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/fɑɪs/, /fes/ or /feɪs/? Teachers’ phonetic accommodation of diphthongs in an L2 classroom setting

/fɑɪs/, /fes/ or /feɪs/? Teachers’ phonetic accommodation of diphthongs in an L2 classroom setting

Author(s): Piotr Steinbrich / Language(s): English / Issue: 11/2016

The following paper aims to investigate whether, and if so to what extent, native speaker teachers resort to phonetic accommodation in the use of diphthongs in the classroom setting. In the course of analysis, seven native speaker teachers, each representing a different variety of British English, were recorded in two distinct contexts: classroom and natural. The recordings were used in acoustic analysis in order to gauge potential differences in F1 and F2 in each context. It was concluded that phonetic accommodation does occur in the classroom setting and the modifications of either individual segments or the whole glides can be observed, irrespective of the native accent of the user. It was found, however, that the speakers representing northern varieties of English accommodate more than those speaking with other accents. Another important observation resulting from the analysis was that some diphthongs are likely to undergo phonetic accommodation more than others. On the one end of the cline we observe the diphthong price, whereas the other end is occupied by the glides goat and cure. It is still unclear, however, whether the modifications occur consciously, thus representing a rather developed declarative knowledge of the users, or subconsciously, which would suggest an inner need to attempt to pronounce diphthongs in a standardized way.

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/Õ/ HÄÄLDUSE VARIEERUMINE

/Õ/ HÄÄLDUSE VARIEERUMINE

Author(s): Pire Teras / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 63/2017

There are 9 vowels in Estonian: /i, ü, u, e, ö, õ, o, ä, a/. Unlike other vowels the classification of the vowel /õ/ has been problematic. In the phonetic transcriptions /õ/ has been transcribed as [ɤ] or [ɯ] (IPA) or [e̮] (Finno-Ugric transcription). What are the possible reasons for this variance? This paper gives an overview of the results of experimental phonetic research focusing on the quality of /õ/: articulation, acoustics and perception. All these results, as well as phonetic transcriptions of Estonian dialects, point to variation in the quality of /õ/. In the articulation of different speakers the configuration of the body of the tongue and its height are similar to the close back vowel /u/ or to the close-mid back vowel /o/, but /õ/ is unrounded ([ɯ] or [ɤ]). In the acoustic analyses /õ/ has rather been compared to the close-mid vowels than close vowels, admitting that /õ/ can be closer than other close-mid vowels. Perception tests have shown that /õ/ occupies the space corresponding to both the close-mid and close vowels. The pronunciation of /õ/ can also vary due to the speaker’s regional background. Phonologically, /õ/ has been classified as an unrounded close-mid central or back vowel or unrounded close back vowel. Considering the phonetic variation of /õ/, a compromise in the classification of /õ/ can be that it is an unrounded non-open back vowel.

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[ˈhӕrəs] or [,həˈrӕs], [’hɒtəl] or [həʊˈtɛl]? – What/ Whose Language Do Our Students Learn (and Why)?

[ˈhӕrəs] or [,həˈrӕs], [’hɒtəl] or [həʊˈtɛl]? – What/ Whose Language Do Our Students Learn (and Why)?

Author(s): Andreea Bratu / Language(s): English / Issue: XX/2019

Learners of a foreign language (L2) are to a greater or smaller extent influenced by their native tongue (L1), be it at the level of the structures used or at the lexical and morphological levels (tenses used according to the L1 verbal behavior, to give just one example). The purpose of this paper is twofold: to investigate the deviations from the standard pronunciation in English that are common among Romanian students, trying to explain them, and to analyse the choices they make between British and American pronunciation. Questionnaires have been used with Ist and IInd year students of the English Department of the Faculty of Letters in Craiova.

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[voice] And/versus [spread glottis] in the modified Leiden model

[voice] And/versus [spread glottis] in the modified Leiden model

Author(s): Dániel Huber,Katalin Balogné Bérces / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2010

The paper stresses the need to distinguish between two subtypes of binary laryngeal systems, viz. [voice] languages versus [spread glottis] languages (“laryngeal realism”—Honeybone 2005). It criticizes the use of the primes H and L for this distinction in Government Phonology, and proposes an alternative representation, based on Backley-Takahashi (1998) and Nasukawa-Backley (2005). This feature geometric model assumes the same set of melodic components for obstruents and sonorants within a system but with a difference in the status of source elements across the language types. Therefore, accompanied by the mechanism of element activation, it is claimed to capture the cross-linguistic observations more adequately.

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10. Стих как мелодическое единство

10. Стих как мелодическое единство

Author(s): Yuri M. Lotman / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/1964

Неоднократно указывалось, что стих - основная элементарная единица поэтической речи. При этом давно уже было замечено, что найти определение признаков этой единицы затруднительно. Определение его как некоей ритмической константы противоречит хорошо. известным фактам из истории вольных и свободных размеров. Весьма распространенные в русской басне, комедии, а иногда и поэме (ср. «Душеньку» И. Богдановича) XVIII - нач. XIX вв. вольные ямбические размеры решительно уклонялись от деления текста на ритмически константные (равностопные) единицы.

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1759 metų Ziwato moteriškojo linksniavimo daiktavardžiai ir jų raida

1759 metų Ziwato moteriškojo linksniavimo daiktavardžiai ir jų raida

Author(s): Sonata Vaičiakauskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 68/2013

The present article is devoted to the analysis of the development of the feminine-type declension nouns as represented by the 18th century best record of the Northern Zemaiciai (Samogitians) of Kretinga Dialect – the Ziwato, published in 1759. The feminine-type declension comprises three kinds of stem: ā and ā, and also ē stems. The data of the Ziwato Dialect were compared with the data of the present-day form use in the Northern Zemaiciai of Kretinga Dialect. The comparative study of the noun stem paradigms revealed certain characteristic features and tendencies in the morphological development of proper names in the Northern Zemaiciai of Kretinga Dialect. The comparative analysis proved that changes in the noun forms of the feminine-type declension and the abundance of homonymous forms had been preconditioned by the phonetic developments in the Dialect as well as by the patterns of stressing. Thus the morphological development of the dialect depends both on morphological and phonological phenomena.

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1918–1940 M. STATYBOS TERMINIJOS DŪRINIŲ DARYBOS POLINKIAI

1918–1940 M. STATYBOS TERMINIJOS DŪRINIŲ DARYBOS POLINKIAI

Author(s): Lina Rutkienė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 92/2019

The article deals with the compound constructional terms in scientific literature, published between 1918 and 1940. In Lithuania, during the interwar period, the construction sector was rapidly expanding, there were many new realities, which called for many new terms, including compounds. Exclusive personalities were very important for the development of construction terms of this period and for the formation of this professional language: Kazimieras Vasiliauskas, Jonas Šimoliūnas, Pranas Morkūnas, Anatolijus Rozenbliumas, Pranas Jodele, Jonas Kiškinas, Juozas Gabrys and others. Not only did these construction engineers carry out significant research, writing articles and books, teaching young people, but also enriched construction terminology. Quantitative data of related terms from 33 scientific papers and articles on construction indicate that during the interwar period compounding was an important way of developing construction terms: in the literature read, 262 related compound terms were found. The German equivalents presented in addition to some of the compounds make the assumption that the Lithuanian compounds are to be regarded as partial or full evaluations. Although general types of Lithuanian compound terms are characterized by the same major types of compounding found in the the present Lithuanian language, analyzing the period from 1918 to 1940 construction terminology compounds, it is determined that they are made according to 10 types of production.

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6. Повторяемость низших элементов

6. Повторяемость низших элементов

Author(s): Yuri M. Lotman / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/1964

Приступая к анализу природы стиха, мы исходим из предпосылки, что стихотворение - это смысловая структура особой сложности, необходимая для выражения особо сложного содержания. Поэтому передача содержания стиха в прозе, описательно, возможна лишь в такой мере, в какой мы можем, разрушив кристалл, передать описательно - его свойства словами,, охарактеризовав форму, цвет, прозрачность, твердость, структуру молекулы. Описав таким образом кристалл алмаза, мы дадим ему исчерпывающую характеристику. Все, что входит в понятие «алмаз», нам станет известно. Но резать стекла нашим описанием все же будет нельзя. Подобно этому мы можем в прозе исчерпывающе передать содержание любого стихотворения. Мы узнаем о нем всё, но возможности «резать стекло» все же не получим.

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A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF THE PHONOLOGY OF GUREZI SHINA

Author(s): Ahmed Musavir / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

Gurezi Shina is a lesser known variety of Shina language being spoken by the inhabitants of Gurez, a remote northern valley in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The paper reports a part of the findings of a major research study, undertaken for the description and documentation of this language with an aim to substantiate efforts for its preservation. The paper is a first attempt to present the sound system of Gurezi Shina in detail; the vowels and consonants of the language have been identified through minimal pair of words. Distribution of sounds in words are given in detail. An introduction to the linguistic classification of the language has also been presented. The data for the study have been collected during several field visits to Gurez valley.

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A Mixed-principle Rule-based Approach to the Automatic Syllabification of Serbian

A Mixed-principle Rule-based Approach to the Automatic Syllabification of Serbian

Author(s): Aniko Kovač,Maja Marković / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2019

In this paper we present a mixed-principle rule-based approach to the automatic syllabification of Serbian, based on prescriptive rules from traditional grammar in combination with the Sonority Sequencing Principle. We explore the problems and limitations of the existing rule set and sonority-based approaches, introduce an algorithm that utilizes both means in an attempt to produce a more accurate segmentation of words into syllables that is better aligned with the intuition of the native speakers, and present the statistical data related to the distribution of syllables and their structure in Serbian.

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A New General Atlas of Hungarian Dialects is Forthcoming

Author(s): Jenő Kiss / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2010

The author presents the New General Atlas of Hungarian Dialects which is in progress. We get a short review about the necessity of a new general dialect atlas in Hungary. The main reason is the radical decrease of dialect words which was effected by the end of the traditional agricultural way of life. The other reason is that the data of the first general Hungarian Dialect Atlas was collected between 1949 and 1964. The author presents the aspects of the research and the content of the questionnaires; the character und the number of the lexical, morphological, syntactical, and sociolinguistic questions; and the sociolinguistic aspects of the informant selection. The collection was started in 2007 and will be finished in 2011.

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A note on the strength of vowels
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A note on the strength of vowels

Author(s): Guillaume Enguehard,Xiaoliang Luo / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

This paper is a modest contribution to the understanding of vocalic strength. Our aim is to show that the strength of consonants and the strength of vowels can be unified. For this, we propose that the only factor of strength is length. More precisely: branching segments are stronger and segments sharing their positions with other segments are weaker. We discuss several examples of phenomena related to vowels which illustrate this strength hierarchy.

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A phonetically-based approach to the phonology of [v] in Hungarian</o:p>

A phonetically-based approach to the phonology of [v] in Hungarian

Author(s): Zsuzsanna Bárkányi,Zoltán Kiss / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2006

We propose a unified, surface-based functionalist analysis of the phonology of Hungarian v, which is shown to fare better than past generative formalist/representational models. The model introduced can account for the two-fold patterning of v with respect to voicing assimilation without evoking exceptional means. Furthermore, it can also explain certain asymmetries as well as graduality displayed by v's phonotactic distribution, namely, that some clusters are more frequent in the lexicon, whereas others are marginal. The analysis is grounded in the aerodynamics of v's articulation (which involves inherently contradictory targets) as well as in the relative perceptibility of its contrast in various contexts. It is shown with the help of quantitative experiments that v's phonological patterning is directly derivable from these phonetic factors.

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A Possible Slavic Etymology of Hungarian komor ‘gloomy’ and komoly ‘serious’
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A Possible Slavic Etymology of Hungarian komor ‘gloomy’ and komoly ‘serious’

Author(s): Ádám Galac / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

The Hungarian words komor ‘gloomy’ and komoly ‘serious’ are of unknown origin. The present paper aims to elucidate this question from various angles: it gives an overview of what the Hungarian etymological dictionaries say on this topic, shows that komoly is a relatively late development out of komor, spread by the language reformers (especially by Ferenc Kazinczy) at the end of the 18th century, and presents the attempts to prove the Turkic origin of komor. Finally, it offers a Slavic etymology based on the Slavic stem *chmur-, demonstrates that semantically the two words match perfectly, and dissolves the phonological doubts that may arise at first sight.

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A Semantic Description of the Combinability between Verbs and Nouns (on Material from Bulgarian and English)
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A Semantic Description of the Combinability between Verbs and Nouns (on Material from Bulgarian and English)

Author(s): Svetlozara Leseva,Ivelina Stoyanova,Maria Todorova,Hristina Kukova / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2020

This paper represents a methodology for defining restrictions on the semantic combinability between different semantic classes of verbs and the sets of nouns corresponding to the elements of their conceptual frame (i.e. the major participants in the situation described). Our observations focus on verb synsets from WordNet and their assigned FrameNet frames which mutually inform each other. We analyse the semantic information typical for each of the studied verb classes and define semantic restrictions on the nouns they combine with. The theoretical and empirical value of the provided semantic representations and restrictions lies in the enhanced modelling of verb-noun combinability which is universal enough to be applicable not only to the languages exemplified (English and Bulgarian), but (with possible modifications) to various other languages for which wordnets are available.

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A Third Pillar of the Altaic Hypothesis
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A Third Pillar of the Altaic Hypothesis

Author(s): Roy Andrew Miller / Language(s): English / Issue: 2-4/2003

The much-mooted hypothesis, original with Ramstedt (1912) and later refined by Poppe (1960), to the effect that a number of Altaic etymological sets in which certain Mongol intervocalic velars appear to correspond directly to Turkic intervocalic labials are to be explained in historical-phonological terms by postulating the earlier existence in the original language of a suprasegmental conditioning factor, probably a movable feature of pitch, is reinvestigated in the light of the Middle Korean written records; these texts preserve overt evidence for the inheritance of this same conditioning factor in their lexically significant tonic accent notations.

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ABOUT UNIQUENESS AND PRODUCTIVITY OF BLENDS

ABOUT UNIQUENESS AND PRODUCTIVITY OF BLENDS

Author(s): Camiel Hamans / Language(s): English / Issue: 5/2011

Traditionally, blends such as brunch, Oxbridge and veggieburger are seen as a form of word play and consequently as exceptions. Therefore they are considered to be unique and unproductive. In this article, structurally different types of blends are studied and compared with combining forms such as Reagonomics or workaholic. It will be shown that all these types are possibly productive and thus not unique. Blends may be formed via an unusual process of word formation, but this does not affect their potential to become a model for productive processes of paradigmatic extension. In this respect, there is no essential difference between blends and combining forms.

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Accentuation Models of Disyllabic Nouns in the Southern Aukštaitian Dialect

Accentuation Models of Disyllabic Nouns in the Southern Aukštaitian Dialect

Author(s): Vilija Ragaišienė / Language(s): English / Issue: 68/2016

The article provides an analysis of the accentuation of disyllabic nouns in the Southern Aukštaitian (SAuk) dialect spoken in Southern Lithuania (Alytus, Lazdijai, Varėna, Šalčininkai, Druskininkai and Trakai districts). The term pietų aukštaičiai (southern Aukštaitians) was coined by scholars; because of certain phonetic peculiarities of the dialect, the inhabitants of southern Lithuania consider themselves to be dzūkai (Dzūkians). The SAuk has been of special interest to both dialectologists and Baltic language specialists for a long time. The archaic grammatical forms, syntactic constructions, phonetic, accentual and lexical peculiarities that are features of these dialects are intertwined with new phenomena and thus reveal many stages of the development of the dialect of the Southern Aukštaitians, which in turn can be of help in finding answers to some unanswered questions about the development and usage of language. For this reason more attention and research has been devoted to the SAuk dialect and its broader connections with language as a whole. The article analyses the tendencies of the accentuation parallels of disyllabic nouns with ā, ē, a and i̯a1 stems in the SAuk dialect. Drawing on audio and written sources dating from 1952–2015, the spread of the accentuation variants of the words and their forms in the same subdialect, separate subdialects and/or their groups are discussed; the accentuation patterns of disyllabic nouns with the productive ā, ē, a and i̯a stems that are stressed in various ways are described, and the nature of their prevalence in the area of the dialect is established. The study uses quantitative, geolinguistic and comparative methods.

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Accepţia ideologiei ca discurs

Author(s): Nicoleta Neşu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 2-II/2010

The present paper fouses on the relationship between ideology and the political discourse, as well as on the relationship between ideology and propaganda. Our aim is to undeline the discoursive prospective of the ideology, seen into the global frame of the general communication process. A special attention is given to van Dijk´s three-dimension model of the ideologic discourse, based on a interdisciplinary theory of ideology which takes into consideration the level of the ideology´s nature, the level of its cognitive representation and the level of its modalities of expression.

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Accommodation of L2 Speech in a Repetition Task: Exploring Paralinguistic Imitation

Accommodation of L2 Speech in a Repetition Task: Exploring Paralinguistic Imitation

Author(s): Léa Burin / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2018

Phonetic convergence is the process by which a speaker adapts his/her speech to sound more similar to his/her interlocutor. While most studies analysing this process have been conducted amongst speakers sharing the same language or variety, this experiment focuses on imitation between non-native and native speakers in a repetition task. The data is a fragment from the ANGLISH corpus designed by Anne Tortel (Tortel, 2008). 40 French speakers (10 male intermediate, 10 male advanced, 10 female intermediate and 10 female advanced learners) were asked to repeat a set of 20 sentences produced by British native speakers. Segmental (vowel quality), suprasegmental (vowel duration) and voice quality were analysed. Level of proficiency, gender and model talker were taken as independent variables. Level appeared not to be a relevant parameter due to a high amount of inter-individual variability amongst groups. Somewhat contradictory results were observed for vowel duration and F1-F2 distance for male learners converged more than female learners. Our hypothesis that low vowels display a higher degree of imitation, and especially within the F1 dimension (Babel, 2012), was partially validated. Convergence in vowel duration in order to sound more native-like was also observed (Zając, 2013). Regarding the analysis of voice quality, and more particularly of creaky voice, observations suggest that some advanced female learners creaked more than the native speakers and more in the reading task, which indicate, both linguistic idiosyncrasy and accommodation towards the native speakers. Low vowels seem also to be more likely to be produced with a creaky voice, especially at the end of prosodic constituents.

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