Polityka migracyjna „bez polityki”. Antynomie tworzenia polityki migracyjnej w Polsce w okresie 2016–2022

Author(s): Sławomir Łodziński,Marek Szonert / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2023

The article focuses on the analysis of the evolution of work on Polish migration policy in the period 2016–2022. In it, we draw attention to the importance of not defining clear goals of the state’s migration policy and setting the rules for their implementation. This concerned the failure to work out a compromise between the goals related to the interests of the economy and the demographic needs of the society and the narrowly understood priorities of maintaining state security. This gave rise to both internal competition between individual institutions within the central administration, and was conducive to high political sensitivity of work on developing the program of this policy. Its effect was that the state’s migration policy took on the character of a public policy without politics, i.e. consistent actions in various fields of migration (such as the labor market, Polish diaspora policy, border protection and refugee policy) without broader political and official discussion about its long-term goals.

Społeczne i demograficzne cechy procesu migracji z Białorusi do Polski w latach 2016–2020

Author(s): Mark Narbut / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2023

This article analyses the process of migration from Belarus to Poland in the second decade of the 21st century. The aim of the article is to reveal the social and demographic features of the migration movement from Belarus to Poland and to show the specific motivation and adaptation of Belarusian immigrants in Poland as a new place of settlement. In order to achieve the intended purpose, the article will answer the following questions: what is the socio-demographic features of the migration movement from Belarus to Poland? What are the motives of migration of Belarusian citizens to Poland? What are the specific features of adaptation of Belarusian immigrants in the new place of settlement? In order to obtain answers to the questions posed, a comprehensive methodology was used: analysis of found statistical data and qualitative research conducted with the technique of individual in-depth interview. The analysis of the found statistical data created a perspective for presenting the specifics of migration, first of all as a physical spatial movement from Belarus to Poland, and also made it possible to detail the social profile of Belarusian immigrants. At the same time, the data collected as part of the qualitative study provided a basis for defining the specifics of the adaptation process and learning about migration motivation among Belarusian immigrants.

Wyścig do marki uczelni przyjaznej dla klimatu. Studium Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w rankingach szkół wyższych odpowiedzialnych środowiskowo

Author(s): Michał Pałasz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

The paper addresses the issue of the potential impact of a university’s presence in the rankings of climate friendly HEIs on its brand and activities, filling a research gap in this area. It starts with a discussion of the concepts of a brand, its personality and strength, presenting selected brand rankings as well as criteria for rankings of climate friendly universities, having outlined the specificity of a climate responsible HEI brand. Afterwards it presents answers to the research questions which were obtained using the desk research method obtained using the desk research method: how the Jagiellonian University is currently performing in the rankings of climate friendly universities and what aspirational reference points can be identified for it. The subjects of the study were three leading rankings published in 2023, which assessed HEIs in terms of their climate actions and the position of the Jagiellonian University in them – both globally and in relation to groups of universities from Poland, Central Europe, European Union and the UNA Europa network. As a result of benchmarking, groups of HEIs brands were mapped as they could constitute reference points for the activities of the Jagiellonian University and other Polish universities. The impact of climate friendly HEIs rankings on the brand and activities of a university is based not only on the need to meet participation criteria, but also on creating social pressure related to comparing brands, and on the need to ensure the coherence of the brand of a climate friendly university on the principle of positive feedback loop.

‘Ilemosu’ social stigma and desire for remarriage among female divorcees in Akinyele Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria

Author(s): Remi Kasali Alatise,Tajudeen Yusuf Adeyinka,Musediq Olufemi Lawal,Kehinde Monsurat Raji / Language(s): English Issue: 57/2024

Divorce is generally loathsome among the Yoruba people as it is morally reprehensible and socially stigmatized. Most women divorcees are derisively called ‘dalemosu’, a term that represents failures in nuptial affairs and lack of capacity to manage marital crisis. To obliterate or counteract the social disapproval and stigmatization attached to divorce, many victims attempt to enter into another conjugal relationship, while others may never care about the disdain with the warped notion that marriage presents lots of injustices, especially for women. They instead prefer finding solace in single parenthood. Notions that “all men are the same” and “marriage is for the lucky ones” were identified as strong factors that made a number of divorcee participants to lose confidence in institution of marriage institution. Leaning on the tripods of Socialist feminist, Psychoanalytic, and Social learning theories, this exploratory study inquired the shared understanding about the causes and social consequences of divorce on the female victims, the children, and the community. Qualitative data were gathered from women divorcees, community leaders, landlords, and landladies across Akinyele communities using referrals and snowballing techniques. Data collected were content-analyzed. Findings show that divorce is socially disapproved and highly discouraged among residents of the study area. Issues touching on finances, incompatibility, unfaithfulness, infertility, domestic violence, and lack of attention as common reasons for divorce. Thus, family members tend to treat female divorcees with contempt and, oftentimes, deprive them of certain social privileges. Having established that divorce produces damaging effects on society, the study recommends, among other things, the need for prospective spouses to seek the services of marriage counsellors. Mutual trust, tolerance, showing affection, as well as spending quality time with spouses in marriages, were also suggested as essential ingredients for matrimonial success.

Geopolitical Dimension of Libyan Drone Warfare: The Use of Turkish Drones on the North African Battlefields

Author(s): János Besenyő,András Málnássy / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

As a result of the "Arab Spring" and the transformation of the global world order, the MENA region, and the relations with North African countries therein, are on the rise both for the international and regional actors including Russia and China as well as Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Israel, Iran and Turkey, respectively. Examining Turkey’s expansive foreign policy, we can also get an idea of how Ankara wishes to increase its sphere of interest in the wider region, particularly in the Eastern Mediterranean region, by supporting a North African country. In recent years, Turkey has become one of the best-known and most important global exporters of military unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, in the world military equipment market. Turkish drone development and warfare has introduced many innovative military operational concepts that have achieved great success in the conflicts of recent years. The study examines how 'new types' of technologies such as UAVs can shape regional power dynamics through the case study of the Libyan civil war and drone warfare.

The Relationship between US-China Semiconductor Friction and US National Security: A Realism Perspective

Author(s): Yuxin Peng / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

In recent years, the US has been escalating sanctions on China’s semiconductor industry, attributing these measures to national security concerns in official statements. This study employs a realism theory framework to analyse these sanctions, emphasizing their connection to US national security. US national security aims to achieve global influence in both military and non-military domains, with the semiconductor industry playing a crucial role in US national security and economic stability. The emerging capabilities of China’s semiconductor industry pose potential challenges to these critical aspects. In the military domain, China has deployed artificial intelligence and 5G technologies for military purposes, attaining capabilities comparable to the US. These technologies heavily rely on semiconductor chips as hardware support. In response, the US targets China’s semiconductor industry, aiming to indirectly impede China’s military competition. Additionally, the US position in the global semiconductor manufacturing value chain renders it relatively vulnerable. Given the US dependence on key products manufactured in China, concerns about the security of the semiconductor value chain arise. Therefore, motivated by national security considerations, the US has implemented significant sanctions on China’s semiconductor industry to address the military and economic threats posed by China.

Geopolitics and Geostrategy of the GIUK Gap: Rising Stakes in a Strategic Sea Corridor

Author(s): Matěj Prášil / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This study explores the geopolitical and geostrategic significance of the GIUK (Greenland, Iceland, United Kingdom) Gap, a region of the North Atlantic Ocean between those respective islands, part of the broader Arctic realm known as the High North. It begins with a short overview of the historical development of the GIUK Gap's geopolitical and geostrategic significance, followed by an analysis of the region's current geopolitical and geostrategic dynamics. For the analysis, Walt’s balance of threat was employed as a neorealistic theoretical framework, with four specific variables chosen. This theory assumes that states try to balance potential threats. The study highlights the growing importance of the GIUK Gap for both NATO and the Russian Federation, whose interests have increasingly clashed in recent years. The paper argues that the deteriorating relations between NATO and Russia following the annexation of Crimea in 2014 have causally contributed to the growing importance of the GIUK Gap.

Shifting Narratives of the Alternative for Germany

Author(s): Dita Sutterová,Vincent Kopeček / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This article examines the evolving narratives of the German political party Alternative for Germany (AfD) and its potential as a hybrid threat. Through narrative manipulation, the AfD has demonstrated its ability to influence public discourse and distort reality via disinformation dissemination. The AfD established in 2013 in response to the financial crisis and dissatisfaction with the European Union, has transitioned into a populist party, and along with this change, it has also changed its narrative. This shift was notably evident during the migrant crisis in 2015, showcasing the party's adeptness at evoking fear and animosity among German voters. The AfD's narratives have been for years similar to those of the Russian Federation, which has used almost identical narratives on some topics. The German party is consequently working with Russian politicians to reshape democratic politics within Europe, and the AfD is accordingly acting as a hybrid threat to the entire European Union. The study is based on a discourse analysis of interviews conducted with German experts on the topic as well as a content analysis of selected German media to explore these narrative dynamics and their broader implications.

Israeli Military Artificial Intelligence, Its Possible Use in the War in Gaza

Author(s): Veronika D´Evereux / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This paper is focused on examining selected Israeli technologies operating based on artificial intelligence and the possible use of these technologies by the Israeli Defense Forces in the war in Gaza. These technologies include the Besorah system, an AI technology for identifying and recommending targets suitable for aerial bombardment, as well as other forms of attacks carried out from a distance. The SMASH system is an automatic targeting and firing system for small arms. The Goshawk system is a fully autonomous UAV used for aerial protection. The IRIS robot can be used for the initial investigation of tunnels ahead of assaults. The alleged use of these technologies in the war in Gaza cannot be verified by independent sources, mainly due to the ongoing conflict. The paper strives to present a general theoretical assessment of these technologies and weapons from the perspective of international law and armed conflicts.

Military service as part of Serbian ethos

Author(s): Dragan Ž. Stanar,Srđan V. Starčević / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 2/2024

This paper aims to describe and explain why mandatory military service represents the optimal military model in the Republic of Serbia, from the insufficiently explored perspective of the position and nature of the military in Serbian national ethos. The authors analyze the previously provided key arguments for conscription and, furthermore, identify the characteristics of Serbian collective ethos in order to precisely define the role and nature of the military constituted by the accumulated Serbian historical experience. By comparing different contemporary models of armed forces, their advantages, disadvantages, implications and social nature, the authors conclude that conscription is compatible with Serbian national ethos and the characteristics of Serbian national identity and that, as such, it represents the optimal military model in the Republic of Serbia.

CHINA AND AFGHANISTAN'S PATH TO COLLABORATION AND CHALLENGES

Author(s): Aghavni A. Harutyunyan / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The relationship between China and Afghanistan has evolved significantly over the years, shaped by a complex interplay of geopolitical, economic, and security factors. This article delves into the multifaceted nature of China-Afghanistan relations, exploring the historical context and contemporary dynamics. It examines China's involvement in Afghanistan, focusing on diplomatic, economic, and strategic interests, and the evolving relationship between the two countries, particularly following the United States withdrawal and Taliban takeover. China's significant economic interests in Afghanistan include investments in mining, infrastructure, energy, and reconstruction. China’s Belt and Road Initiative focuses on regional connectivity and infrastructure development with Afghanistan, a strategic partner due to its geographical location as a gateway to Central Asia with the potential to facilitate commerce and connectivity between the Far East, Central, South and North Asia, and the Middle East. By analyzing China's role in Afghanistan's reconstruction and development, the article highlights the opportunities and challenges faced by both nations. It explores China's efforts to maintain a stable diplomatic relationship with Afghanistan to strengthen interregional connections, and ensure regional security. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how the bilateral ties between China and Afghanistan are shaping the geopolitical landscape of Central Asia and beyond.

REPUBLIKA Godina XI (1999), Broj 212-213, 1-31. maj

Author(s): Dragoš Ivanović,Zlatoje Martinov,Ljubiša Vujošević,Branislava Opranović,Gordana Perunović Fijat,Zoja Jovanov,Dragica Stanojlović,Dušan Mojsin,Lidija Jovetić,Staša Babić,Nenad N. Tasić,Milan Prodanović,Vera Vujošević,Ulrich Bielefeld,Nastasja Radović,Miodrag Stanisavljević,Nebojša Popov / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 212-213/1999

REPUBLIKA Godina XI (1999), Broj 208-209, 1-31. mart

Author(s): Dragoš Ivanović,Dragan Ilić,Zoja Jovanov,Olivera S. Tomić,Gordana Perunović Fijat,Živoslav Miloradović,Jovan Despotović,Olivija Rusovac,Zlatoje Martinov,Branka Petrović,Bojan Al Pinto Brkić,Olga Zirojević,Mirko Đorđević,Lidija Jovetić,Božidar Jakšić,Zagorka Golubović,Milan Kurepa,Zoran Lučić ,Karl Jaspers,François Rabelais,Nastasja Radović,Miodrag Stanisavljević,Dragan Babić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 208-209/1999

The US and the “Collective West” vs. China: The “Trade” and “Technological Wars” in the 2nd and 3rd Decades of the 21st Century

Author(s): Nako Stefanov / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

In today’s turbulent environment of large-scale geopolitical clashes and fierce geo-economic competition, characterized by complex and self contradictory dynamics, as well as upward escalation, we are witnessing what we call “Trade Wars” and “Technology Wars”. In 2018, the world witnessed an intensifying US-initiated conflict affecting trade and economic relations with the PRC. Almost simultaneously with the “Trade War”, the “Technology War” began, initially directed against Huawei, recognized in 2017 as the most innovative corporation in the world. Initially, an important tool in these wars became the course of decoupling – i.e. “separation”. It is a process by which the deep economic interdependence between the US and China, built up over the past four decades, is gradually diminishing. “Separation” manifests itself in the trade area through trade sanctions, restriction and even prohibition of import or export of certain goods, etc. China’s economy, however, is too large for secession to be a realistic prospect. Therefore, the “disengagement course” is gradually transformed into a “derisking” course. “De-risking”, i.e. reducing the risk to US national security has a more cautious task. It does not seek to limit China’s access to less advanced American technology, products and equipment. But things are different when it comes to products, “know-how” and equipment of the highest technological level. The goal is to strengthen the role of the United States as a global technology leader. High technology will be an increasingly important determinant of economic power in the digitalized and connected world of the future. The Biden administration and the American “establishment” in general, believe that if Chinese technology firms close the gap with their US counterparts this would pose a risk to US supremacy. An important means of achieving this goal of Washington is to enlist not just the potential of the States, but the collective Western potential, including the developed countries of Asia – Japan, RoK, Taiwan and Singapore in the “Technology War” against China. China’s reaction has been multifaceted. But the key response of the Celestial Empire is to pursue a course of technological self-sufficiency. China is making progress in its efforts to create top-class chips and is succeeding in the development of “Artificial Intelligence”. It is difficult to predict exactly how the process of “Trade” and “Technology Wars” the USA and the “Collective West” is waging against the PRC will proceed. In the unfolding geostrategic “chess game”, such moments as mobilizing the full potential of society is of key importance.

Strategia USA przed wojną na Ukrainie: pomiędzy odstraszaniem a obawą przed eskalacją

Author(s): Maciej Zajączkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

US strategy before the outbreak of hostilities in Ukraine was complex and difficultto clearly assess. In the tense international situation in which they found themselves afterAfghanistan withdrawal and Trump presidency, United States tried to overcome new challenge related to Russia’s aggressive goals against Ukraine. This paper conducts a detailed analysis of the US strategy towards the Ukrainian crisis in the lead-up to the Russian invasion, with the aim of evaluating its effectiveness.US approach focused on two separate goals: attempt to deter Russia from attack, and care for containment of the conflict in Ukraine and lack of its further escalation. Strategy prepared and implemented by Biden administration was subordinated to the hard task of balancing these two goals.

REPUBLIKA Godina X (1998), Broj 202-203, 1-31. decembar

Author(s): Edward Deutsch,Bojan Al Pinto Brkić,Dušan Mojsin,Branislav Fatić,Mirko Đorđević,Lidija Jovetić,Nebojša Popov,Jelašin Sinovec,Dragan S. Cvetković,Dragoš Ivanović,Mirjana Stojanović,Siniša Stankov,Zoja Jovanov,Stipe Sikavica,Nebojša Spaić,Ljubodrag D. Dimić,Safet Bandžović,Dimitrije Bajalica,Boris Buden,Jelena Veljković,Jovan Despotović,Nastasja Radović,Miodrag Stanisavljević,Olga Zirojević,Jörg Engelbrecht / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 202-203/1998

REPUBLIKA Godina X (1998), Broj 201, 16-30. novembar

Author(s): Konstantin Obradović,Olivija Rusovac,Gordana Perunović Fijat,Slavko Golić,Siniša Stankov,Dragoš Ivanović,Lidija Jovetić,Svetozar Mužijević,Mirko Đorđević,Vladimir Vereš,Nastasja Radović,Miodrag Stanisavljević,Nebojša Popov / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 201/1998

Sport jako element bezpieczeństwa społecznego

Author(s): Wojciech Krajewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

The article aims to present sport as a factor eliminating the threat to social security. Sport is always an ambiguous concept or has various characteristics. It can also be presented in the context as fun, entertainment, a form of spending free time or in a professional way, professionally performed by a competitive person, the observance of which is a sport that is vertically maintained, a way of life, observance in this physical activity related to the profession performed.This article will present the issue of the impact of sport on reducing the aggression of professional athletes through its positive release, which is an anti-criminogenic effect, based on the doctoral dissertation of the author of the article entitled “Aggressive Attitudes of Professional Athletes – the Criminological Assessment”, prepared under the supervision of prof. zw. dr hab. dr h.c. Brunon Hołyst.As part of the issue discussed, based on the above-mentioned the doctoral dissertation will present the correlation between social security and sport that reduces aggression in order to eliminate criminogenic phenomena.The need for security is a fundamental, natural desire of every human being. Lack of confidence in safety is expressed by feeling threatened and creates anxiety. Sport is one of the fundamental instruments of uniting people, teaching responsibility, observing the rules of conduct and values, while having a positive impact on the development of human character, ensuring and perhaps even guarding against social demoralization – fulfilling the role of reducing the threat of lack of a sense of social security.At the end of the article, conclusions regarding the discussed issues were presented.

Evaluation of the I-Voting System for Remote Primary Elections of the Czech Pirate Party

Author(s): Tomáš Martínek,Michal Malý / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

The integration of digital technologies into political processes represents a pivotal shift in the operational dynamics of political parties, highlighting an evolution from traditional to digital platforms. This transformation offers greater member engagement and decision-making transparency while also introducing new challenges in terms of security and control. This study presents an analytical overview of the Helios voting system as implemented by the Czech Pirate Party, used not only for primary elections, offering a critical examination of its operational framework, security measures, verification processes, and implications for intra-party democracy and member engagement. The Czech Pirate Party's engagement with Helios exemplifies a broader trend toward digitalization within political organizations, reflecting both the potential benefits and inherent challenges of such technological adoption. Drawing on theoretical insights from the literature on political party transformation in the digital age, this article assesses how i-voting systems like Helios can potentially enhance or detract from internal democracy. The discourse around digital platforms is nuanced, revealing opportunities for increased democratic engagement alongside risks of enhanced centralization and control. Empirical data from a survey of the Czech Pirate Party's membership base provides insights into perceptions of the Helios system's usability, security, and its impact on democratic processes within the party. The study further investigates Helios's technical aspects, focusing on its security protocols, verification mechanisms, and governance structures related to data and platform ownership, to understand its implications for electoral integrity and party governance. The research aims to contribute to the dialogue on e-voting platforms, highlighting the need for a careful balance between embracing technological advancements and upholding democratic principles.

HEALTH AND SAFETY EDUCATION IN SCHOOLS OF UKRAINE AND ITS CHANGES AS A RESULT OF RUSSIAN AGGRESSION

Author(s): Vasyl Zaplatynskyi / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The article presents the main results of the analysis of the state of Ukrainian secondary education in terms of health and safety, as well as its changes due to Russia's full-scale war against Ukraine. Ukrainian secondary education is undergoing a profound transformation and transition from the old concept of teaching to new approaches formulated in the concept of the "New Ukrainian School." Changes in Ukrainian education affect all subjects and integrated courses, approaches to teaching, and schoolchild achievement assessment. The article analyzes the state of education in health and safety at the preschool stage and in primary, basic, and specialized secondary education. A separate subject, "Basics of Health," dedicated to health and safety issues, is proposed for schoolchildren in basic secondary education, i.e., grades 5-9. As part of the transformation of Ukrainian secondary education, the subject "Basics of Health" is gradually being replaced by the integrated course "Health, Safety, and Well-being." The article provides model programs for the integrated course "Health, Safety, and Well-being" recommended by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine for the adaptation cycle (grades 5-6) and the basic subject learning cycle (grades 7-9). The main themes of health education studied by schoolchildren in basic secondary education are analyzed in detail and examples are provided. A separate section is dedicated to safety education. The curriculum for safety education covers a wide range of topics, including safety theory, home safety, safety in natural and urban environments, emergencies, communication safety, digital safety, and many others. The full-scale war of Russia against Ukraine has led to the emergence of specific military risks. It should be noted that many educational subjects underwent various changes as a result of the war. The main changes regarding health and safety, as well as additions concerning military risks, have been made in the subject "Basics of Health" and the integrated course "Health, Safety, and Well-being." The article analyzes the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the added topics. Many conclusions have been drawn, including the necessity of studying military risks and ways to overcome them, as well as ensuring safety and health in wartime conditions.