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Przygotowanie logistyczne podmiotów realizujących pomoc humanitarną w Polsce

Author(s): Dominika Marciniak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

The goal of this paper is to analyze the logistic preparation of entities participating in humanitarian aid activities. The theoretical part looks at the importance of logistics in humanitarian aid. The empirical part of the paper consists of research with entities that participate in humanitarian aid activities in Poland. The research was conducted by means of a diagnostic poll method with the application of a survey techniques called Paper and Pencil Interview, and Computer-Assisted Personal Interview. The research was carried out in 2021. The organizations that took part in the research positively assess their state of logistic preparation for providing humanitarian aid. It turns out that the surveyed organizations employ specialists responsible for logistics and usually those specialists hold managerial positions. The research shows that it is worth paying attention to the proper distribution of relief items, because it happens that relief items are incompatible with the needs of the victims.

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Uwarunkowania realizacji wdrożeń systemów informatycznych a bezpieczeństwo projektu

Author(s): Piotr Komsta / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

The article indicates conditions for the implementation of IT projects supporting management, which are important from the point of view of project security. Attention was paid to such important elements as: the reference character of the offered IT solutions, the stability of the project’s implementation environment, motivational aspects in the project and responsibility, as well as change management tools. The author indicates the need to analyze the planned IT projects in terms of their implementation conditions in order to reliably assess the risks. The article was written based on a study of the literature on the subject and the Author’s practical experience in the subject area.

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Godziwe wynagrodzenie jako element bezpieczeństwa społecznego młodych pracowników

Author(s): Barbara Oliwkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

When starting his professional career, a young graduate counts on a salary that will guarantee him financial security. According to the modern theory of measuring human capital and fair remuneration, fair remuneration constitutes 8% of the value of an employee’s human capital per year. The aim of the study is to present fair remuneration as one of the factors shaping the social security of a young employee. The results of own research on the expectations of bachelor’s degree students according to salary which gives a sense of security are presented. 123 students participated in the study. The results obtained confirmed that the expected fair remuneration for a young employee is an amount that constitutes an average of 8.40% of the value of his human capital.

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Praktyka bezpieczeństwa danych w systemie rachunkowości w świetle badań empirycznych

Author(s): Wojciech Kozioł,Paweł Łojek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

The changing economic environment of business entities forces owners and managers to constantly care about data security. While the provisions of the accounting law have not changed significantly since their initial implementation (in 1994), economic practice has developed various methods to protect the set of accounting data. This article consists of a theoretical and an empirical part, and its main goal is to present research conducted among selected business entities in terms of how they apply the provisions of data protection of the Act on Accounting in practice. Research methods such as analysis and criticism of literature and research results, and statistical inference were used.

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Bezpieczeństwo danych w małej firmie – wybór rozwiązań chmurowych

Author(s): Mariusz Grzyb,Marta Woźniak-Zapór / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

With the development of digitalisation in virtually every area of life, business processes are also being digitised. The need to protect data, additionally in accordance with applicable regulations, poses many problems. A special case is the issue of cyber security in terms of cloud solutions. This paper presents issues relating to information security, cyber security, security management, implementation of GDPR and the choice of a cloud solution based on the example of a small company.

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Role of non-governmental organizations in the area of effective environmental safety management in Poland on the example of Polish Smog Alert (PSA)

Author(s): Marta Du Vall,Marta Majorek / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The changing state of the environment leads to impacts on human well-being and ecosystem health, which then produces human responses to remedy these impacts, such as social controls, redirecting investments, and/or policies and political interventions to influence human activity. These responses have an impact on the state of the environment, either directly or indirectly, through the driving forces or the pressures. The article focuses on the conditions of air in the cities which directly affects human health. As a case study, the activities of the non-governmental organization – Polish Smog Alert (PSA, Pol. Polski Alarm Smogowy) were focused on. Efficiently operating non-governmental organizations in a democratic state allow for optimal realization of the interests of all citizens. The main objective was to examine the effectiveness of the Polish Smog Alert as an organization working for the environment – mainly clean air. The conducted analysis concerned the fulfillment by PSA of the four basic functions that a non-governmental organization should perform: educational – influencing the shape of civic awareness and attitudes regarding environmental issues; integration – impact on partnership relations between entities that can jointly implement the goal of improving air quality in cities; mobilization – a set of substantive content and instruments inspiring citizens, public authorities and other groups and organizations to be active in the field of ensuring clean air; programing – direct impact on the process of shaping state policy. The main research method was the analysis of content posted on the organization’s website and in its social media.

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Bezpieczeństwo jako kontekst zrównoważonego rozwoju w planowaniu przestrzennym – wybrane aspekty zarządcze

Author(s): Agnieszka Damasiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

When you use the concept of “sustainable development” or “security” in reference to spatial planning there is a risk of treating the values they represent in terms of generalities. It is necessary to make these concepts more specific in order to identify the values encoded in them. This results in the specification of conflicts among the values that should be protected by the spatial development plan and forces the choice of an instrument for resolving them. The abovementioned instrument is the rule of proportionality. The next step is to implement a model of management of the space in the spatial development plan. In the discussed case it is process management. The spatial development plan has to be specific, has to fulfil legal conditions for the legal act and – the most difficult – must prove that the quality criteria are fulfilled and that it is complete, involving all values that it should protect and respecting the relations among them.

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JA ГУБИ ЛИ УЛОГАТА МЕЃУНАРОДНОТО ХУМАНИТАРНО ПРАВО ВО ВОЕНИТЕ КОНФЛИКТИ ОД 21-ВИОТ ВЕК?

Author(s): Liljana Jonoski / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 1/2023

Although the Geneva Conventions were adopted in 1949, humanity has experienced an alarming number of armed conflicts on almost all continents. During that period, the four adopted Geneva Conventions as well as the Additional Protocols from 1977 provide legal protection for persons who do not participate or who have stopped directly participating in hostilities (civilians, wounded, sick, etc.). But despite the legal protection provided in this way, we have witnessed in the last two armed conflicts in Ukraine and Palestine that there are numerous violations of such agreements that resulted in suffering and numerous human losses that could have been avoided if the principles of international humanitarian law were respected. What also prevails as an opinion when international regulation is observed is that infringements of international rules and principles of action do not result from their inadequacy or because they are inappropriate but from the lack of will, insufficient means to ensure their application, ambiguities regarding their application in certain circumstances, as well as the lack of awareness of the necessary need for their application among political leaders, military commanders and the wider public. The previously stated often applies also to other areas of the regulation of international relations, but the difference in relation of failure to comply with the legal regulation in these areas (for example international business law) and failure to comply with international military and humanitarian law is paid with human lives and suffering. What are the most common violations of international humanitarian law and what consequences do such violations cause is the purpose of the research presented in this paper, but also providing answers and recommendations on how to "force" states even in military conflicts to respect and protect basic human rights of civilians. This will also help in a creation of usable knowledge and values that should be respected and practiced in every single military conflict. In the part of the methodology, the paper was prepared based on an extensive analysis of the basic rules and principles of international humanitarian law and how they are respected in the latest military conflicts that have engulfed the world. Through the research, one of the findings that is defined is that the implementation of the principles of the international humanitarian law countries often refer to ratification, so on the one hand, for example, the Geneva Conventions are universally accepted by all countries, but the same cannot be said for Additional Protocols, so they, by not acceding to ratification, the states consider that they have no legal obligation to implement them. Also, one of the insights or conclusions to which the paper refers is that international humanitarian law still contains customary rules that should be respected in any conflict, and which are based on the principle of protection of basic human rights and freedoms and which in any case should be respected and applied regardless of whether the states are in military conflicts or are in peace, especially today in the 21st century regarding the level of development of international relations. Strengthening the role of the International Criminal Court in the direction of creating an international practice that will prevent violations of international humanitarian and military law and the creation of new crimes against humanity is also one of the recommendations that should strengthen the system of application of the principles and the rules of international regulations in military conflicts.

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PRAVCI POLITIKE MIRA, IMPLEMENTACIJA RESTORATIVNE PRAVDE I I PSIHOLOŠKE PERSPEKTIVE U BUDUĆNOSTI BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE

Author(s): Azra Adžajlić-Dedović,Elvira Čekić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2024

After decades of war and a post-conflict period, Bosnia and Herzegovina faces significant challenges in building sustainable peace and reconciliation. This paper analyzes peace policies and the implementation of restorative justice in Bosnia and Herzegovina with the aim of achieving lasting peace and reconciliation. It focuses on the contributions of these policies to building a society with equal rights for all citizens and providing psychological support to war victims and their families to facilitate recovery and reintegration. The paper examines political, legal, and psychological strategies for preventing new conflicts and building a democratic society, with an emphasis on the role of restorative justice as an alternative legal system that empowers both victims and perpetrators in the reconciliation process. Political strategies include institutional reforms that promote inclusivity and equality, strengthening civil society, and ensuring government transparency. Legal strategies encompass dialogue between victims and perpetrators and the acknowledgment of crimes. Restorative justice allows communities to confront the past, providing a more effective way to meet the needs of war victims. Psychological strategies highlight the importance of emotional and mental health, offering therapy and educational programs that promote intercultural understanding and tolerance. The paper offers key recommendations for the implementation of peace policies and restorative justice, emphasizing a multidisciplinary approach and the need for further research. Key measures include long-term peace agreements, regional reconciliation initiatives, justice and peace legislation, and comprehensive support programs for war victims. The integration of these policies can significantly contribute to the creation of a stable and prosperous society, where restorative justice plays a crucial role in achieving lasting peace and reconciliation in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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KEY ELEMENTS OF SUCCESSFULLY TRANSFERRING MILITARY TECHNOLOGY BY A FOREIGN MANUFACTURER INTO THE UPCOMING MODERNIZATION OF THE INDIAN DEFENSE SECTOR

Author(s): Petar Nikolov Valkanov / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

With an estimated 225 billion United States dollars to spend on military modernization over the next three years (Choudhary, 2024), India has become one of the world’s most attractive markets for defense equipment producers. Consequently, a large number of foreign investors are stepping in the Indian defense production industry but due to the local specific regulatory, cultural, managerial, administrative and legislative environment, they have contributed their funds in the sector without having a clear overview how to enhance their returns on such ventures. This article wishes to analyze the present situation in India and possibilities of drawing a roadmap on how an outside supplier of military technology can penetrate the market as a supplier to the local Ministry of Defense. Due to these incentives, in order to give appropriate guidelines to successfully transfer technology, this article looks into a variety of tools and models which analyze how a potential transfer should be executed. This research considered academic models applied in a similar manner in the same region or in similar industries. As a result the study triangulated the model’s eligibility and applicability to the Indian reality and cross-validated them with the interviews conducted with the experience and knowledge of people in the industry. According to the Ministry of Defense of India (2024) which states that India was far too long depended on foreign suppliers for its military equipment and that the desire to achieve self-sufficiency has always been present. They believe the obstacles which are stopping them are: their inability to absorb resources properly and their inability to adopt technology correctly on their own. The abovementioned incentives have attracted a number of foreign investors to step in India defense production industry (Bhowmic, 2012). However, due to the local specific regulatory, cultural, managerial, administrative and legislative environment, lots of foreign investors have contributed their funds in the sector without having a clear overview how to enhance their returns of such ventures (Baskaran, 2004). According to members of the Center for Strategic and International Studies (Lombardo & Ben-Ari, 2011) the announced by the Indian Ministry of Defense strategic ambitions to start producing 70 percent of their required military equipment domestically by the end of this decade, rather than the 30 percent it is currently manufacturing, is driven by two main elements namely: a desire to boost defense-related domestic industry sectors and the belief that satisfying their own defense requirements is a characteristic of being a global power. Furthermore, the same scholars indicate that the previous attempts for generating domestic defense manufacturing on a sufficient level were postponed by the nation’s ambitions to possess high-end military technology composed of foreign equipment. Supporting these ambitions in January 2024 the Indian government released its Defense Production Policy (Confederation of Indian Industry, 2024) which supports the agenda for supporting the domestic defense industrial base, rather than focusing in procurement documents for future purchases from foreign suppliers.

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Polityczny i ideologiczny wymiar konfliktu z 1948 r. między Związkiem Sowieckim a Jugosławią w świetle raportów belgijskich dyplomatów

Author(s): Inga Kawka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2021

The article concerns the conflict between Tito and Stalin in 1948. The aim of the article is to define how the Belgian diplomacy perceived the split between the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, and, above all, how it diagnosed its causes and effects. Moreover, the analysis of Belgian diplomatic documents shows the great importance that Western countries attached to the first major breach in the Eastern bloc.

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Modele przemian politycznych w regionie Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej

Author(s): Jacek Wojnicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2021

The article discusses the issues of transformation processes in Central and Eastern Europe. The analysis took many factors into account: geographical, historical, political, political, social and economic. Internal and external premises decided about the course of political and political changes initiated at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s. Classical political theories about the Transition to democracy were included. A research hypothesis was put forward that the traditions of democratic political institutions have a positive impact on the pace and extent of consolidation of the democratic system.

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Odwołania do Konstytucji RP z 17 marca 1921 roku i ewolucja rozwiązań konstytucyjnych w projektach ustawy zasadniczej RP z lat 90. XX wieku. Analiza zagadnienia na wybranych przykładach

Author(s): Paweł Skorut / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2021

The Polish constitutional drafts from the 1990s were one of the source texts of the 1997 Constitution of the Republic of Poland. Some of them tried very hard to refer to the solutions of the Polish Constitution of 1921. The article carried out an analysis to what extent the individual constitutional drafts referred to the solutions of the 1921 Constitution. The analysis of constitutional drafts and their similarities to the solutions of the 1921 Constitution were carried out on the basis of comparisons regarding, among others, the parliament, the president of Republic of Poland and legislative initiative.

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The Impact of Democratic Changes in Poland Upon the Political Transformation and Breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Author(s): Redžep Škrijelj / Language(s): English Issue: 30/2021

The fall of the deeply rooted communism in the countries of the Eastern Bloc in the 1980s has differed according to the level of achieved rights and freedoms, especially in Poland, as it was finalized with the breakup of the Soviet Union. The changes announced with the foundation of “Solidarity” – the first independent syndicate – which spread to the factories and enterprises across Poland beginning in the Lenin Shipyard. The staunch national pride and freedoms, empowered with the strength of the Catholic Church effectively eliminated the weak Soviet-imposed communism. The foundation of the first independent and free Polish syndicate in the strong Soviet Bloc catalyzed the initiation of abrupt and serious reforms in the countries of the Eastern Bloc. The fall of the Berlin Wall intensified the initiated processes of reintegration and independence from external political torture and poverty. The initiated processes intensified amplified changes in SFR Yugoslavia even though the breakup of this country in the early 1990s cost more than its establishment.

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Partie tworzące koalicję Zjednoczonych Patriotów (2016− 2019) wobec mniejszości tureckiej i Republiki Turcji

Author(s): Katarzyna Fijołek-Kwaśniewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2021

The aim of this paper is to identify the individual political elements of the United Patriots’ coalition. The nationalist electoral alliance formed in 2016 by Attack, the IMRO -Bulgarian National Movement and National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria took a part of the third Boyko Borissov government. Starting this new partnership with the populist radical right, the GER B has resigned from promoting EU values, including minorities’ rights, much more than before. This coalition established xenophobia and making racists statements as a standard of Bulgarian parliamentary discussion. Its attitude towards the Turkish minority in Bulgaria and the Republic of Turkey shows hostility and prejudice.

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Preconditions and Sources of International Labour Migration in the Era of Globalisation (Security Aspects)

Author(s): Vasil Franchuk,Yaryna Tesliuk / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The research into the preconditions and sources of international labour migration in the era of globalisation (security aspects) is caused, first of all, by the negative trends observed in the reproduction of the population of Europe, in particular,a decrease in the demographic potential of families, a drop in the birth rate, an increase in morbidity, and a decrease in theaverage life expectancy, which lead to deformation of the age structure of the population. In contrast to the mentioned factors of development of human potential, positive measures that will have a long-term nature of action and will not immediately produce the desired results of regulating the labour migration of the population as a significant component of the overall increase of the population and a factor of renewal of its potential can have a much faster effect. For modern Europe, the question of the impact of labour migration on the development of the state’s economy has been quite relevant for a long time, because the processes of labour migration, which have their own characteristics during the period of economic transformation, are an important component of the social policy of each state. Recently, the nature, volume, composition and direction of internal andexternal labour migration flows in connection with the transformation of socio-economic relations, the democratisation of publiclife, the simplification of the procedures for going abroad and changing the place of residence, the economic crisis and the dropin the standard of living of the population have been significant changes and acquired a new meaning. They were reflected, first of all, in the reduction of the intensity of labour migration within individual states and at the interstate level, a significant outflow of the population, and the formation of powerful and constant flows of external labour migration. This and a number of othe rcircumstances dictate the need for a more detailed study of the research of the preconditions and sources of international labour migration in the era of globalisation (security aspects), which will make it possible to build an appropriate model of migration regulation in general, which, in turn, will contribute to the development of the economy of European states.

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Literature Review as a Research Method in Scopus-Indexed Police Journals: a Scoping Review

Author(s): Priit Suve / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

This scoping review aims to map how a review as a research method is used in Scopus-indexed police journals. Using the scoping review method and keywords ‘police’ and ‘policing’ in the Source section and Title field in Scopus databases, ten police journals covered up to 2022 were identified. After being assessed against the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 81 articles out of 471were included in the analysis in MAXQDA, software for qualitative and mixed methods data analysis. Although two journals out of ten provided detailed descriptions for review articles, there are no strict restrictions from all the journals. General (n=32),systematic (n=27), scoping (n=11), narrative (n=9), integrative (n=1), and systematised (n=1) review methods were usedin the following five categories: interdisciplinary/development (n=24), police strategies/practices (n=20), mental health (n=16),organisation (n=13), and police and community (n=8). This study is the first to map a review as a method used in police journals.However, police-related literature is far more extensive than studies covered in Scopus-indexed journals. For practitioners and policymakers, the study presents an overview and knowledge to formulate questions for academics; researchers get an overview of police journals’ expectations and actual practices; students gain the potential to increase their learning pace and enhance theirknowledge of the method’s potential.

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Unveiling the War and Constructing Identities: Exploring Memes in Ukrainian and Russian Social Media during the Russian Invasion of Ukraine

Author(s): Alina Mozolevska / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The article examines the generation and deployment of visual narratives in Ukrainian and Russian digital participatory cultures, with a specific focus on internet memes in the context of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. It analyzes the form, content, and functions of these memes and highlights their similarity in mobilizing and conveying political messages despite variations in their visual components. The study indicates that Ukrainian memes are used not only to promote political agendas but also serve as trauma coping and collective identity construction mechanisms in times of crisis, helping to promote new war narratives that are engaged in the construction of the self and the other.

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Ukrainian Wartime Posters as a Tool of Participatory Propaganda During the Russian Invasion of Ukraine

Author(s): Elżbieta Olzacka / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Drawing inspiration from the Ukrainian poster boom during the Russianinvasion of Ukraine, this article explores the role of war-related posters intoday’s world, where printed media is no longer dominant, and images cantravel across different media platforms. The example of wartime Ukraineshows that the poster remains an essential tool of wartime propaganda,promoting patriotic and proactive attitudes and encouraging action tosupport the war effort, while experiencing substantial changes in its formand means of dissemination. Analyzing various types of grassroots andinstitutional initiatives related to creating and disseminating war-relatedposters in Ukrainian offline and online public spaces made it possible tofocus on two issues: firstly, how online media facilitate the creation anddistribution of posters in offline formats and allow them to transcend thetraditional printed form; and secondly, how posters become a convenient toolof participatory propaganda, involving various state and non-state actors intheir production and dissemination.

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Energy Transition in Central and Eastern Europe: A Neo-Colonial Perspective

Author(s): Pengfei Hou / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The article examines the neo-colonial influence in Central and EasternEuropean (CEE) countries’ energy transitions, relating energy neocolonialism with power asymmetries. Most CEE countries began to reducetheir reliance on Russian energy after the Cold War, elevating energy securityto new levels around 2010. Although European Union (EU) norms have helpedcounteract Russia’s influence on energy, they have brought about a neoliberalneo-colonialism. On the one hand, the CEE countries need reliable andaffordable energy supplies to maintain their economic growth, which leavesthem prone to the Russian influence. On the other hand, the EU’s energyrules and regulations, which disregarded the CEE countries’ interests, haveresulted in disobedience. The article employs the degrowth concept toexamine energy neo-colonialism in the CEE, contending that the conceptstands out as a hopeful signpost for realizing the scenario wherein the CEEcountries’ interests can be protected and prioritized.

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