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THE RISE OF OPEN-SOURCE INTELLIGENCE IN THE RUSSIA-UKRAINE WAR

Author(s): Gabriel POPESCU,Sorin CARPEN / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Open-source intelligence (OSINT) benefited significantly from the information and technology advances, growing constantly in reach and scope due to innovations as the Internet, social media platforms and portable electronic devices. The ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war provides an ideal environment for OSINT to display its worth in various aspects of modern warfare, ranging from anticipatory intelligence and situational awareness to crowdsourcing information and counter disinformation. This article aims to analyze how OSINT shaped the Russian-Ukrainian war in practical ways, maturing along the way to become a cornerstone among the intelligence collection disciplines.

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WAYS TO ACHIEVE INFORMATION ADVANTAGE IN THE RUSSIA-UKRAINE WAR

Author(s): Sorin CARPEN,Gabriel POPESCU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Prior to the 2022 Russian military offensive in Ukraine, the general tendency was to consider that the Russian armed forces have all the necessary means to claim the superiority over Ukraine, including within the information environment. Most of the subject-matter experts based their assessments on Russian operational experience, enhanced by the presumptive lessons learned from recent conflicts. Moreover, the in-house military research and development program was focused on providing the Russian armed forces with new technical capacity to secure the advantage from both operational and informational perspectives. However, the Ukrainian forces managed to deliver an unexpected change, by limiting the Russian information advantage and simultaneously developing and exploiting their own. Against this background, the paper aims to identify some of the key elements that supported such a development, based on examples linked to the conflict

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INTELLIGENCE DRIVEN OPERATIONS, THE KEY TO OPERATIONAL SUCCESS

Author(s): Alexandru ILIE / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The current operational reality consisting of a variety of actors with merging and competing interests on the global scale is basically forcing us to adapt our level of knowledge, understanding and TTPs in every domain of the operational spectrum PMESII-PT. We already know that in order for a state to be powerful it really needs a strong military instrument which is a sine qua non condition for a strong economic instrument and vice-versa,as for the performance in any field requires substantial sums of money. This requires a very thorough analysis and understanding of the phenomenon as a whole, in order for us to be able to effectively prioritize the allocation of funds on targeted lines of effort, that will make us become relevant on the operational front. Otherwise we are risking to willingly enter a zero sum game in which we are not going to most likely be the ones profiting but the ones forfeiting

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CONTEMPORARY HUNGARIAN GEOPOLITICAL IDEAS AND ACTIONS

Author(s): Andi Mihail BANCILA / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Geopolitics is a national priority for our Hungarian neighbors, who have understood the need to study the main currents of Western thought and beyond. It is worth noting that these studies with theoretical impact in academia have now found their application in economic, political and cultural issues. Successive Hungarian governments in the post-Communist era, regardless of their political orientation, have sought solutions to promote the national interest, often at odds with the interests of their neighbors or NATO and EU allies. Perhaps the greatest challenge has been to find viable solutions, often bordering on the law, to promote the interests of the Hungarian state among the diaspora who continue to live in neighboring countries.

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NATIONAL SECURITY UNDER THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION

Author(s): Cătălina-Gabriela CUREA / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The process of globalization was initially an economic process, but it has gradually become an impact on international politics and relations, with major implications, both in the cultural and social fields, Diplomatic, etc. Globalization is a process that intensifies after the second World War and is growing after the cold War. What certainly characterizes globalization at this beginning of the millennium is the fact that it has ceased to be a problem for economists alone. This phenomenon, which influences not only the trade, but also culture and health, is making waves.Globalisation means that events that take place on other side of the world can have an impact of our country, which can influence political stage, economic balance and social and cultural environment. This is the reason why we chose to study globalisation impact.

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VALUES OF CYBER THREATS IN CYBERSPACE SECURITY INFRASTRUCTURE

Author(s): Rodica LISEANU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article addresses the escalating cyber security threats resulting from the gradual digital advancements in an ever-changing and unpredictable world. The global economy witnessed a significant increase in the cost of cybercrime in 2020, with remote working practices during the pandemic exacerbating the situation. Additionally, the European Union faced cyber threats due to Russia's military aggression against Ukraine. In light of these circumstances, it becomes crucial to have a comprehensive understanding of the broad spectrum of cybersecurity, including its tools and actors. This article aims to provide an analytical overview of cyber threats within and beyond the European Union, emphasizing their transnational nature and the exploitation of human error. It highlights the need for prompt action to protect key sectors and combat cybercrime, emphasizing the vulnerability of digitally uneducated individuals and institutions. Safeguarding against cyber threats is essential as cyberspace represents the interconnectedness of complex digital technologies.

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FRANCE'S POSITION IN GLOBAL TECTONICS. GEOPOLITICAL STATUS AND GEOSTRATEGIC DEVELOPMENTS

Author(s): Rodica LISEANU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article provides a qualitative analysis, supplemented with some quantitative analysis, of France's position in both national and international contexts during a time of increasing unpredictability. France's profile is shaped by geography, geopolitics, and geostrategy, encompassing physical features, neighbouring countries, natural resources, and the state's military and diplomatic activities. The analysis focuses on France's role and position as a significant actor in power dynamics, considering its interests, their intensity, and how other actors perceive its power potential in relationships with allies and adversaries. The article gradually explores the sources of France's national power, including geography, leadership, national will, population, economy, and military capability. Despite a changing global landscape, France maintains its status as a key power in Western Europe due to its strong economy, positive relations with neighbours, and active engagement in transnational organizations, employing diplomacy and tact

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EXPLAINING THE PARTICIPATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN THE BLACK SEA GRAIN INITIATIVE. A CRITICAL ASSESEMNT OF PROMINENT RATIONALS ATTRIBUTED TO THIS DECISION

Author(s): Alexandru LUCINESCU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine included the blockade of Ukrainian ports from the Black Sea which triggered a severe worldwide shortage of agricultural commodities. Under the auspices of the United Nations and with support from Türkiye it was negotiated an agreement, known as the Black Sea Grain Initiative, concluded in July 2022 between Türkiye, Ukraine and the Russian Federation and which made possible for the export of Ukrainian agricultural products to be resumed via the Black Sea. Since July 2022, the agreement was renewed twice and currently it is in force. The Black Sea Grain Initiative drew the attention of experts who put forward various explanations for the participation of the Russian Federation in the agreement, but their opinions differ in terms of both reasons and their degree of relevancy without yet getting them involved in a debate on this issue. The export of Russian agricultural products and fertilizers without any impediment resulting from sanctions imposed on it following aggression against Ukraine and the maintaining of close relations with developing states, mostly from Northern Africa are commonly indicated as rationales behind this decision. This paper contributes to stimulate debate by critically examining these two explanations in terms of their relative importance for the involvement of the Russian Federation in the Black Sea Grain Initiative and by providing arguments in support of the prevalence of the latter one. The paper further encourages debate among experts as a result of broadening the second explanation by including under its scope the preoccupation of the Russian Federation for a close cooperation with China and Türkiye.

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SOME CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE GEOPOLITICS AND THE GEOSTRATEGY OF THE POST-COLD WAR PERIOD

Author(s): Anton MURARU,Cornel OANCEA / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The article presents some aspects of the period that generated and then led to the end of the Cold War as well as the reconfiguration of the global system after the disappearance of USA-USSR bipolarity. In the perspective of globalization, manifest but contradictory, opinions and actions are presented regarding the perspectives of geopolitical and geostrategic evolution at the level of the international system.

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THE THREAT OF A LARGE-SCALE LONG WAR OF AGGRESSION

Author(s): Iulian Chifu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The large-scale, high intensity long Russian war of aggression in Ukraine (Chifu 2023b forthcoming) has brought back to Europe the perspective of a full-scale war as a direct threat to EU and NATO countries, especially in the Eastern Flank, as it never has been considered in any recent NATO document1. This perspective, even though disputable in the conditions of Russia’s heavy losses and its poor acting in war in front of the Ukrainian army, brought assessments of the needed changes for coping with such a threat in the foreseeable future2. Moreover, the indications of a Russian disposable infantry (Watling and Reynolds 2023) brought up as a new tactic by the evolutions in Bakhmut showed that the West is poorly prepared to face these new instruments in war (Kolesnikov 2022) unacceptable to any country respecting human rights. On this occasion, the assessments revalued the intangibles of war (Chifu and Simons 2023) that make differences on the ground – will to fight, resolution, prestige, sacrifice, solidarity – that weight in more than the number of missiles or soldiers.

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BLACK SEA SECURITY ACT – A NEW PROGRAMATIC DOCUMENT THAT BRINGS THE BLACK SEA REGION INTO THE LIGHT

Author(s): Andreea-Amalia STANICA / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the current world context, characterized by geopolitical permutations, the Black Sea Region has become an area of significant strategic importance. Thus, at the international level, we are facing a resettlement of the poles of power, which can be analyzed from the perspective of the confluence between the theory of sea power and rimland. The carrying out of new actions that bring a negative impact to the security level of the states located in the Black Sea area has become a concern for the Euro-Atlantic community, the issue leading to the US decision to adopt the Black Sea Security Act in the first part of 2023, a document that launches the US desire to formulare a strategy in the region. In this sense, the current research will focus on making a presentation of the programmatic document, followed by a short qualitative analysis of the measures that will be implemented once the strategic document is adopted.

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ASPECTS OF CONSIDERING DOMAINS, DIMENSIONS, AND ENVIRONMENTS MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS’ CONDUCT TO PRINCIPLES AND SPECIFITIES OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW

Author(s): Luiza SIRBU (RADUSLAV) / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The evolution of the international security environment requires that the national strategies of the democratic states have at their centre a multidimensional concept, in which the military component has multi-domain capabilities to engage the confrontation with the adversary, which will allow them to achieve the strategic deterrence of potential adversaries, ensuring freedom of action, strategic manoeuvre, dynamic engagement of forces, integrated multi-domain operations, rapid and continuous adaptation. The multi-domain operation concept ensures a unified vision of conducting operations in the future, by including, in addition to the military component, central and local public authorities, private companies, volunteer organizations, and other structures. Such an approach has to manage, in addition to a large number of operational problems, complex situations that derive from the responsibility to respect and apply, in specific ways, the principles and rules of international humanitarian law that are, in turn, in the process of adaptation and renewal.

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GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY AND SYSTEMS ANALYSIS IN OPERATIONAL ART

Author(s): Olga Raluca CHIRIAC / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The present article is employing principles of general systems theory and systems dynamics in an academic discussion about the operational level of warfare and decision making. The February 2022 invasion of Ukraine has generated a lot of interest in irregular warfare, nevertheless, current security and defense discussions in the Allied strategic space remain slightly focused on the technological aspect. The central aim of the paper is to bring to the forefront ways in which systems thinking can enhance allied operational output, especially decision making at the strategic and operational levels. The article is structured as follows: first, it presents the analytical framework, namely general systems theory (GST) and systems dynamics and then embarks on the actual discussion which focuses on human centric systems rather than artificial intelligence. The final portion of the article presents a few key points relevant to the ideas put forth.

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EMERGING AND DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEFENSE TRANSFORMATION

Author(s): Silviu-Iulian GIMIGA / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The upward spiral of knowledge in science and technology is driving rivalries between the world's great powers, with new technologies tipping the global balance of power regardless of territory geography, population size, or the negotiating power of governments. The emergence and evolution of emerging and disruptive technologies represent a huge step in the development of economies, the fields of defense of world states, and humanity in general. In the future, people will probably no longer fight head-to-head but will make decisions about how to make the enemy retreat with weapons that will act on their command. Emerging and disruptive technologies will ensure the security and safety of the world's states and contribute to the transformation of wars into transparent conflicts in which the planning and decision-making processes will be simple, based on fair play, and within the limits of legality. Technologies are the future, and man should adopt them as soon as possible to reach the highest standards of understanding of a peaceful social life. Disruptive military technologies cause structural changes in defense institutions, necessarily condition doctrines, manuals, and instructions in force, and bring paradigmatic changes in international relations and in the concepts of ensuring the security and safety of our country's borders.

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THE IMPORTANCE OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES IN THE MODERNIZATION PROCESS OF THE ROMANIAN ARMY

Author(s): Dănuța Mădălina SCIPANOV / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article aims to present the importance of the role that financial resources have in carrying out the activity within the Ministry of National Defense, as well as the role of defense expenses in the modernization process of the Romanian Army. The institutional capacity of the Ministry of National Defense to implement policies, as well as the correlation of these policies with economic reform measures, depends to a great extent on the country's financial resources. The premise from which this approach starts is that in almost any field, financial resources are the pillar on which any project or institutional approach rests. Without any exception, financial resources represent the main resource without which the Army, as a benchmark institution of the state, cannot exist and function. Recruiting, training, equipping and remunerating the military, along with the projects of equipping the forces with adequate capabilities or the provision of material resources, including action activities such as participation in missions, require considerable financial funds that underline the importance of financial resources in the operation of the Ministry of National Defense. The novelty of this approach consists of the fact that it justifies the importance of financial resources in the modernization process of the Romanian Army

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ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RAW MATERIALS TO ENSURE A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE FOR THE ENERGY SYSTEM "HYDROGEN – THE FUEL OF THE FUTURE"

Author(s): Ioana TIMOFTE / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the context of the current threats in the Euro-Atlantic area, the need to rethink the binomial sustainability – energy security generated the need to immediately apply substantive changes in specific concepts, norms, and legislation and subsequently the harmonization of national specific legislations and norms with the European and international ones, followed by transformations at the level of the institutions with attributions in the field. The European Green Deal represents Europe's growth strategy in which environmental, economic, and social sustainability are intertwined. The current, unsustainable economic model based on the increasing use of a shrinking set of resources must not be relaunched, but reset. The European Green Deal puts into practice the European Union's commitment to climate neutrality. It sets out how to build the future of Europe, be it energy, industry, agriculture, food, or biodiversity, while committing to the objective of reducing net carbon emissions by at least 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 and achieving climate neutrality by 2050.

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RESILIENCE OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES IN ENERGY FIELD. EUROPEAN ENERGY SECURITY MILESTONES – STUDY ON THE TRANSPORTATION, STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION OF HYDROGEN AS A SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE OF THE ENERGY SYSTEM –

Author(s): Ioana TIMOFTE / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The European Union, as it embraces the European Green Deal, has committed to the goal of achieving economy-wide decarbonization and carbon neutrality by 2050. Transition policy has become a priority in this pursuit, focusing on replacing fossil fuels with renewable primary energy sources. In order to accomplish these objectives, the European Hydrogen Strategy recognizes the crucial role that hydrogen transport will play in facilitating the integration of renewable hydrogen into Europe. The establishment of infrastructure connecting regions abundant in renewable energy with areas experiencing high hydrogen demand will necessitate significant investments and therefore requires comprehensive planning. Given the various available options, it is necessary to assess their advantages and disadvantages to guide the development of infrastructure along the most effective path. At the national level, the Ministry of Energy has initiated the process of formulating the "National Hydrogen Strategy and Action Plan" as part of the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR). The aim is to achieve the energy transition and decarbonization targets for economic sectors, while also establishing the legal framework to facilitate investments in hydrogen across the entire value chain

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STUDYING THE EXPERIENCE WITH THE LOGISTICS OF THE BULGARIAN CONTINGENTS IN IRAQ SFIR OPERATION

Author(s): Miroslav DIMITROV,Georgi MARINOV / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The purpose of this study is to investigate the degree to which the logistics system of the Ministry of Defence of the Bulgarian Armed Forces met the necessary criteria for providing material support to Bulgarian constituents while Operation Iraqi Freedom was being carried out. In addition, the study identifies the primary factors that contribute to unsatisfactory performance and offers suggestions for improving the efficiency of the logistics system. Both of these aspects are included as part of the research report.

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EMERGING AIR THREATS

Author(s): Vlad-Vasile TABACARU,Ovidiu DOBOS,Vlad-Andrei GHETAU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The air domain plays a vital role in modern warfare and global security, with both state and non-state actors constantly seeking new avenues to gain advantage and project power. This article explores the emerging threats in the air domain that are reshaping the dynamics of military operations, regional security, and civilian safety. The rapid advancements in technology, coupled with the proliferation of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) and the growing accessibility of sophisticated weapons, have created an increasingly complex and challenging environment. The article delves into key areas of concern, including the rise of unmanned systems, hypersonic weapons, and cyber threats targeting critical air infrastructure. By understanding the evolving nature of threats in the air domain, policymakers, military strategists, and defense agencies can adapt and prepare for the changing landscape, ensuring the protection of national and global security interests in the years to come.

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NAVIGATING THE COMPLEXITIES OF AIR DOMAIN OPERATIONS: ADAPTING TO EVOLVING ENVIRONMENTS

Author(s): Ionut-Mihai PRUTEANU,Liviu-Alexandru FECHETE,Vlad-Andrei GHETAU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

As military operations become increasingly complex and dynamic, the ability to effectively operate within the air domain has become a critical factor in achieving mission success. From emerging technologies and changing threats to evolving geopolitical landscapes, the air domain presents a host of challenges that must be navigated with precision and agility. In this article, we will explore the key factors that influence military operations in the air domain, including advances in technology, the importance of situational awareness, and the need for effective communication and collaboration. We will also examine the role of simulation and training in preparing military personnel for the unique challenges of air domain operations. Finally, we will explore the concept of cognitive warfare and its implications for solving the issues that arise in adapting to evolving environments in the air domain, including the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning to enhance decision-making and situational awareness. Through a comprehensive analysis of these issues, we hope to provide insight and strategies for military leaders and personnel to adapt to evolving operating environments in the air domain.

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