Ravenna tra Oriente e Occidente: stori e archeologia
Recenzja: Ravenna tra Oriente e Occidente: stori e archeologia
More...We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Recenzja: Ravenna tra Oriente e Occidente: stori e archeologia
More...
In the 20th century the society of the Yamnaya culture-historical entity, in particular, was often assumed to have involved mounted warriors who attacked populations in the Balkans and Carpathian Basin. This claim has not been contradicted due to lack of evidence in graves. The following article contrasts the features of the burials of the Yamnaya Culture with those of the Catacomb Culture as found in the northern Pontic area, in order to achieve a basis for the social interpretation of the members of both cultures. It can be shown that burials of the Yamnaya Culture differ through the complexity in grave construction (if the grave consists of two parts, its dimensions, the existence of a barrow above the grave etc.). The rather constant regime in Yamnaya graves seems to represent the burials of members of an egalitarian society, whereas the number and variability of grave inventories increases during the Catacomb Culture, especially in the Ingul Culture. Yet, evidence of mounted warriors in both culture-historical entities is still lacking.
More...
The authors publish archaeological evidence from the first research work on the settlement of Tarasova (Resina, Moldova). The idea of the first archaeological dig there was suggested by the medieval objects coming from Tarasova neighborhood and found in private collections. The primary objective of the first expedition was to determine the site’s cultural, historical and chronological context. In spite of a small scale of the field research, the Tarasova site’s unique nature became obvious to the archaeologists. Thus, it is possible to speak about two cultural horizons on the settlement – one dated by the early Gothic time of 5th c. BC, and the other dated by the Moldovan Middle Ages of 15th-17th cc. The field research proved connection between the finds from private collections and the settlement at Tarasova. Besides ceramic material, typical of medieval Moldovan sites, the research yielded other important material evidence. These are numerous tools, decorations finding analogies in Carpathian-Balkan territory, including in urban centers of the medieval Moldovan Principality. Coins found on the site provide a more important argument in favor of the commercial, industrial and probably urban nature of the medieval settlement at Tarasova village.
More...
Byzantium united Classical Ancient and Oriental jewel traditions.The Latin terms filum granum allow wide interpretations: filigree effect can be achieved in different ways. The filigree art of Syria and Egypt is closely connected with the Byzantine one.Development of the world filigree shows that some style or technology stage may reach a higher level in one region. In Moravia, this is the tri-dimensional geometric style in 8th – 9th centuries. In Western Europe, this is the splendid style of 12th – 13th centuries. The technology treatise written by Theophiles in the early 12th century demonstrates interaction of Byzantine and West European jewel cultures. Filigree is described there as “beaded wire” or wire with runde perlen. The Russian term ńęŕíü shows the technological way of twisting. Sacral art of Athos developed the style of geometry brands in 13th – 14th centuries. The Eastern art used filigree of the most miniature dimensions and reached the acme of skill in spiral style. It is possible to define these acmes as some stoppages preventing further development.The acme of Byzantine filigree is connected with creation of the band filigree of high relief and compact twisting. The resemblance in stylistic development and difference in technology between Western Europe and Russia suggests some common origins for both – the culture of Byzantium.
More...
The author publishes, describes and identifies a stone anthropomorphic idol found in early 20th c. near the village of Bogovo (Pskov, Russia). The idol itself disappeared during the World War II, so only some pictures of it are available today. The idol’s face is an oval narrowing in the lower part, with retreating chin. The idol was horned, for the places of the former horns are still visible. The Bogovo artifact finds analogies among the horned Celtic deities. The horned Celtic deity was a supreme deity and its Latin name was Cernunnos, i.e. ‘horny’. The author supposes that the idol could be connected to a Celtic group or a group of Celticized Germans joining the tribal union of Bastarns, who were moving along the big water way – River Velikaya – and who might have established a shrine with an idol of Celtic type.
More...
Monumental stone crosses appeared in the Old Rus’ in the early 12th century. The earliest crosses known are of Novgorod origin. Several local groups of medieval stone crosses, which have a particular style, were defined on the Russian Northwest. On this evidence four stable local types (Izborskiy type, described by V. Sedov, Izhorskiy type, crosses ‘in circle’, Gdovskiy type) can be determined.This paper is devoted to the Izhorskiy type of stone crosses. There are more than 40 sites on the Izhorskoe plateau, where the crosses of this type appeared. These crosses are remarkable for cutting techniques and peculiar motifs. The sizes of crosses – from 0.3 up to 3 m, time of existence of this type – 13th – 16th century.
More...
The miniature relief stone icons, the number of which is close to half a thousand wares, present the main fund of works of medieval Russian plastic. Accumulation and the study of this material have been conducted since the late 19th century, when the first, mainly informative, articles were published. But soon, stone icons were paid attention to also as examples of plastic art. For classification and systematization of wares T.V. Nicolaeva’s contributions are most considerable. She worked out the code of Old Russian stone plastic of small mould and marked answers to main questions connected with study of these items.Further study of the items in the context of medieval art leads to conclusion about the beginning of stone carving in Russia, as a branch of handicraft, about 1200r; earlier only the items of Byzantine import were known.The beginning of local traditions of stone carving with personal style of stone-work is traceable in first decades of the 13th century in Kiev and on turn of 13th – 14th centuries in Novgorod. Wares of separate (individual) workshops turn out well to group; these products were made by employing Byzantine art experience.
More...
Focusing on the knot as a special cultural phenomenon in an analysis of the roll-work flat knot represented on wide ribbon bracelets and back adornments in Setu female outwear allows us to understand that this ornament used to have its own semantic field and worldview.
More...
The article tells about the first archaeological excavations on Chuguev fortresses. The digging was done on debris of a fortress of 17th-18th cc. and uncovered debris of 9th-10th cc. fortresses. A reconstruction of towers on the later fortress is offered.
More...
The article is a study of characteristics of cattle breeding and hunting of the Cherniakhov settlement Sokol and the early Slavic Luka Kavetchynska settlement, which are situated in the Middle Dniester basin. It points to a possibility that the tribes in this region bred different races of cattle, and also that hunting was of a weak importance because of well-developed cattle breeding, which could entirely satisfy the needs of the inhabitants.
More...
By the Republic of Turkey , it is aimed that the wealth of the country to be noticed and that to develop the country thanks to this wealth. One of the most important extent of this wealth of the Anatolia is the historical heritage obviously and so that, it is considered really important by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, in this context, there had been lots of work to do on this field. It is attached great importance on the education of the youth who are seen as the intellectual class of the country in the future and also the people who will serve to the Republic. In order to make them expert on every field of science including archeology, young people were sent to the abroad for education by the Republic era. In addition to this, that policy supported with establishing new universities within the country. Among the pioneers of the Archeology within the Anatolia, we can count the names of Arif Müfid Mansel, Ekrem Akurgal, Halet Çambel and Sedat Alp who are also irradiated the Hittites. It is important for the improvement of scientific researches to transfer their contributions and academic studies to the next generations.
More...
Archaeologists often use the expression “prestige object” in the prehistoric archaeological literature, but they rarely define what they mean by it exactly or discuss what evidence and criteria justify calling an object a prestige good and what its social implications are. The clarification of this theoretical framework is an important issue if we want to use it in the reconstruction of the types and the power organisation of prehistoric societies. Before starting the analysis, I would like to call attention to a few questions that may seem evident yet we are likely to forget them. One of the most important issues is that every culture has its own value system, which is often drastically different from ours. As the value system is subjective in every society, it depends on culture and changes over time; our own value system cannot be used as a starting point for the determination of the valuables and prestige goods of other societies. Each society has to be examined in itself, starting from the data left by that society. This is the only way we can accurately approach the real structure of a past society.
More...
This paper seeks to outline the mechanisms behind the contacts between Wallachia and the Bulgarian lands in the ХVІІ century, using information about social groups who had more mobility in the period under consideration such as the Wallachian voevodes, members of the higher clergy, merchants, men of letters and icon-painters. The sources show that Ottoman authorities treated the Wallachian rulers as responsible for the Christians living south of the Danube in order to integrate Wallachia into the Ottoman imperial system. They enjoyed extensive rights in the lands south of the Danube, being able to support the locals. The most significant expression of this support was their donations to monasteries, to construction and painting of churches. The sources have it that when resuming a lord’s patronage of a sacred place, earlier records were mentioned in the newly issued chrysobulls. Many Wallachian voevodes were patrons of monasteries within the Bulgarian lands, yet funding was provided more often than not on a request by the ecclesiastical authorities, mostly by the hegumens, south of the Danube. A possibility that donations were initiated by the metropolitans is indicated, giving examples of relations between metropolitans of Tarnovo and Wallachian voevodes and their courts of the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries. The practice to dedicate Wallachian churches and monasteries to certain monasteries south of the Danube as their metochia is also dealt with. The metochia in Wallachia had to transfer part of their annual surpluses to the places they were associated with. Such was the Monastery of SS Peter and Paul in Bucharest (the Târnovului, i.e. the Tarnovan Monastery), which probably was a metochion of the Monastery of the Holy Trinity in the vicinities of Tarnovo or of the Metropolitan Church of SS Peter and Paul in Tarnovo. The story of the Church of the Assumption (Biserica Scaune), which was constructed by the Guild of the Butchers in the late ХVІІ century to be refurbished as early as the turn of the ХVІІІ century, is given in a nutshell. The funds were provided by Thanasie from Tarnovo and his nephew Stavro. In Bulgarian literature, until lately, the church and the portraits of the donors in it were groundlessly dated to 1633. The study devotes special attention to the relations between the village of Arbanassi and Wallachia, to the presence of members of the Wallachian branch of the Kantakouzenos (Cantacuzènes) family. The issue is broached of the participation of icon-painters from Wallachia in the painting of Arbanassian churches at the turn of the ХVІІІ century. This information has been recorded as late as the mid-ХVІІІ century. The similarities between the church painting ensembles in Wallachia and Arbanassi of the previous decades are due mainly to the fact that the commissioners on both sides of the Danube have hired teams of painters of the same extraction and place of training related to the workshops in North Greece and especially to Linotopea. Members of those teams were, as a rule, Greek masters, but they would work with local icon-painters executing commissions by wealthy church donors from a vast Balkan area in the ХVІІ and the early ХVІІІ centuries.
More...
The analysis of schemes of spreading of archaeological finds at the Late Palaeolithic site of Anetovka-2 allows a conventional division of its whole complex into 2 parts. To proceed from its functional application one can distinguish a group of production places (where the manufacturing of implements and hunting equipment, cutting of animal carcasses took place) and a place for ritual acts. The conditional character of such division is determined by the fact that cutting of animal carcasses can be directly connected with the performance of totemic cult while the manufacturing of implements is connected either with the rite of initiation or with a special cult production (manufacturing of attributes of a holiday adapted for the stage). One of the possible versions of reconstruction of the rite of a holiday adapted for the stage, dedicated to the bison cult, is based on the information received from the western section of the settlement. It was here where the main and closing parts of the hunting holiday took place. The finds of bison jaws, placed in a circle with the bison head in the center, a thick adding of red ochre etc. are separate elements of the given ceremony.
More...
The archaic “skull and head” ritual in the archaeological aspect was not subjected to a special interpretation, though its ethnographic analogue has a wide range of investigations, connected both with the ancient ritual of fertility and with a later ritual of a “thrown-down enemy”. From the point of view of the archaeological classification one can single out two types of objects, comparable with the “Skull and head” ritual: the interment of an isolated skull and the interment of a beheaded skeleton, recorded already in the Upper Palaeolithic of the North Europe (the site of Sungiri). To the monuments of the first type can be referred the burial of a young woman skull at the site of Modlona (Cargopolie), stuck on the pivot of one of the scaffolds of the pile-dwelings of Neolithic fishermen; the burial of an adult skull, surrounded by blades, in the grave by the village of Podostrojnoie ( Angara river); the burial of the skull in the cist grave on the Andronov cemetery Dry Lake (Enisei). It is supposed that the act of buring of an isolated skull was connected with the posthumas sacralization of the individual whose beheaded skeleton could be subjected to the religious cannibalism. The burials of the second type are very revealing: from the early Neolithic pair complex of different sex of the cemetery of Tsiklodrom (Baikal region) and the Neolithic burial of Vovnighi I (Ukraine). The possibility that in this case there takes place the burial of an isolated beheaded skeleton and the skull is left for further religious acts. It is mostly the female sex of the burials of the first type that attracts attention as opposed to the male burials of the second type. Together with this, the complexes of the first type are the most archaic, being connected with the acts of cannibalism, appeared on the base of the “social” cannibalism.
More...
In 1998, a Turkish copper vessel dated to the 16–17th century, period of the Turkish occupation, came to light in the vicinity of the village Dunamocs. The exact site was some 80–100 m from the river bank in the shallow river bed. The jug with handle made of copper was seriously damaged during the centuries, its ventral and bottom parts were injured and compressed. Its conservation took place in the autumn of 1998. The height of the bulky jug with convex basis is ca. 28 cm, the diameter of the mouth aperture is 10 cm and it was tinned both from the inside and the exterior part. Originally, the vessel used to have a lid or a cover attested by the pierced tang of the handle. The special attraction of our find is the Turkish name inscription incised into the lower part of the neck, which reads as “The property of Haidar” (sahib-i Haydar). The type of the Dunamocs jug is naturally well known in the heritage of the Turkish Occupation period. Most of them came forth from the territory of cities, fortresses occupied by the Turks and excavations performed on these localities. The number of copper vessels, however, is scanty compared to the clay (ceramic) vessels. The Dunamocs copper jug belongs to the kitchen ware for cooking and table dishes without pouring outlet. This type is called in Turkish gögüm and was mainly used for boiling water and making tea in them. The copper jug of Dunamocs came forth along an important water-way. The local inhabitants must have suffered a lot, living on the borderlines and surrounded by towns of great military and strategic significance like Esztergom, Komárom or Érsekújvár. The jug described here must have belonged to a notable personality travelling on the river.
More...
The aim of this article is to present the Jewish social and family values in Antiquity, as they can be perceived mostly through a reading of the funerary inscriptions. Details regarding the care and feelings towards the deceased, as well as wishes for the potential violators of the tombs are also envisaged. The content of the epitaphs also provides precious information on the names, titles and the age of the deceased, on the causes of death, and the epithets denoting close relationships between the members of the family.
More...
In 1986, during excavations at Podebłocie (a locality near Vistula c. 100 km south of Warsaw) 3 clay tablets dated between IX–XI centuries A. D. were found. Professor T. Wasilewski (1987) interpreted the inscription as placed on them as I X C H which represents the Byzantine Christogram: IC/XC – NI/KA = IHCOYC XPICTOCNIKA. This Christogramm occurs often in different inscriptions in KievanRus’, namely in 3 stones of duce Borys in Dvina near Połock, 1128, in Cross on stone of duce Rogvolod near of town Druck as well as in of Kievanencolpions. In the territory of Poland were discovered over 50 encolpions. One of them fund in excavation Horodyszcze in Trepcza near Sanok (XII–XIII c.) has Christogram IC / XC N (K ), whereas X P was engravedon the bronze encolpion in Ostrów Lednicki near Gniezno (first half of XI c.). As it seems, also tablets from Podebłocie are of Church Russian origin. Its author might be captive Orthodox believer taken during Kiev expedition of Bolesław the Brave in 1018 and then settled in Podebłocie, where he engraved inscription in the tablets.
More...