phonological level.

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Naglasni sustav jezika šokačkih pismica

Author(s): Ana Tereza Barišić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2019

This study, based on literature and research conducted on the body of Šokac short songs, studies and analyzes the accents of the Croatian standard language, tonic and atonic words, proclitics and enclitics and the negative ne as the pre-stressed word. Since, nowadays, the accentual system of the Croatian standard language registers four types of accents, but the ancient or the so-called curved accent or the acute, which has almost disappeared at the present time, was caught sight of and hereby registered in the language of Šokac short songs, so it is of great significance to analyze and register this phenomenon. Therefore, the aim of this study regarding the rules on accent distribution is to conduct the research and describe the accentual phenomena in the language of Šokac short songs before and now, and to observe to which extent the ancient accentuation is preserved in the current-day speech of the Slavonian dialect. This work also brings numerous examples of exceptions to the rules of the accentual system of the Croatian standard language, the philological analysis of the corpus of Šokac short songs was carried out on the gathered materials which were printed in the book Šokac songs by Slavko Janković and in the registered verses of a native narrator, an elderly woman, Anka Lazić, maiden name Maratović, from Vrhovina, a Šokac village situated about fifteen kilometres north west of Slavonski Brod.

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За сегментните неутрализации в българския и в датския език

За сегментните неутрализации в българския и в датския език

Author(s): Maria Bakalova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2022

The article compares the neutralizations of segmental contrasts in Modern Standard Bulgarian and Modern Standard Copenhagen Danish. Possible phonetic and functional explanations for the neutralization (or lack thereof) of certain contrasts are discussed. Both languages exhibit neutralization of vowel height contrasts (due to unstressed vowel reduction in Bulgarian and /r/-coloring in Danish), but this process is less extensive in Danish. An overview of the cognitive mechanisms underlying incomplete neutralization is given with regard to the final devoicing of obstruents in Bulgarian. The synchronic lenition of Danish plosives is analyzed as a non-neutralizing, contrast-maintaining process – with some notable exceptions.

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Zoonimy z obszaru wileńszczyzny
zwierciadłem kontaktów językowoͳkulturowych

Zoonimy z obszaru wileńszczyzny zwierciadłem kontaktów językowoͳkulturowych

Author(s): Božena Žilo / Language(s): Polish Issue: 09/2022

The issue of nomenclature for mixed breed animals has been taken up by Polish researchersmany times and its significance for onomastic and dialectal research has been emphasised oftenenough. With respect to the North-Eastern Borderlands, sparse studies have been dedicated toit so far. Therefore, this paper discusses linguistic and cultural contacts reflected in proper namesof the two species of mixed breed animals in the Vilnius Region. The material was collected usingthe traditional and online survey method. This article presents the phonetic and morphologicalcharacteristics typical of the Polish of the Borderlands, lexical features, and nomenclatureinfluences that were discovered while analysing zoonyms. It discusses the influences ofthe Lithuanian, Russian, and Belarusian languages on the nomenclature for animals living inhouseholds of people of Polish descent in the Vilnius Region.

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ЛЕКСИЧЕСКОЕ СВОЕОБРАЗИЕ СЕРБСКИХ ГОВОРОВ ЮГО-ВОСТОЧНОЙ ГЕРЦЕГОВИНЫ

ЛЕКСИЧЕСКОЕ СВОЕОБРАЗИЕ СЕРБСКИХ ГОВОРОВ ЮГО-ВОСТОЧНОЙ ГЕРЦЕГОВИНЫ

Author(s): Ekaterina Yakushkina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 26/2022

This article is a part of a large study of the linguistic and geographical features of Serbian vocabulary, carried out by the author of this article on the basis of dialect questionnaire materials specially collected for this purpose in 2019-2021. In order to identify the arealogical characteristics of Serbian vocabulary and identify isoglosses passing through the territory of Serbian dialects, in conversations with dialect speakers from various regions of Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro, and in some cases personally by dialect speakers, questionnaires were filled out based on lexical questions of the Serbo-Croatian Dialect Atlas. The article describes the lexical features of the dialects of two settlements located in southeastern Herzegovina – Ljubinje and Djedići (In addition to the Herzegovina villages described in the work, material from another 20 Serbian settlements in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia, as well as several Croatian ones, is involved in the analysis.). The article highlights the following characteristics of Southeast Herzegoviаn vocabulary: 1) the preservation of Proto-Slavic archaisms, characteristic of the peripheral areas of the Central Slavic area; 2) the use of words characteristic of the west of the Central Slavic area and uncharacteristic of its eastern part; 3) the use of words characteristic of the regions near the Adriatic coast; 4) the widespread use of lexical doublets, namely the use of words with different areal characteristics in the dialect. Based on the comparison of questionnaires from Ljubinje and Djedići with questionnaires from other researched points, we can distinguish several types of areas, which include south-eastern Herzegovina. 1) the south-western area; 2) the east Herzegovian area: unity with the dialect of the village of Mosorovići; 3) the western area; 4) the peripheral (in the broad sense of the word, including the dialects west of Drina and the dialects of (south) eastern Serbia); 5) Bosnian-Slavonian 6) eastern (uniting the dialects of eastern Herzegovina, Bosnia and Serbia). Typical, however, is the case of overlapping, or interference, of the western and eastern or central and peripheral areas.

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Bulgarian Tones and Break Indices (Bg_Tobi): A System for Intonational Annotation

Bulgarian Tones and Break Indices (Bg_Tobi): A System for Intonational Annotation

Author(s): Bistra Andreeva,Snezhina Dimitrova / Language(s): English Issue: 41/2022

The paper outlines a system of Tones and Break Indices for Bulgarian (BG_ ToBI) within the autosegmental-metrical framework of intonational phonology. While taking into account previous research on Bulgarian intonation, the system draws on more recent empirical research, and thus attempts to reflect the latest prosodic developments in the language. It is based on analyses of corpora specially collected for the purpose which include read as well as semi-spontaneous speech. We propose a system for transcription of Bulgarian intonation which comprises an inventory of two prosodic units (the intonation phrase and the intermediate phrase), five pitch accents (L*, L*+H, L+H*, H*, H+!H*), two phrase accents (L- and H-) and three boundary tones (L%, H% and %H), and describe the default pre-nuclear and nuclear pitch accents and boundary tones for several communicative types of utterance. In order to account for the variable alignment of the default prenuclear pitch accent in Bulgarian, we propose another unit in the prosodic hierarchy which provides an anchorage domain for it - the prosodic word. Our analyses show that there are various strategies for signaling the information structure of an utterance by implementing different combinations of word order variation and intonational category choices. This research contributes to the study of Bulgarian intonation within the autosegmental- metrical model of intonational phonology, and of intonation grammar in general. However, more systematic research is needed on both the phonetics and phonology of intonation and the interplay of intonation, syntax and information structure in Bulgarian.

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A systemized explanation for vowel phoneme change in the inadmissible phonological structure /VV/ in Zulu

A systemized explanation for vowel phoneme change in the inadmissible phonological structure /VV/ in Zulu

Author(s): Lionel Posthumus / Language(s): English,Zulu Issue: 56/2022

This article offers a systematic and comprehensive account of vowel changes that take place in the inadmissible phonological sequence /VV/ within a word in Zulu. Instead of discussing vowel changes in terms of vowel coalescence, vowel elision and glide insertion (as is conventionally done) this approach discusses the vowel changes with regard to the position of the two juxtaposed vowel phonemes on the vowel chart. The resultant form is predictable in terms of five basic combinatory possibilities, namely that the first vowel is a higher vowel than the second; the first vowel is a lower vowel than the second; the first vowel is a front vowel while the second is a back vowel; the first vowel is a back vowel while the second is a front vowel or the two vowels in the inadmissible sequence /VV/ are identical vowels. This article furthermore demonstrates that palatalisation is triggered by a semi-vowel generated by the inadmissible phonological structure /VV/ in the case of diminutives and locatives derived from nouns containing a bilabial or alveolar consonant in the final syllable.

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Prinos proučavanju nizozemskih prezimena na primjeru prezimena motiviranih apelativom GRAAF

Prinos proučavanju nizozemskih prezimena na primjeru prezimena motiviranih apelativom GRAAF

Author(s): Željana Pancirov Cornelisse,Maarten Rombouts / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 94/2022

This paper deals with the analysis of surnames motivated by the appellative graaf (i.e. count). Such surnames are derived from nobility titles in the Netherlands and Flanders and are the most common Dutch surnames. The case study is preceded by a brief overview of the historical, sociocultural and orthographic context within the Dutch language area to explain why Dutch surnames motivated by the same appellative are spelled differently in the Netherlands and Flanders. The first part of the article gives a review of the position of onomastics in Dutch Studies, the historical overview of Dutch surnames from the Netherlands and Flanders, with special emphasis on the changes before and after the introduction of the official spelling system of the Dutch language in 1804, and also on motivational classification of Dutch surnames. For the purposes of this case study, we first performed a quantitative analysis. We compiled a list to see how many holders of surnames motivated by the appellative graaf there are. We then divided the list into categories according to variations in the surnames. For the number of surnames in Flanders, we used the statistics from Statbel, the Belgian statistical office, and for the surnames in the Netherlands, the statistics from the database of the onomastic network Netwerk Naamkunde. The next step in the study was to search for the various forms of surnames containing the appellative graaf. The results of the search are shown in the pertaining table. A review of the lists reveals three variants in the forms of surnames (in terms of spelling, morphosyntax and phonology). These are analysed further in the text. Two online databases were used to determine the prevalence of the variants: FamilienamenBank for the Netherlands and Familienaam for Belgium. We then outlined the distribution of the most common variants of the surname graaf on the maps of the Netherlands and Belgium. In the Netherlands, the surname De Graaf has the highest concentration in the historic county of Holland, and in Belgium (Flanders), in the area bordering the Netherlands. Also, the distribution of the surnames Degraeve, De Graeve and Degrave (in Belgium) is shown. The results indicate somewhat limited mobility and decentralization. In the final part of the analysis, we looked at the origin of the surname graaf with respect to the motivational classification of Dutch surnames (see Brower 2000c), which divided the surnames into four categories: those derived from personal names, one’s origins, those motivated by occupation and those derived from nicknames. Almost all of the four categories occur in various spelling variants of surnames with the appellative graaf. The contribution of this paper is that surnames motivated by the appellative graaf are analyzed for the first time. Additionally, this is the first anthroponomastic article in Croatian on surnames from the Dutch language area. It will also enable Croatian anthroponomastics to get acquainted with the Dutch anthroponomasticon in detail.

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THE ENGLISH FRICATIVE CONSONANT /Z/ AS A CHALLENGE TO NORWEGIAN L1 EFL LEARNERS: AN ERROR ANALYSIS OF PHONEMIC TRANSCRIPTIONS

THE ENGLISH FRICATIVE CONSONANT /Z/ AS A CHALLENGE TO NORWEGIAN L1 EFL LEARNERS: AN ERROR ANALYSIS OF PHONEMIC TRANSCRIPTIONS

Author(s): Oleksandr Kapranov / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

English fricatives, such as /z/, are thought to pose substantial challenges to the students of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) whose first languages (L1s) are characterised by phonetic repertoires that are dissimilar to that of English as far as fricatives are concerned (Kallio et al. 2021; Kanokpermpoon 2007). The absence of the fricative /z/ in the phonetic inventory of Norwegian is reported to impact negatively on the Norwegian L1 EFL learners’ speech production in English (Rugesater 2014). The study that is further presented in the article aims to analyse potential challenges associated with the English fricative consonant /z/ experienced by a group of Norwegian L1 EFL students (hereafter “participants”) on the B2 level of proficiency in English according to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (The Council of Europe 2011). To that end, the participants were requested to execute a series of phonemic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA): one transcription at the end of the autumn semester (Task 1) and another one at the end of the spring semester (Task 2). The phonemic transcriptions in the study were regarded as a diagnostic tool (Fouz-Gonzalez, Mompean 2021; Lintunen 2005) that provided an index of the participants’ familiarity with /z/ and, indirectly, reflected their use of /z/. The error analysis of the participants’ transcriptions revealed that the majority of them made mistakes by substituting /z/ for /s/. Considering that the substitution of /z/ for /s/ was common in Task 1 and persisted in Task 2, it was concluded that the participants, who were on the upper-intermediate level of English proficiency, found /z/ challenging. The linguo-didactic implications of the findings are discussed in the article.

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LES DIFFICULTÉS DE PRONONCIATION DE CERTAINS SONS CHEZ LES ÉLÈVES - PROFESSEURS FULFULDÉPHONES EN CLASSE DE FRANÇAIS À L’ENS
DE MAROUA-CAMEROUN

LES DIFFICULTÉS DE PRONONCIATION DE CERTAINS SONS CHEZ LES ÉLÈVES - PROFESSEURS FULFULDÉPHONES EN CLASSE DE FRANÇAIS À L’ENS DE MAROUA-CAMEROUN

Author(s): Denise Mayoudom / Language(s): French Issue: 34/2022

It is common to listen some speakers of the Fulfulde language, male or female, omit ormispronounce certain sounds of the French language. This causes difficulties in understanding. This reality, which isparticularly related to diction, constitutes a real problem which we try to analyse in this article for a better appropriation ofthe French language and to help them to change for their future professional career. It emphases particularly on the crucialproblem encountered by fulfulde-speaking student teachers at the Higher Teacher’s Training College of Maroua, at thelevel of oral expression of the French language. He proposes to train the diction, and literacy in the Fulfulde language.

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