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Cluster Analysis of Districts in Bulgaria According to the Development of the Agrarian Sector

Author(s): Tsvetana Harizanova-Metodieva,Hristina Harizanova-Bartos / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The purpose of the study is to classify the districts in Bulgaria according to some indicators characterizing the development of the agrarian sector. A cluster analysis (K-means clustering) was performed using the statistical software R and the packages „factoextra“ and „cluster“. The official statistical information of the NSI for 2021 was used for the following indicators: gross value added from Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (GVA); employees under labour contract in Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery; average annual wages and salaries of the employees under labour contract in Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery. It was established that according to the development of the agrarian sector in 2021, the districts in Bulgaria can be classified into 4 clusters. The central point of the cluster with the most favorable values of the indicators in terms of agriculture has the following characteristics: GVA from agriculture – BGN 299 million; persons employed in agriculture – 3644 persons; average gross salary – BGN 15506. This cluster includes the districts Veliko Tarnovo, Ruse, Varna and Dobrich. The central point of the cluster, which ranks second in terms of realized development in the sector in 2021, can be described as follows: GVA – 278 million BGN; persons employed in the agricultural sector – 3857 persons; average annual gross salary – BGN 12032. The cluster unites the following districts: Pleven, Burgas, Stara Zagora, Pazardzhik and Plovdiv. The centroid of the cluster, ranked third in terms of development of the agrarian sector, is characterized by the following values of the considered indicators: GVA from agriculture – BGN 184 million; employed persons in the sector – 1789 persons; average annual salary – BGN 14206. This cluster includes the districts: Montana, Gabrovo, Razgrad, Targovishte, Shumen, Yambol, Sofia – grad and Smolyan. The central point of the cluster, ranked last in terms of realized development in the agrarian sector, has the following characteristics: GVA – BGN 183 million; employed persons – 1595 persons; average gross salary (annual) – BGN 11795. It includes the districts: Vidin, Vratsa, Lovech, Silistra, Sliven, Blagoevgrad, Kyustendil, Pernik, Sofia, Kardzhali and Haskovo. This is the cluster with the most unfavorable development of the agrarian sector during the considered period. Clusters unite districts, some of which are significantly distant from the central point of the cluster to which they belong. The explained variation in the clusters is 73,6%, which is relatively acceptable, but at the same time it also shows that 26,4% of the variation cannot be explained by the presented distribution of the districts by clusters. This also explains the relatively large distance between some districts and the corresponding centroid: these districts show significant differences from the central point, i.e. their classification cannot be considered successful. Such districts are Pernik, Plovdiv, Dobrich, Gabrovo, Smolyan and Shumen. In general, the first and third clusters appear to be the most homogeneous, and the second and fourth are the most heterogeneous.

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РАЗВИТИЕ НА ТУРИЗМА В РЕГИОН ДОЛЕН ДУНАВ

Author(s): Margarita Bogdanova,Evelina Parashkevova-Velikova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The aim of this study is to analyze the potential for tourism development in the Bulgarian-Romanian territory of the Lower Danube region and to outline the challenges faced by business and the public sector in implementing business ideas in the field of tourism.

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АНАЛИЗ И КОЛИЧЕСТВЕНА ОЦЕНКА НА РИСКА ПО МЕТОДА НА CEL (МЕТОДА НА ТРИТЕ ФАКТОРА)

Author(s): Radostin Dolchinkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Risk assessment is the process of evaluating the risks arising from the work environment to the safety and health of workers.

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ЗАМЪРСЯВАНЕ НА ЧЕРНО МОРЕ В РЕЗУЛТАТ НА ПОЖАР НА ТАНКЕР

Author(s): Radostin Dolchinkov,Kamen Seymenliyski,Ivan Popov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Oil pollution is one of the serious global environmental problems. Although the results of this process are still assessed as small, this is a continuous disruption of aquatic ecosystems, which gradually leads to local degradation of individual areas of the World Ocean. The amount of oil discharged is of the order of 3-6 million tons per year. The ecological impact of oil spills consists of physical and chemical changes in the development and growth of marine inhabitants, increased toxicity and, as a result, increased mortality of various species of marine animals. Over the past 50 years, several huge and dozens of smaller oil spills have been observed in the oceans and seas. The first group, which causes much greater damage - environmental destruction and huge economic losses, includes the following cases:

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НАКАЗАТЕЛНОПРАВНА ЗАЩИТА СРЕЩУ МОРСКО ПИРАТСТВО В БЪЛГАРСКИЯ НАКАЗАТЕЛЕН КОДЕКС

Author(s): Slavka Dimitrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Until recently, in the current criminal law, piracy was recognized as a crime only in relation to an aircraft, but not in relation to a ship. With the AMLCA, the word “ship” was added to Art. 341b of the Criminal Code, and with this amendment, Bulgaria implemented the recommendation of the Committee of Experts on the Evaluation of Measures against Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism (MONEYVAL) to the Council of Europe regarding the introduction of all forms of piracy – in this case, the recommendation concerns the introduction of “maritime piracy” as a predicate crime to money laundering in connection with the financing of terrorism.

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ТРАНСГРАНИЧЕН ТУРИЗЪМ В РЕЧНИТЕ ТЕРИТОРИИ ПО РЕКА ДУНАВ

Author(s): Teodora Rizova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The Danube River is a common economic, natural and tourist potential for many European countries. Cross-border tourism opens up opportunities to get to know countries, peoples and their cultures, to develop tourist infrastructure and to improve cooperation between countries in the construction of common cross-border tourist routes, which in turn will contribute to more successful marketing of tourist destinations in the river areas.

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NEW MATERIALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT

Author(s): Geanina Marcela Podaru / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The new environmental policies promote an integrated approach to enhance quality of life and social well-being by reducing pollution and its harmful effects. Effective environmental protection requires forward-thinking solutions, including climate change adaptation and reducing fossil fuel dependence. However, local initiatives may conflict with national or regional policies. The construction sector is advancing with innovative, efficient, and sustainable technologies that improve quality of life while minimizing costs and environmental impact. Sustainable construction is essential for the industry's long-term development.

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Financial and Credit Support of Sustainable Development of Agriculture in Ukraine: Problems and Ways to Solve Them

Author(s): Lubov Moldavan,Olena Pimenowa,Igor Britchenko / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper studies financial and credit support mechanisms necessary for sustainable development of agriculture in Ukraine, with a focus on addressing the challenges faced by small and medium-sized agricultural producers. The study emphasizes the unique economic characteristics of agricultural sector, which make it highly dependent on external financing due to factors such as price volatility, climatic variability and the high cost of production inputs. Given these challenges, the aim of the article is to analyze the institutional and legal framework of financial and credit systems in Ukraine and to propose approaches for enhancing access to credit for small and medium-sized farms, drawing on successful experience of developed countries. The authors hypothesize that the financial sustainability and growth of small and medium-sized agricultural producers in Ukraine can be significantly improved through the establishment of cooperative financial institutions and targeted state support programs. The study uses a combination of methods, including monographic analysis to explore the role of state support of agriculture in both Ukraine and developed countries, comparative analysis to high-light differences in credit service structures between Ukraine and countries such as United States and European Union members and empirical methods to assess social and environmental benefits of establishing a specialized credit system for agriculture. The study also utilizes abstract-logical methods to synthesize findings and formulate recommendations for the development of Ukraine's financial and credit institutions. The results of the study reveal significant gaps in Ukraine's current financial infrastructure of agriculture, particularly the lack of specialized financial institutions capable to meet the needs of small and medium-sized farms. An analysis of the practice of commercial bank lending in Ukraine shows that these institutions are interested in working only with those who use 500 or more hectares of agricultural land. The article identifies cooperative banking systems in countries like France, the United States and Poland as models that could be adapted for Ukraine. The study concludes that the establishment of cooperative financial institutions, supported by legislative and regulatory reforms, is essential for fostering the sustainable development of agriculture in Ukraine. Additionally, state support is critical to ensure the financial viability of small and medium-sized farms, which contribute significantly to agricultural output but are often excluded from traditional credit markets. Authors recommend the introduction of targeted state programs, the restructuring of existing financial institutions and the creation of legal frameworks that would enable the formation of cooperative banks and credit unions tailored to the agricultural sector. Such measures would improve credit access, enhance the profitability of agricultural enterprises and promote rural economic development.

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Management and Control of the Regional Development Programme 2021 – 2027

Author(s): Ivelina Petkova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Regional Development Program is a key European Union (EU) policy aimed at reducing regional disparities, fostering economic growth, and ensuring sustainable development in less-developed regions. The program provides substantial financial resources to improve infrastructure, stimulate business activity, and promote social inclusion. A complex institutional framework, involving numerous national and European bodies, ensures the effective and transparent use of these funds. Launching the Regional Development Program during the 2021 – 2027 programming period presented significant challenges. This report examines the program's management and control mechanisms and identifies problematic areas in the preparation of its strategic documents. A crucial aspect of program management is the institutional framework defined within the applicable European regulatory framework. The multi-tiered control framework involves various national and European bodies, with specific functions and responsibilities at European, national, and regional levels. The report also incorporates perspectives from various authors on monitoring and control procedures, informing the development of a conceptual model for managing Structural Funds. Effective control and monitoring, incorporating both internal and external verification mechanisms, are crucial for achieving program objectives and ensuring the efficient use of public funds. Challenges include bureaucratic procedures and inter-institutional coordination. Optimizing procedures and strengthening institutional cooperation are essential for enhancing control effectiveness.

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Some Aspects of Changing the Purpose of Municipal Pastures in The Republic of Bulgaria

Author(s): Valeri Velkovski / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

According to the norm of Article 25, Paragraph 1 of the Law on the Ownership and Use of Agricultural Lands, agricultural land that does not belong to citizens, legal entities or the state is municipal property. Municipal ownership of municipal pastures is public and may be declared private municipal property when the purpose of municipal pastures is changed in accordance with the Law on Municipal Property. Changing the purpose of municipal pastures for the needs of a legal entity and an individual is allowed, according to the regulation of Article 25, Paragraph 7 of the Law on the Ownership and Use of Agricultural Lands, after limited property rights have been established in favor of the person. The change in the purpose of the municipal pastures is carried out in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Law on the Protection of Agricultural Lands. According to the norm of Art. 25, Para. 3 of the Law on the Ownership and Use of Agricultural Lands, a change in the purpose of municipal pastures is permitted as an exception for: construction of technical infrastructure objects, creation of new ones or expansion of construction boundaries of urbanized territories and other cases defined by law. According to the norm of Article 25, Paragraph 4 of the Law on the Ownership and Use of Agricultural Lands, limited property rights and servitudes may be established on municipal pastures, upon change of purpose. The conditions and procedure for changing the way of permanent use of municipal pastures for other agricultural needs are defined as a legal technology in the Regulations for the Implementation of the Law on the Ownership and Use of Agricultural Lands and the Law on the Protection of Agricultural Lands. The bodies that carry out the procedure for changing the purpose are: committees of the regional directorates “Agriculture” and the Commission for Agricultural Lands, according to the regulation of Article 17, Paragraph 1 of the Law on the Protection of Agricultural Lands. The Minister of Agriculture and Food determines the nominal composition of the commissions to the “Agriculture” regional directorates. These commissions include representatives of the regional structures of the Ministry of Environment and Water, the Ministry of Health, the Directorate for National Construction Control under the Ministry of Regional Development and Public Works, regional administrations, interested agricultural and economic-industrial branch organizations. The Commission for Agricultural Lands supervises the work of the commissions under the regional directorates “Agriculture”.

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Comparative Analysis of the Advantages and Limitations of Action-Based and Performance-Based Agri -Environment Schemes

Author(s): Stanimira Dudova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The majority of agri-environment payments (AEPs) in the European Union (EU) are action-based payment schemes that impose specific agricultural management requirements on farmers. These schemes offer clear and specific instructions for farmers, making them easier to understand and implement. They also provide stable and predictable income which helps farmers with handling the financial risks. However, they do not always deliver the desired environmental outcomes and their effectiveness in protecting biodiversity is limited. This paper outlines some of the limitations of the action-based ecological schemes including their lack of flexibility when it comes to addressing the specific needs and conditions of the farmland and their economic inefficiency as in some cases re-sources are being spend on actions that do not always lead to significant environmental benefits. To increase their effectiveness, it may be useful to integrate result-based schemes that link payments to specific ecological results. Result-based ecological schemes give freedom to farmers to adapt their farming practices to the specific conditions of their land. They provide financial incentives for farmers to achieve measurable environmental benefits such as improved biodiversity, water quality, soil health and other ecosystem services. Existing result-based payments are mainly aimed at maintaining threatened habitats or priority species for conservation. This type of payments give freedom to farmers to adapt their farming practices to the specific conditions of their land. In general, result-based agri-environmental schemes are successful when the cause-effect relationships between farming practices and environmental objectives are well established and can be represented by single or combined indicators. Despite the distinct advantages, results-based schemes face certain challenges – not all biodiversity targets can be measured by indicators; isolation and fragmentation of species and habitats; increased economic risk for farmers; need for appropriate advisory support. To overcome the specific limitations of the two types of environmental schemes, it would be useful to consider a hybrid approach that combines payments for actions and payments for results. The current report provides examples for the implementation of result-based schemes in Germany, Switzerland and Ireland. These countries were selected as they have one of the longest running and best designed result-based payment schemes in Europe. They can be used as a basis for the further development and application of result-based schemes. The aim of this report is to discuss the advantages and limitations of action-based and result-based agri environment schemes. A comparative analysis of the two types of agri-environmental schemes was carried out based on the existing scientific literature.

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Интегриран и стандартизиран подход за устойчиво производство на храни с инструментариума на стандарти от международната организация по стандартизация

Author(s): Milena Peneva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The report examines an integrated approach to sustainable food production through the ISO series of standards and their role in Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reporting. The importance of sustainability in modern society and the need for social, economic and environmental responsibility are emphasized. In the European Union, regulatory requirements are becoming more stringent, with the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) requiring companies to report on their sustainability. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards such as ISO 9000, ISO 22000, ISO 14001, and ISO 45001 offer a framework for managing quality and sustainability in the food industry, with an emphasis on safety, social responsibility, and reducing the environmental footprint. A structured process approach includes strategies to minimize waste, optimize resources, and collaborate with stakeholders that can ensure competitiveness and long-term value for society and the environment.

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Намаляване на хранителните отпадъци – политики и доброволни подходи

Author(s): Maria Chifligarova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Food waste is a significant global issue with economic, social, and environmental consequences. Annually, around 1.3 billion tons of food are lost and waste, representing 33% of global production. Key causes include poor purchase planning, excessive portions, and confusion surrounding expiration dates. This study examines regulatory approaches and voluntary initiatives aimed at reducing food waste, including examples from countries in Europe. The research is based on a literature review and analysis of existing policies and voluntary initiatives. The focus is on regulatory measures such as the French law of 2016, which mandates that supermarkets donate unsold food to charities, and Italian legislation, which encourages the donation of food whose "best before" date has passed, provided it remains safe for consumption. Additionally, voluntary initiatives such as “Too Good To Go,” which connects restaurants and stores with consumers for surplus food sales, and “Love Food, Hate Waste” in the UK, which raises awareness among households, are examined. Regulatory measures, supported by voluntary initiatives, play a crucial role in promoting sustainable practices and accountability within the agri-food chain. Engaging people through awareness campaigns and educational programs is essential for long-term changes in consumer habits. The combined approach of legislative measures and voluntary efforts creates opportunities to reduce food waste and support sustainable development.

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Кой печели от растежа на БВП в България?

Author(s): Kaloyan Valentinov Haralampiev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The text examines the relationship between power - economic growth - employment - income inequality - poverty. Using data from the National Statistical Institute, vector autoregression and vector error correction model were applied. It is found that power does not affect economic growth, economic growth does not affect employment, and employment does not affect income inequality. Only the reduction of income inequality leads to the reduction of poverty.

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Процедура за разработване на показатели за оценяване на изпълнението в публичния сектор

Author(s): Krasimir Yordanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The development of performance evaluation indicators in public sector organizations is a complex process. It must provide information that can be quantitatively and qualitatively assessed to ensure compliance with legal requirements, effectiveness, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the role of the control function in defining methodological frameworks and procedural steps for performance evaluation, which will ensure optimal objectivity and usefulness of the criteria, as well as preliminary, ongoing, and follow-up assessments.

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Характеристики на контрола при разработване на показатели за оценка на изпълнението в публичния сектор

Author(s): Krasimir Yordanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The manifestation of the control function at the strategic level enables the clear formulation of an organization‘s strategy, facilitates the alignment of goals and sub-goals, as well as policies and plans across different time horizons. Evaluating the methodology for developing a system of performance indicators allows the fulfillment of the mission of any organization. Assessing the defined state, the behavioral norm – including the system of indicators and criteria for their execution – even during their design phase, is the most critical aspect of control as a function of every management system. These controllable areas are the focus of this report.

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Обществени нагласи относно екологичните проблеми и зеления преход в България

Author(s): Veneta Krasteva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Climate change and environmental pollution are an undeniable fact and the global community is making significant efforts to combat them. International binding treaties are adopted, requiring a number of changes in the fields of energy, transport, industry, but also in the consumption and everyday life of people. The most significant impact on Bulgaria has the package of policies adopted by the European Union, known as the Green Deal. The text discusses public attitudes in Bulgaria towards climate issues and the country‘s commitments, described as a green transition. Based on data from a nationally representative survey, some of the existing problems and points of tension in the country related to the changes imposed by the Green Deal are identified. It is concluded that only in recent months an opportunity to coordinate the positions of politicians and society appears towards implementing a smoother green transition, considering the consequences not only from ecology point of view, but also from that of the economy, the social sphere and security.

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Различия в дигиталните умения и производителността на труда в страни от Европейския Съюз

Author(s): Nikolay Velichkov,Konstantin Kolev,Maya Tsoklinova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Over the past decade, there has been a decline in the productivity growth of European economies. An undesirable trend, which is largely determined by the current digital skills of human capital. The development of adequate policies aimed at achieving higher productivity through the effective use of human resources in the era of digitalization and artificial intelligence, determines the current study. Its aim is to conduct a cluster analysis of the indicators that make up the „Human Capital“ dimension – a component of the DESI index, and labour productivity in EU member states, identifying similarities and differences in terms of the formed digital skills of the workforce and the achieved level of labour productivity in these countries.

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Осиновените деца на България

Author(s): Betina Velichkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The present report examines the adoption process in Bulgaria, focusing on the legal framework, social challenges, and psychological aspects of adopted children. It analyzes the legal provisions regulating adoption procedures, as well as the role of institutions. From a sociological perspective, the study explores public perceptions of adoption, social stigmas associated with the origins of adopted children, and the challenges of their integration. This report examines adoption as a process, the work of institutions, and the child’s psyche. Its goal is to shed light on a topic that has been avoided for years by adoptees, adoptive parents, and biological parents.

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Предизвикателства и социален ефект при прилагането на данъчни облекчения за деца съгласно изискванията на Закона за данъците върху доходите на физическите лица в България

Author(s): Maiya Dimova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Modern tax policy requires a careful approach when choosing models and methods for its implementation. The digitalization of tax processes and the accompanying control add new challenges after Covid and before the introduction of the euro. Tax reliefs/preferences are a lever for achieving economic and social impact. In the current situation of demographic crisis and budget deficit, it is necessary to analyze the means of implementing tax policy frequently enough and to adjust them in a timely manner to the challenges of the economic situation. Tax reliefs for children have attracted attention after the significant change in their application parameters from the year 2022.

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