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Права на субектите на лични данни – потребители на обществени услуги

Author(s): Lubomir Chernogorski / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This report examines the rights of personal data subjects, and in particular those of users of public services. This clarifies the concepts of public services, personal data, subjects of personal data. The principles for processing personal data of users of public services included in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of 2018 have been analyzed in details. In addition, the report analyzes the specific rights and possible measures to protect the rights of the subjects of personal data – users of public services. Special attention is paid to those spheres providing public services where, in order to guarantee national security and the public interest, a derogation from the prohibition on the processing of personal data is possible or a more special protection of the processing of certain sensitive data is introduced.

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Policies of Finland Towards The Arctic Region

Author(s): Yeliz Albayrak / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Arctic region holds great significance for Finland throughout its history. Finland is an active Polar actor. Finland is a part of the Arctic Council’s eight permanent members and among the 29 consultative parties involved in decision-making regarding Antarctica as stated by the Ministry for the Foreign Affairs of Finland.2 Finland’s Arctic strategy is a comprehensive effort to establish its strategic goals and policies in the Arctic region. The strategy aims to ensure active participation of Finland in the Arctic geography, seize potential opportunities in the region and promote sustainable development. Additionally, it also encompasses promoting sustainable utilization of natural resources in the Arctic region and strengthening environmental protection measures. Finland seeks to boost the stability and prosperity of the Arctic region by enhancing international collaboration in the area.

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Rozvojový rozměr české zahraniční politiky v roce 2009: Úspěšné předsednictví EU a dělicí linie postojů

Author(s): Ondřej Horký-Hlucháň / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The document discusses the developmental dimension of Czech foreign policy in 2009, highlighting the country's successful EU presidency and the division of opinions on development cooperation. It notes that while there was no significant change in the direction of Czech development cooperation, there was an increase in intensity at the conceptual and political levels. The document also mentions the preparation of important conceptual documents and predicts a likely increase in the split between viewing Czech development cooperation as a tool of foreign policy and a means of reducing global poverty. The period is divided into two halves: the first dominated by the Czech Republic's EU presidency and the activities of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and the second by the legislative process of the foreign development cooperation law. The document also touches on the dependence of NGOs on government funding and the potential for greater parliamentary involvement in development cooperation.

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EVALUATION OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE FINANCE

Author(s): Nadya Velinova-Sokolova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Sustainable finance generally refers to the process of taking due account of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations when making investment decisions in the financial sector, leading to increased longer-term investments into sustainable economic activities and projects. Throughout the pandemic, sustainable finance in global capital markets has seen strong growth. The rise of sustainability-themed investment products has been accompanied by an increasing number of principles and standards. The purpose of this article is to present the impact of evaluation of financial instruments in the context of sustainable finance on development on current financial market, the challenges of assessment of financial instruments in the process on management and analyses.

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ESG SCORING SYSTEMS

Author(s): Diana Sabotinova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

An ESG score is an objective measurement or evaluation of a given company, fund, or security’s performance with respect to Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) issues. Specific evaluation criteria vary between the different rating platforms that issue ESG scores; however, they all fall within one (or more) of the E, S, or G categories. ESG rating platforms determine a weighting for each measurement criterion; then, they assess an organization’s performance against each criterion. An organization’s final ESG score is typically a sum-product of the criteria ratings and the (proprietary) criteria weightings. An ESG score is an evaluation of an organization’s performance against various sustainability metrics (related to either environmental, social, or governance issues). ESG scores are generated by rating platforms where analysts evaluate corporate disclosures, conduct management interviews, and review publicly available information about an organization to provide an objective rating of the organization’s performance.

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ESG STANDARDS AND THE NEW CHALLENGES FOR SECURITY AND SUSTAINABILITY IN INSURANCE

Author(s): Galina Stoyanova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The global economic environment and its complex interrelationships influence the public expectations from insurance and the prospects for the implementation of insurance activity by insurance companies in the conditions of a regulated insurance market. The specific features in the management of the insurance processes and operations in the insurance aggregates in the conditions of the dynamic and multifaceted manifestation of the insurance risks in the individual insurance products and the sustainability visions, comprehensively determine the ESG standards, as challenges and an influencing factor with increasing relevance and significance for safe and sustainable development of insurance. Insurers emphasize the transparent professional consulting and optimization of the insurance activity, which are in accordance with the changes in the legislation, by declaring the adverse effects of the decisions taken and implemented on the sustainability factors. The challenges of ESG standards are accepted as an opportunity and motivation to undertake specific activities and activities that actually ensure the sustainability of the insurance business and unconditionally require significant efforts and resources. The ESG framework provides a comprehensive overview of the impact of insurance companies on society and the environment.

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SUSTAINABILITY CODE IN BULGARIA: CONCEPTUALIZATION, MODELS, PERSPECTIVES

Author(s): Rumiana Jeleva / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

“Sustainability Code”, though not a specific term or document, is broadly applied. There may be different sustainability codes in different contexts or organizations. Typically, these codes represent a set of principles, guidelines and standards that aim to achieve sustainability, i.e., a balanced satisfaction of current needs that is maintained without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Brundtland, 1987) A sustainability code may include principles and practices related to environmental, economic and social aspects (Elkington, 1997). For example, it may promote efficient use of energy and resources, conservation of nature and biodiversity, promotion of social justice and equality, respect for workers' rights, etc. Various international organizations have developed and are implementing such sustainability codes. For example, the United Nations (UN) has the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are a comprehensive framework of 17 goals covering various aspects of sustainability, such as poverty alleviation, education, health, environmental sustainability, etc. Nation-level organizations, such as the German Council for Sustainable Development1, and supranational bodies, such as the European Union, likewise define values, principles and practices that they and their partners are expected to follow in order to achieve sustainability in their activities; these terms are articulated in specific sustainability codes or frameworks, which include quantitative and qualitative indicators used for registering and reporting achieved sustainability. Many businesses and organizations are also establishing their own sustainability codes and/or codes of conduct in line with sustainability values.

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THE INCREASING ROLE OF CORPORATE SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS POTENTIAL EFFECTS ON HEALTH CARE INSTITUTIONS

Author(s): Alexander Kamburov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The relevance of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) reporting in the European union (EU) has been increasing in recent years most notably with the EU Directive 2022/2464 (Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive – CSRD) which goes into effect in 2023, and associated ESG reporting standards, which introduce more types of required ESG data in annual enterprise reports and engage a wider pool of enterprises. A review of available literature has been conducted aiming to assess the latest changes in the scope of ESG reporting in the EU, to highlight the primary categories of information which will be required according to the new standards, to consider to what extent the new regulation will affect EU health care institutions and to outline expected challenges and opportunities the new regulation poses

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A COMPLETED EURO ZONE– A DREAM OR A FUTURE REALITY?

Author(s): Ioana Buhac / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Eurozone was conceived by the founders as the center of the European integration process, bringing many economic benefits to trade, eliminating currency risk, transaction costs, and avoiding shocks in financial markets. But with these benefits, there are risks, often underestimated, but highlighted only after the financial crisis. A decision on accession must therefore be carefully examined.Inadequate mechanisms and policies are closely linked to the Eurozone crisis. The desire for the Euro to be a force with relentless action for real convergence has proved too optimistic. Weak domestic institutions, insufficient productivity growth, and structural rigidities are some of the reasons why less developed countries cannot have real sustainable convergence provided by the Eurozone.During the crisis, structural and institutional weaknesses of some EMU countries, including Greece, Spain and Portugal, were highlighted. The same states that in the post- crisis period registered high rates of economic growth, but which paradoxically with the onset of the crisis faced significant falls in real GDP / capita. Thus, the competitiveness gaps between Member States illustrated relevant imbalances in the Eurozone.The need for real sustainable convergence, based on solid and non-cyclical foundations, is one of the most significant issues to be considered by every state wishing to be part of the Eurozone.The report of the 5 presidents talks about "a sequence of short-term and longer-term steps" that will help the political union. In the short term, the main priority is to regain confidence in the European project so that citizens can believe in solving the problems related to migration, the Schengen area, cybersecurity, the de-escalation of relations with Turkey, Syria, Ukraine, and the Transatlantic Partnership Trade and Investment. In the longer term, the crisis has underlined the fact that EMU cannot resist without deeper integration. The European project needs much better political coordination and policies. Restoring confidence and renewing solidarity for the continuity of the European Project are preconditions that require special attention from politicians in the event of another crisis. After all these challenges there is one more question: the countries outside the Eurozone are ready to make the zone complete?

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PUBLICITY (TRANSPARENCY) OF CROSS-BORDER INSOLVENCY PROCEEDINGS

Author(s): Cristina Bancu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The article insists on the legal solutions of the transparency of the cross-border insolvency. In this study, there were researched issues regarding the existing regulatory framework of the conditions of the cross-border insolvency publicity in the Republic of Moldova and the most important analysis being focused on the provisions of the European and international regulatory framework, which demonstrates a tendency to publish the information on the insolvency procedure, in particular those with international character. The convention of the Nordic states also includes provisions regarding the publicity of bankruptcy proceedings in the contracting states where the debtor owns assets, the disposition of insurance measures, legal assistance and the recognition of judgments between the contracting states. The publicity of the procedures in a sensitive matter subject to the internal legal framework, however at the international level this subject is not a very widespread since it involves additional time and additional costs as well as confidential issues of the parties (foreigners). The author finally comes with conclusions that can be implemented in both international and national regulations regarding transparency and publicity of the procedures in the insolvency process which comes out to be difficult and involved international issues and problems.

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ANALYSIS OF THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM IN ROMANIA FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PREPARING THE HOSPITAL MEDICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND HUMAN RESOURCES FOR THE COVID-19 CRISIS

Author(s): Claudia Boghicevici / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

One of the most critical factors for the development and well-being of society is represented by the healthcare system, which has recently beFcome a huge sector. The budget allocated by each country for healthcare expenditure varies according to their level of development, it covers a significant part of the total budget. The health system and its infrastructure are under enormous pressure due to the rising costs of providing healthcare, increasing demand for health services, demographic changes and social inequalities, but healthcare is a vital public service. The main task of modern healthcare is to improve lifestyle and quality of life by providing current medical services at affordable prices. The objective of this paper is to analyze the healthcare system from the perspective of preparing the hospital medical infrastructure and human resources for the Covid-19 crisis based on specific external public audit methods. The Covid-19 crisis has dealt a shock to health systems, testing the adaptability and resilience of their key features. Detailed projections of resource and funding requirements can contribute to better long- term planning and sustainability of healthcare systems. Indicating that although destabilized, a health system can absorb the impact of shocks, recover, adapt and learn from this experience.

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THIRD PARTY LITIGATION FUNDING: PURCHASING A CONTENTIOUS CLAIM AS A FORM OF INVESTMENT

Author(s): Marius Brănici / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper analyzes the institution of third party litigation funding, which is virtually unknown in Romanian law but is constantly evolving and frequently used in other states. This institution refers to cases in which a specialized funding company provides funds to a party that pursues a financial claim against another party in a national or cross-border litigation or arbitration case so that upon the successful conclusion of the case the funder gets a share of the damages awarded to the funded party. The issue of litigation funding is not a new one. However, using third parties to fund the pursuit of financial claims is a relatively new phenomenon, increasingly common in the world of litigation. This fast- paced growth – from a procedure specific only to certain areas of practice and certain jurisdictions to a phenomenon that has become a part of everyday activities – has motivated us to analyze and explore the way in which third party litigation funding works, focusing on elements related to the contentious claim as a financial asset and its purchasing by the professional funder as a form of investment, on the stages leading to the formation of the parties’ – the funder and the beneficiary – binding decision, as well as on the actual content of the funding agreement. Among the issues debated in relation to this institution there stand out the recent European Parliament resolution of 13 September 2022 with recommendations to the Commission on Responsible private funding of litigation, as well as the draft Directive annexed to the Resolution, which could lead to a considerable increase in the use of third party litigation funding in Europe.

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THE ROLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE IN MANAGERIAL DECISION MAKING IN PUBLIC HOSPITAL UNITS IN ROMANIA

Author(s): Daniela Diac (Hutu),Marinela Carmen Cumpat,Maria Ana Cumpat / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The national and global economy, as well as the health status of the population, are influenced and in turn influence hospital units. Thus, managers of public hospital units in Romania must manage the most efficient use of available resources, with beneficial effects on society. Aspects such as high quality of care at the lowest and most competitive cost, a high degree of performance, medical services similar to hospitals abroad, with the constraint of often insufficient material resources, the involvement of the political factor, uncertainties in the economic field, as well as an arsenal of rules and regulations that determine lengthy procedures, organizational culture, are factors that put pressure on managerial decision making. The interest in addressing this topic was generated by the importance of cultural elements and how they can influence the effectiveness of employees and thus the institution. We believe that the performance of hospital activity is influenced by the way the manager makes decisions as well as by the organizational culture. Therefore, considering the need to emphasize the importance of organizational culture in public hospital units in Romania that can provide the basis for the development of a theory of orientation of managerial decision-making towards performance, this article aims to: (1) review the literature in this field, (2) highlight the link between organizational culture and performance, and (3) develop the factors that influence managerial decision-making.

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ANALIZA PRACTICILOR SECTORULUI PUBLIC ÎN REPUBLICA MOLDOVA PRIN PRISMA PRINCIPIILOR GUVERNANȚEI CORPORATIVE

Author(s): Domnița Grițco,Lenuta Cojocariu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The current international situation strongly influences several processes, including both globalization and regionalism, as an effect of left-wing government. Regarding the public sector in Republic of Moldova, there could be remarked a trend toward the development of digitalization and toward the knowledge-based society, in general. Along whith these trends, the main target of the public authorities is the reformation of the legal framework on corporate governance. On this background, where the corporate governance represents a modern and dynamic objective of legal sciences, we analisyed the actions in matter of the public authorities in the Republic of Moldova and their compliance to the Corporate Governance Code. Our paper reveals an analitycal vision of the the achievements and perspectives of the Republic of Moldova government in implementing the principles of good governance and useful landmarks for the public authorities and other specialists in the field.

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STUDIUL INFLUENȚEI FENOMENULUI SUSTENABILITĂȚII ASUPRA RAPORTĂRII ENTITĂȚILOR ECONOMICE – STUDIUL LITERATURII ȘI ANALIZA COMPARATIVĂ A RAPOARTELOR DE SUSTENABILITATE DIN DOMENIUL BANCAR

Author(s): Mihai-Florentin Herciu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Odată cu creșterea eforturilor pentru o dezvoltare sustenabilă, adică preocuparea pentru conservarea resurselor naturale și a desfășurării de diferite acțiuni cu caracter social, s-a remarcat o schimbare a necesităților de informare ale utilizatorilor de informații contabile, în sensul că aceștia doresc să fie la curent cu toate eforturile depuse de o entitate economică în scopul dezvoltării sustenabile. Pentru a răspunde acestei necesități noi de informare, a apărut conceptul de raportare nefinanciară, respectiv conceptul de raportare integrată. Astfel, pe lângă informațiile financiare clasice, prin intermediul raportării nefinanciare, utilizatorii informațiilor publicate sunt informați asupra activităților efectuate în scopul unei dezvoltări durabile. Problema care apare este aceea că nu există un cadru standardizat pentru raportarea nefinanciară, remarcându-se faptul că informațiile nu sunt comparabile între entități economice diferite și sunt ridicate semne de întrebare asupra calității acestor informații, întrucât fiecare entitate economică adoptă un cadru de raportare diferit sau își dezvoltă ele însele un cadru de raportare. Totodată, se ridică întrebarea dacă activitatea nefinanciară are influență asupra performanței financiare, remarcându-se o influență pozitivă a performanței nefinanciare asupra ratei rentabilității economice. Realizând o analiză comparativă a rapoartelor de sustenabilitate publicate de 8 bănci de pe piața românească, se poate observa lipsa de unitate și de normalizare din domeniul raportării nefinanciare, fiind scoasă în evidență necesitatea unei legislații unitare care să reglementeze întocmirea rapoartelor CSR.

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SINTEZĂ A LITERATURII DE SPECIALITATE ÎN DOMENIUL FRAUDEI ECONOMICE

Author(s): Mădălin-Mihai Moțoc / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to make a brief review of the main bibliographical references that refer to economic fraud, which appeared either as an effect of an inefficient managerial policy, or for obtaining undue benefits through tools such as embezzlement, money laundering or illegal contracts. Design/methodology/approach: This paper uses content analysis to determine, through research or the literature, the scientific references that refers to economic fraud and its effects.The research is based on the review of the literature in the field of fraud by searching for keywords (fraud risk, insolvency, bankrupcty, z-score insolvency risk indicator). The number of articles that are the subject of the study is 268. Findings: Through the content analysis on the main bibliographical landmarks in the subject of fraud, we found the main causes underlying the need of fraud, with reference to both exogenous and endogenous causes. Originality/value added: This research synthesizes in a constructive way but also criticisez the opinions of the most representative researchers and fraud experts, compressing the essence of the aspects related to economic fraud in the entities aimed to obtain profit.

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VOLUNTEERISM PRACTICES - A SUSTAINABILITY FACTOR IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS

Author(s): Magdalena Cămănaru / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Our research proposes to evaluate the role of volunteerism as a practice that contributes to the sustainable development of communities, including in the underdeveloped ones. An overview on studies performed on volunteering practices and programs in other countries (USA, Australia, Kenya, Mozambique, Nepal, and Philippines), along with key findings that apply to the European context was made. The premises of the main discussion theme started from The National Strategy regarding Social Inclusion and Reduction of Poverty (2014 – 2020) of the Romanian Government, which talks about the understaffed social services existent at the rural community level. The research focused on the contribution that volunteers from Community Consultative Councils have in the child protection sector and promotion of children’s rights, as preventive strategies for social services, by analysing program reports from a community development program, over a 10 years period. These structures are described in Law 272/ 2004, as having a consultative role nearby the Local Councils and Mayor’s Offices, a non-juridical status, being non-governmental, and implementing social activities at the local level, based on volunteerism. Relevant literature review and a case study on the work done by a Romanian NGO in relation with Community Consultative Councils have been the major elements of the research methodology used. The findings of our case study were consistent with others: the dialogue and partnership with local authorities and social work public services, specialized training and increased awareness on the benefits of volunteerism are the main variables involved and constitute the basis of a functional identification, reporting and referring mechanism for child protection cases. On a longer term, this contributes to the development of sustainable commu

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DOCTORAL GRADUATES IN THE LABOR MARKET IN THE CONTEXT OF THE KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY

Author(s): Alexandru Anichiti / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The future of jobs is characterized by insecurity. As jobs become more complex, more individuals will not have adequate education and training as required by the labor market. During the last decades, the labor markets around the world have been subject to a perpetual transition from blue-collar jobs to white-collar jobs. This generated the necessity of more educated and better-trained individuals to face the new technological changes. The key component of this new economy, also called the knowledge economy is a dependence on intellectual capabilities than on physical inputs. This article is a literature review on the employment trends and perspectives of doctoral graduates. The aim of this study is the examination of doctoral employment opportunities. The choice of the topic was given by the insufficient systematization of the specialized literature (lack in the Romanian space, but and in the international research of an approach to such a study). The research methodology consists of statistical indicators regarding the situation of doctoral graduates on the labor market and the qualitative analysis of the results. The results of the literature review were that doctoral graduates are more desirable by employers due to the set of skills that they developed, and therefore have a much lower unemployment rate and higher earnings.

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THE INFLUENCE OF FEMALE LEADERSHIP ON ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE

Author(s): Bogdan Andrei Tiliuță,Ioana Raluca DIACONU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

As an integrated part of management, leadership carries a lot of weight with how changes are put into effect in the organisational culture spectrum. Given the role of leadership in the organization, we can say that it is the main driver of change, which, in its essence, changes the dynamics when it comes to the intrinsic motivation of personnel. This research analyzes the main types of leadership and their dominant features. It also follows the effects generated by the utilization of different types of leadership within the companies. Consequently, we determined that by introducing women who promote the transformational leadership style into the leadership structure, major and rapid changes are generated in the sphere of organisational culture in order to increase the results obtained.

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LINK BETWEEN EMPLOYEES EMPOWERMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL LOYALTY: LITERATURE REVIEW

Author(s): Simina-Nicoleta Bohălțeanu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

One of the main issues faced by companies is finding out how to win employee loyalty, because a loyal employee tends to have a greater motivation and implicitly a certain psychological well-being. The aim of the study is to analyze the existing link between employees’ empowerment and organizational loyalty, in the light of empirical evidence in the literature. A qualitative, content-based analysis of 23 articles was made, following an inductive approach - grouping the data through an emerging framework, and then looking for the existing relationships between the concepts under consideration. The results indicate that both psychological and structural empowerment have a positive, statistically significant influence on organizational loyalty. The most important aspects of empowerment are meaning, access to information, organizational support. Psychological empowerment is most often associated with affective employee loyalty, but this positive relationship disappears when the organizational context is unfavorable (conflicts occur).

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